Erroneous Actions Research Articles

ENSURING QUALITY OF INSTALLATION OF PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS BASED ON ORGANIZATION OF MACHINE-TO-MACHINE INTERACTION AND 3D-INSPECTION

The article discusses the application principles of the industry 4.0 concept to improve the basic technological processes of electronics production. The problems of quality assurance in the automatic installation of printed circuit boards. Examples of the introduction optical inspections and fluoroscopy to reduce the marriage are given. The features of screen printing processes and their control using 2D and 3D inspections are considered. The location structure of the automatic optical inspection installations in the automatic line of printed wiring and communication of the automatic screen printing printer and 3D solder paste inspection is presented. A process model for the automatic installation of printed circuit boards using the elements of Industry 4.0 is presented. The organization of machine-to-machine interaction increases the automation of the system and eliminates the «human factor», as a result of which the production process is accelerated and the probability of occurrence erroneous actions resulting in nonconformities of products with standards is reduced. The tasks of organizing and certification of 3D fluoroscopy electronics, as well as the actual improving tasks the typical automatic assembly line of printed circuit boards, are considered.

Метод інтегрального оцінювання результатів підготовки диспетчерів повітряного руху

The processes of training air traffic controllers require the development of a quality management system for their training, which should allow to evaluate the results of their training. The main task of assessing the quality of training is to obtain the information necessary for proper conclusion on the success of their training course and assess the expected quality of their work. The article establishes that when training controllers, whose erroneous actions influence the performance of air traffic control tasks, “indirect indicators” are also used along with direct indicators – indicators of the body’s physiological “price” for the results achieved. The choice of indirect indicators is due to the nature of the activity of the controllers. As a rule, indirect indicators are aimed at assessing the intensity of the neuro-emotional stress of the air traffic controller in the process of training.Compliance with the conditions created in the interest of controlling the controller's algorithm of operation is provided by using simulation equipment with a high value of the indicators of completeness and quality of reproduction of the information model, using natural resources to create an environment corresponding to the actual conditions of air traffic control.The article developed a method for evaluating the results of training air traffic controllers, based on the formalization of assessment using the theory of fuzzy sets. An apparatus has been developed to formalize the rules for obtaining estimates of individual and group activities of dispatchers. This approach allowed us to bring estimates of different nature into a single formal system and take them into account using common formal rules.

Personal determinants of mental reliability of an athlete

Background and Study Aim. Stability of performances at competitions with a preset effectiveness in the presence of sports competition is the result of the reliable functioning of the psyche of an athlete. The hypothesis of the study - mental reliability is associated with certain individual psychological properties, the similarity and difference of which is determined by the level of success of an athlete. The purpose of the study is to identify a set of personality determinants that affect the mental reliability of an athlete. Material and methods. The study involved 58 fencers aged 17-18 years (M = 17.47 SD = 0.53). In this paper, the measurement of the mental reliability of an athlete was carried out using an integral assessment of the success of sports activities developed by E.V. Melnik and E.V. Silich. According to the final success rate, the total sample of the subjects was divided into 2 groups: «successful» and «unsuccessful». For the study of the leading individual psychological properties of the personality, 16-PF multifactor personality questionnaire by R.Kettel was used in the work. The data processing package SPSS was used for data processing. Results. Significant differences were established between the groups of «successful» and «unsuccessful» athletes in the majority of individual psychological properties. The importance of focused analysis and the development of individual mental properties as internal prerequisites for the mental reliability of fencers has been acknowledged. The relationship of personal factors with the success in sports activities is presented. A high level of correlation between the integral indicator of the success of competitive activity and intelligence (factor B), emotional stability (factor C), emotional hardness (I), confidence (O), independence and autonomy (Q2) is revealed. A significant correlation was found between the average level of success in sports and caution (F). This confirms the possibility of applying the methods of research of individual psychological properties of a person when studying the causes of lesions and the prerequisites for the erroneous actions of an athlete. Conclusions . The success of sports activities of fencers does not depend on one individual psychological property of a person. This is the result of a combination of most of them. A greater number of reliable relationships have been revealed between the final indicator of the fencers’ success in sports activities and personal factors from the emotional properties group as compared to communicative and intellectual properties groups.

Автоматизована система формування сценарію аналітичної діяльності

Recently, for a certain circle of analytical processes there is a tendency of intellectualization of software components that implement these processes. It also means the accumulation of knowledge about the functioning of the analytical system, including knowledge of the analyst's actions. Accumulation of knowledge allows the software to independently classify new data and offer the user the most appropriate steps of the scenario for analytical activities.An analytical activity scenario has considered as a certain representation of knowledge, used to describe the sequence of related events — in the form of Directed Acyclic Graph. The article proposes an approach to solving the problem of intellectualization of the process of forming a scenario of analytical activity, based on the development of methods of machine learning, namely Classification and Regression Trees. This approach using a combination of metrics for evaluation of the effectiveness has been applied.The authors have proposed an own version of the intellectualization software, that implement of the Classification and Regression Trees method on Python programming language. This version differs from the known, the possibility of using different metrics in analyzing the quality of the partition and through it the choice of the next step of the probable actions of analytical scenarios. Unlike existing approaches, the authors have offered the choice of the most optimal metric for assessing the quality of approximation to the desired learning result — the Gini coefficient or the method of calculating the entropy of utility information by Shannon.The first step in constructing a scenario is a description of the matrix of all possible states of the oriented graph, which reflects the sequence of user actions to achieve the goal.Then, there have been computed the inhomogeneities input data, which contains a matrix of possible scenario actions. The measure of heterogeneity is entropy information by Shannon. To improve the quality of the partition, use the Gini coefficient. The best decomposition criterion for «True» or «False» has been calculated for constructing a decision tree. Based on the decision tree, the program offers the user the most appropriate next steps. The algorithm has been supplemented by a more convenient mechanism for forming the semantic conditions of the transition in the form of operators «if – then».The suggested approach allows you to reduce the number of user’s erroneous actions (especially inexperienced users) in the formation of complex scenarios with a variety of conditions for the use of data analysis operators.

Actual problems and new directions of ergonomic assessment of working conditions and causes of injuries and erroneous actions in the automotive industry.

Actual problems and new directions of ergonomic assessment of working conditions and causes of injuries and erroneous actions in the automotive industry.

Reliability-Based Design of Human Performance Conditions Using Fuzzy Perfection

A method is proposed for selection of performance conditions that affect human reliability without time-consuming calculation of the probability of human error. This method is based on the specially introduced concept of fuzzy perfection and theory of decision-making under fuzziness. It is shown that the proposed method can be used both independently and together with the well-known CREAM method of determining the reliability class based on cognitive assessments of human performance conditions. It is demonstrated that the results obtained by the proposed fuzzy perfection method coincide with the ones based on probabilities of erroneous actions.

Причины снижения надежности функционирования энергосистемы при оперативных переключениях

Under the conditions of the modern market economy, reliable performance of the power system is a priority and fundamental challenge. It must always be borne in mind that to secure reliable power system operation, the whole variety of influencing factors should be considered and taken into account. Nowadays, the researchers who deal with matters concerned with power system reliability, place focus on equipment. Constant development of the power system, growing demand for the required power, and high extent of equipment wear generate the need to increase the scope of work performed by the personnel of electric power enterprises aimed at eliminating deficiencies and maintaining the equipment in serviceable state. Thus, reliable performance of the power system depends not only on the equipment used, but also on the quality with which the personnel of power industry enterprises operate it. The article analyzes the role of the personnel and the extent of their influence on the power system performance reliability in carrying out routine switching operations. The quality of these operations and, as a consequence, the number of process-related deviations from normal operation of the power system that entail the occurrence of accidents and personnel injuries are determined by how properly the maintenance of the equipment being operated is organized and what approach to work with the personnel is practiced. The main human errors committed in making routine switching operations are listed and classified. The factors causing commitment of error s are analyzed, and measures aimed at decreasing the commitment of erroneous actions and achieving more reliable power system performance are proposed.

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF OPERATIONAL VEHICLE DRIVERS ACTIONS AT A SIGNAL-CONTROLLED INTERSECTION

The article is considered issues forensic experts face while forensic avtotechnical examinations (expert research) during technical analysis of drivers actions of operational vehicles at signal-controlled intersections. Recently a large number of traffic accidents occur involving operational vehicles which include vehicles: ambulance, road safety service, emergency rescue service, fire service, cash-in-transit service, patrol service of police and others. Traffic Code of Ukraine define the duties and rights of the operational vehicles drivers carrying out urgent official task can derogate from requirements of sections 8 (except traffic controller signals), 10–18, 26, 27 and item 28.1 of this Code subject to inclusion of blue flashing beacon or red color and a special sound signal and ensuring traffic safety. Drivers of other vehicles in case of a vehicle approaching with blue flashing beacon and (or) a special sound signal, which can create to it an obstacle for movement, must yield the right of way to it and provide unobstructed passage of the specified vehicle (and vehicles accompanied by it). The most common cause of traffic accidents are erroneous actions of road users that require from forensic avtotechnical examiners in-depth analysis and proper assessment regarding requirements of the Traffic Сode of Ukraine and other normative documents. During of the pre-trial investigation and while the judicial inquiry of cases regarding traffic accidents, the analysis of its participants actions is paid special attention. Appointing a forensic avtotechnical examination investigators (judges) are waiting for a forensic examiner performing of in-depth scientific research of actions vehicles drivers based on special knowledge in the field of forensic avtotechnics.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ МЕТОДОВ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ГРУППОВЫХ СИСТЕМ ПРЕДПОЧТЕНИЙ ДИСПЕТЧЕРОВ НА ОПАСНОСТИ ХАРАКТЕРНЫХ ОШИБОК, СОВЕРШАЕМЫХ В ПРОЦЕССЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ВОЗДУШНЫМ ДВИЖЕНИЕМ

The human factor problem should be solved by identifying, qualifying and preventing the erroneous actions of the air traffic controllers. It is presented two schemes explaining the structure of human qualimetry factor and the interaction of the components of the ICAO safety concept, where the main emphasis is on an aviation personnel’ attitude to dangerous actions or conditions, which is revealed by the qualimetry of the decision-making processes’ characteristics: the attitude towards risk (the main dominants and fuzzy assessments), levels of claims, dangerous qualities and preferences systems. The preferences systems are considered as ordered characteristics and indicators of professional activity, which are subjectively compared with the positions of influence on flight safety. The spectrum of n = 21 characteristic errors was formed considering the recommendations of ICAO, EUROCONTROL and accident statistics. It is determined that procedures of collecting the information of errors danger contribute their recognition, memorization, and avoidance: controllers who passed the test according to the proposed method before training made by one third fewer errors in its process. Two criteria for assessing group preferences are realized: the level of consensus (known as Kendall’s coefficient of concordance) and the severity of the ranking, determined by the presence of "related" ranks, for which a special indicator is introduced. It is defined that this indicator should be determined both for the sample of respondents and for the preferences group systems of developed with the chosen method of individual opinions’ aggregation. It was performed the comparative analysis of complex decision-making strategies of effectiveness in the construction of a preferences group systems m = 65 controllers: sum and averaging of ranks, classical criteria (Wald's, Savage's and Laplace's criterion), optimal prediction, applying the non-parametric optimization of the preferences group systems. The non-parametric optimization of the group system of pre-readings was carried out by Kemeny median and it was proved that it was the closest to all the results obtained by other methods and strategies

Reliable and efficient recording of the error-related negativity with a speeded Eriksen Flanker Task

There is accumulating evidence that the error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related potential elicited after erroneous actions, is altered in different psychiatric disorders and may help to guide treatment options. Thus, the ERN is a promising candidate as a psychiatric biomarker. Basic methodological requirements for a biomarker are that their measurements are standardised and reliable. The aim of the present study was to establish ERN acquisition in a reliable, time-efficient and patient-friendly way for use in clinical practice. Healthy subjects performed a speeded Eriksen Flanker Task that increases the number of errors. In a test-retest design (N = 14) with two sessions separated by 28 days we assessed the reliability of the ERN. To ensure external validity, we aimed to replicate previously reported correlation patterns of ERN amplitude with (A) number of errors and (B) negative affect. In order to optimise the clinical use of the task, we determined to which extent the task can be shortened while keeping reliability >0.80. We found excellent reliability of the ERN (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.806-0.947) and replicated ERN correlation patterns. The task can be halved to a patient-friendly length of 200 trials (recorded in 8 min) keeping reliability >0.80. The modified task provides reliable and efficient recording of the ERN, facilitating its use as a psychiatric biomarker.

At the origins of the native medical aviation accidents study (to the 110th anniversary of the birth of A.G. Shishov)

The life and scientific path of Shishov Anatoly Grigoryevich - the founder of aviation medical avariology, the first chief of the Department of Aviation Medicine of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov (1958-1965). A.G. Shishov is known for his work in the field of the study of causes, investigation and prevention of aviation accidents, professional selection of flight crew, medical and flight expertise, flight training simulators. A.G. Shishov justified the leading role of the «personal factor» in the development of aviation accidents. He introduced the practice of studying the psychophysiological state and individual characteristics of the personality of the pilot and increased the role of the aviation doctor in the investigation of aviation accidents to the status of a mandatory expert. A.G. Shishov developed an algorithm for the medical study of aviation accidents, incidents and erroneous actions of the flight crew, as well as a complex of medical measures for the prevention of accidents.

Efficiency of Electrical Tranquilization of the Central Nervous System in Combination with Vestibular Training to Improve the Statokinetic Stability

Improvement of statokinetic stability is a pressing problem of aviation medicine in view of progress in aviation engineering. As the speed and maneuver capability of aircrafts grew, the conflict between a continuous increase in available power and constant psychophysiological abilities of the human body becomes inevitably harder. Statistics evidences that 49.0% of aviation accidents are due to erroneous actions of pilots. Today, tough mental activity is involved in an aviator’s labor, while the body is affected by a broad variety of flight-related factors. Information flow analysis, instant decision making, and control of aircraft strain the psychophysiological human abilities to their limit. All aircrew members must keep being professionally effective throughout the mission. This circumstance warrants the development of appropriate means and methods to improve the statokinetic stability in air and space crews. The objective of this work was to study the psychophysiological dynamics during statokinetic perturbations prior to and after a course of electrical tranquilization of the central nervous system (CNS) in combination with modified Yarotsky’s test (MYT). Statokinetic perturbations were modeled using a continuous Coriolis acceleration accumulation test (CAAT) in a rotating chair. The indices under study included the maximum CAAT tolerance time and the strengths of vestibular sensory, vestibular vegetative, and vestibular somatic reactions. Functional characteristics were tested using complex functional computer stabilography (CFCS). An analysis of the results led to the conclusion that a course of CNS electrical tranquilization in combination with MYT is highly efficient.

Physiological and Psychological Foundation of Virtues: Thomas Aquinas and Modern Challenges of Neurobiology

This article regards the field of neuroscience and indicates on the proper or erroneous functioning of the human brain. Intellectual virtues, especially practical wisdom (prudence/ prudentia) play a significant role in capturing the truth and implementing it in life. The agile formation of the cognitive function of man encompasses both his reason as well as the sensual judgment of utility with all the bodily backup (vis cogitativa). The brain possesses great plasticity in the production of neuronal connections. Habit as a permanent wont utilizes the reactions being developed to the construction of often inappropriate mechanisms, that in turn are not easy or completely impossible to eliminate. When practical reason is introduced into a false ethos, the brain responds by forming “ruts” of neuronal connections which seem difficult to consider as something appropriate. The reparation of the existing situation and the removal of the wrong habit require relevant virtues so as to unblock the psychological resistance that is deeply rooted within the physiological neuronal substrate. The learning about the virtues of St. Thomas Aquinas is the best warranty not only for theoretical explanations, but also for the practical application of virtues in dealing with the arised situation. Only well-formed virtues give the opportunity to correct the false instinctive cognition and liberate from erroneous actions.

An error-aware gaze-based keyboard by means of a hybrid BCI system

Gaze-based keyboards offer a flexible way for human-computer interaction in both disabled and able-bodied people. Besides their convenience, they still lead to error-prone human-computer interaction. Eye tracking devices may misinterpret user’s gaze resulting in typesetting errors, especially when operated in fast mode. As a potential remedy, we present a novel error detection system that aggregates the decision from two distinct subsystems, each one dealing with disparate data streams. The first subsystem operates on gaze-related measurements and exploits the eye-transition pattern to flag a typo. The second, is a brain-computer interface that utilizes a neural response, known as Error-Related Potentials (ErrPs), which is inherently generated whenever the subject observes an erroneous action. Based on the experimental data gathered from 10 participants under a spontaneous typesetting scenario, we first demonstrate that ErrP-based Brain Computer Interfaces can be indeed useful in the context of gaze-based typesetting, despite the putative contamination of EEG activity from the eye-movement artefact. Then, we show that the performance of this subsystem can be further improved by considering also the error detection from the gaze-related subsystem. Finally, the proposed bimodal error detection system is shown to significantly reduce the typesetting time in a gaze-based keyboard.

Sleep deprivation and hallucinations. A qualitative study of military personnel

ABSTRACTMuch anecdotal evidence suggests that sleep deprivation not only impairs performance, but also brings about other extraordinary effects like hallucinations. However, knowledge about how sleep deprivation may trigger hallucinations is limited. To qualitatively describe hallucinatory experiences during sleep deprivation 12 male military officers from the Norwegian Armed Forces who all had experienced at least one sleep loss-induced hallucinatory experience were recruited. Data were collected and analyzed by semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. This resulted in the identification of three distinct main themes: (1) Modalities, (2) circumstances/triggers and (3) reactions to hallucinations. Hallucinations were experienced in several modalities (visual, auditory and multi-modality), although visual hallucinations seemed to dominate. Typical reported circumstances/triggers were sleep loss, physical exhaustion, time-of-day, low calorie intake, mental exhaustion and lack of external stimuli (low sensory and social input, boring situations, and monotonous activity). Negative emotions were dominant during the hallucinatory episodes. Often some reasoning and checking on behalf of the officers were necessary to differentiate between real percepts and hallucinations. In some cases the hallucinations caused erroneous actions. Retrospectively, most officers viewed their hallucinatory experiences in light of positive emotions and several emphasized having learned something from them. The results are discussed in relation to the existing literature and suggestions for future studies are outlined.

Different cognitive abilities displayed by action video gamers and non-gamers

Playing action video games requires players to develop a cognitive profile that allows them to rapidly monitor and react to fast moving visual and auditory stimuli, and to inhibit erroneous actions. This study investigated whether experience with action videogames is associated with an advantage on standardized cognitive tasks. Specifically, we investigated whether individuals who played action video games demonstrated enhanced cognitive processing speed, task-switching and inhibitive abilities. First person shooter (FPS) and Massive online battle arena (MOBA) experienced video game players (AVGPs) and individuals with little to no videogame experience (NVGPs) performed both a Stroop test and a Trail-Making test (TMT A&B). Results showed that on the Stroop test, AVGPs responded significantly faster than NVGPs but made significantly more errors. Alternatively, on the TMT test AVGPs displayed faster reaction times while error rates did not differ compared to NVGPs. Our findings suggest that while AVGPs may possess enhanced processing speed and task-switching ability, AVGPs adopt a strategy that favours speed over accuracy on a task evaluating cognitive inhibition ability. Our data corroborate and bolster previous findings demonstrating a different cognitive profile for individuals that specifically play action video games.

THE PROBABILITY DETERMINATION OF ERROR-FREE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER OPERATION

Human error is considered to be a cause or one of the main factors in most accidents. Errors are not a certain type of deviation in behaviour; they are a natural product of all human efforts. Errors must be accepted as a normal component of any system, in which humans and technology interact. In aviation for decades since 1960-ies the share of the human factor (HF) from the total number of aviation accident reasons is estimated by the constant growth from 40–50 to 80–90% [1]. This figure refers generally to the certified flight personnel of commercial aviation. Taking into account flights of General aviation (GA), maintenance, air traffic control, transport infrastructure, the overall share of the HF is over 90%. The subject content of HF focuses on the study of man in various conditions and relations to natural habitat and anthropogenic activities. The HF concept is aimed at finding the reasons for unsatisfactory activity and is understood as a field of methods development to optimize safety. In the understanding of human activities inaccuracy is the history of feelings and ideas about responsibility and free will. Erroneous human actions are the result of many simultaneous and asynchronous processes of air transport subjects and the social environment. The study of the nature of erroneous actions leads to conclusions about the deep origin in the human mentality structures of intentions, opinions and expression of the will. Consequence evaluation takes place during changing environment and individual consciousness. The results are often perceived as not corresponding to the original intentions. The human factor acquires special relevance at introduction of the navigation based on characteristics (PBN). Airline companies and services of Air Traffic Control (ATC) face serious problems while implementing the international standards on human factor.

Негативные последствия киберсоциализации несовершеннолетних

The article is devoted to the consideration of problems arising in the use of virtual space, the study of which is aimed at ensuring that society can actively counter threats from the negative aspects of these problems, effectively and timely protect the younger generation from the "dark" sides of the Internet. The task of the society to do everything to really help every juvenile with cyber addiction, to save him from erroneous actions and actions, to get him out of the "risk group". The authors write about the need to monitor the time of the child's stay in the virtual network, study the content of interest to him, the Internet community and, watching the changes in the behavior of the child, be able to promptly seek help from a psychologist.

Error, rather than its probability, elicits specific electrocortical signatures: a combined EEG-immersive virtual reality study of action observation.

Detecting errors in one's own actions, and in the actions of others, is a crucial ability for adaptable and flexible behavior. Studies show that specific EEG signatures underpin the monitoring of observed erroneous actions (error-related negativity, error positivity, mid-frontal theta oscillations). However, the majority of studies on action observation used sequences of trials where erroneous actions were less frequent than correct actions. Therefore, it was not possible to disentangle whether the activation of the performance monitoring system was due to an error, as a violation of the intended goal, or to a surprise/novelty effect, associated with a rare and unexpected event. Combining EEG and immersive virtual reality (IVR-CAVE system), we recorded the neural signal of 25 young adults who observed, in first-person perspective, simple reach-to-grasp actions performed by an avatar aiming for a glass. Importantly, the proportion of erroneous actions was higher than correct actions. Results showed that the observation of erroneous actions elicits the typical electrocortical signatures of error monitoring, and therefore the violation of the action goal is still perceived as a salient event. The observation of correct actions elicited stronger alpha suppression. This confirmed the role of the alpha-frequency band in the general orienting response to novel and infrequent stimuli. Our data provide novel evidence that an observed goal error (the action slip) triggers the activity of the performance-monitoring system even when erroneous actions, which are, typically, relevant events, occur more often than correct actions and thus are not salient because of their rarity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Activation of the performance-monitoring system (PMS) is typically investigated when errors in a sequence are comparatively rare. However, whether the PMS is activated by errors per se or by their infrequency is not known. Combining EEG-virtual reality techniques, we found that observing frequent (70%) action errors performed by avatars elicits electrocortical error signatures suggesting that deviation from the prediction of how learned actions should correctly deploy, rather than its frequency, is coded in the PMS.

Symptom-based context quantification for dynamic accident analysis

Accident analysis requires development and improvement of the concepts, methods and tools for support of human performance, creation of resilient technology and implementation of reliable organization for effective decision-making and management. The decision-maker in any situation is a human and her/his successful or erroneous actions are always a meaningful part of the accident investigation. According to current understanding of accidents, human failure events are more often caused by work interactions and conditions than by people. That is why in human reliability assessment (HRA) these investigations are unavailing without a comprehensive description and evaluation of the context in which the socio-technical systems interact and keep balance. The paper presents the capacities of the Performance Evaluation of Teamwork (PET) method and its procedure for context quantification based on the human, organization and technology symptoms during accidents for monitoring, evaluation and analysis of their progression. It explains how this method assesses accident context potential as probability on the macroscopic socio-technical system level. The intermediate use of symptoms for the quantification of the context, as opposed to direct description and use of the causes, gives better opportunities for the dynamic, systematic identification and quantitative interpretation of these causes in complex systems and high reliable organizations. The context quantification is exemplified by thermo-hydraulic simulation of a severe nuclear accident: a long-term total blackout.