Erroneous Actions Research Articles

Software development system for creation adaptive user interfaces

To improve the efficiency of the design engineer, the use of design automation systems is required. Currently, computeraided design tools are multifunctional and have an expanded user interface. Depending on the scope of the task to be solved and the level of training, the design engineer does not need all the means of computer-aided design systems. In this case, an adaptive interface can serve as a means of increasing labor productivity, which can be customized for a particular user, taking into account his experience and physiological features (system experience, computer literacy, experience working with such programs, typing, color blindness, memory, hand motility). The characteristics by which a user system is evaluated have different degrees of uncertainty, ambiguity, and internal inconsistency. These characteristics are difficult to formalize and they are very specific. To perform the evaluation, it is advisable to use intelligent systems based on fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets. The most acceptable in this case is the Mamdani method which uses a minimax composition of fuzzy sets. The proposed mechanism includes a sequence of actions: fuzzification, fuzzy inference, composition, defazzification. A software development system has been developed that allows you to form an interface part of the software taking into account the capabilities of a particular user. The implementation of the developed software system allows you to select a set of elements individually for each design engineer and form an adaptive prototype of the application program interface. In this case, it becomes possible to improve the interaction between a person and a computer, make it more comfortable, reduce the time to search for the necessary functions and the number of erroneous actions, and improve the quality of the work done.

Error traps in acute pain management in children.

Providing effective acute pain management to hospitalized children can help improve outcomes, decrease length of stay, and increase patient and parental satisfaction. Error traps (circumstances that lead to erroneous actions or undesirable consequences) can result in inadequately controlled pain, unnecessary side effects, and adverse events. This article highlights five error traps encountered when managing acute pain in children. They include failure to appropriately assess pain, optimally utilize regional anesthesia, select suitable systemic analgesics, identify and treat medication-related side effects, and consider patient characteristics when choosing medication or dosing route. These issues are easily addressed when the clinician is cognizant of ways to anticipate, identify, and mitigate or avoid these errors.

A Novel Augmentative Backward Reward Function with Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous UAV Navigation

ABSTRACT The autonomous UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) navigation has recently gained an increasing interest from both academic and industrial sectors due to its potential uses in various fields and especially, the need for social distancing during the pandemic. Many works have adopted a deep reinforcement learning (RL) method with experience replay called deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) to control the motion of UAV, and gain high accuracy results in static and simplified environments. However, they are still far from being ready for real world adoption in that the UAVs have to operate under complex and dynamic conditions. We also found that using only DDPG makes the learning process prone to oscillation and is inefficient for tasks having high dimensional action-state spaces. Furthermore, the goal reward mechanism in traditional reward functions brings a bias to the state, which resembles the one at the goal area and leads to erroneous action selection. To get closer to being ready for real world adoption, we proposed a novel method that enables UAVs to be capable of handling motion control in realistic environments. The first component of our proposed method is point cloud data (PCD) simplification with truncated icosahedron structure which converts enormous PCD into a few essential data points. In the second component of our method, we replace the traditional goal reward mechanism with a new mechanism called Augmentative Backward Reward (ABR) function to dispense the goal reward to transitions proportionately to its participation. By integrating simplified PCD and ABR, we achieved significantly better results when compared with using only the-state-of-the-art, TD3. In addition, we tested the proposed method with another navigation task, BipedalWalkerHardcore, a testbed for RL, and the result is still better and steadier than of TD3. These results indicate that the proposed method is robust.

Показатели производственного травматизма в мире, России и МЧС России в 2011–2020 гг.

According to the data of the International Labor Organization (ILO), 2.8 million people died in recent years as a result of industrial accidents, and occupational diseases, including 400 000 people from injuries. Occupational injuries are a controlled process and an indicator of the occupational safety. Professional activity of the firefighters and rescuers is often associated with the extreme conditions. It is accompanied by the excessive stress on the functional reserves of the body, an increased likelihood of erroneous actions, injuries, and professionally accelerated diseases. Analysis is presented related to the occupational injuries and deaths of the employees in the world and in Russia. This data is compared with the statistics on the personnel of the EMERCOM of Russia in 2011–2020. The injury rate is calculated per 10, 000 people, deaths per 100, 000. Information on the occupational injuries and deaths in the world is taken from the official website of the ILO statistical department. Data for Russia are from Rosstat publications. Information on the EMERCOM of Russia - from the database of the Federal State Budgetary Institution VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia. A trend towards a decrease in the occupational injuries in the world, Russia and among the employees of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations was revealed. The relative stability of the death rates at work in the world was noted, while in Russia they are decreasing. Ratio of the industrial injuries to the fatal ones in the world is 110, in Russia — 22, according to the EMERCOM personnel — 14.5. An assumption is made about the underestimation of the number of occupational injuries in Russia and EMERCOM of Russia. Negative consequences of this phenomenon are formulated.

Sadomasochism in everyday life

The article examines the phenomenon of sadomasochism in the context of everyday life. It is noted that the constructivist understanding of everyday life is based on the interpretation of social action proposed by M. Weber. Obviously, in Weber's typology, the highest type is the goal rational social action, which assumes a model of a rational person who is guided by rational motives and chooses the most optimal project of action to achieve the set goal. Whereas affective social action is on the margins of sociology's interest. Meanwhile, as Z. Freud demonstrates, the everyday is not some kind of sterile-rational reality, in the everyday the unconscious manifests itself in tricks, erroneous actions, descriptions, etc., which may well be based on unconscious sadomasochistic desires. The author turns to the history of the study of sadomasochism, considering the concepts of such authors as R. von Krafft-Ebing, Z. Freud, E. Fromm, Z. Lew-Starowicz, L. Eidelberg, H. Murray. The article examines the concepts of sadomasochism such modern author as Martin Kantor, who proceeds from the fact that sadomasochism cannot be reduced only to sexual sadomasochism or the practice of BDSM, in fact it is a much broader social phenomenon. According to M. Kantor, in a broad sense, sadomasochism manifests itself in power, control, dominance and submission, a dynamic that is pervasive in our lives, from home to work. We see such examples of sadomasochism as sadomasochistic mothers, children, and fathers in the family circle; sadomasochistic marriages and divorces; corporate sadomasochism; sadomasochistic companies; sadomasochistic workers; sadomasochistic writer's block іn the everyday life. In this perspective, the everyday appears before us as a reality where people act not to achieve rational goals, but because of the desire to dominate and submission.

The human cognitive system corrects traces of error commission on the fly.

Human perception and action rely on a fundamental binding mechanism that forges integrated event representations from distributed features. Encountering any one of these features later on can retrieve the whole event, thus expediting cognitive processing. The traditional view on binding confines it to successful action episodes, holding that the human cognitive system does not leverage errors for optimizing corresponding event representations. Here we use sequential analyses of erroneous action episodes to explore whether binding promotes future successful behavior even when actions go awry. Results indicate that the processes leading to binding integrate different aspects of the action episode in a highly efficient and flexible manner to privilege future correct actions and prepare the ground for error-based learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

An Action-Independent Role for Midfrontal Theta Activity Prior to Error Commission.

Error-related electroencephalographic (EEG) signals have been widely studied concerning the human cognitive capability of differentiating between erroneous and correct actions. Midfrontal error-related negativity (ERN) and theta band oscillations are believed to underlie post-action error monitoring. However, it remains elusive how early monitoring activity is trackable and what are the pre-response brain mechanisms related to performance monitoring. Moreover, it is still unclear how task-specific parameters, such as cognitive demand or motor control, influence these processes. Here, we aimed to test pre- and post-error EEG patterns for different types of motor responses and investigate the neuronal mechanisms leading to erroneous actions. We implemented a go/no-go paradigm based on keypresses and saccades. Participants received an initial instruction about the direction of response to be given based on a facial cue and a subsequent one about the type of action to be performed based on an object cue. The paradigm was tested in 20 healthy volunteers combining EEG and eye tracking. We found significant differences in reaction time, number, and type of errors between the two actions. Saccadic responses reflected a higher number of premature responses and errors compared to the keypress ones. Nevertheless, both led to similar EEG patterns, supporting previous evidence for increased ERN amplitude and midfrontal theta power during error commission. Moreover, we found pre-error decreased theta activity independent of the type of action. Source analysis suggested different origin for such pre- and post-error neuronal patterns, matching the anterior insular cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, respectively. This opposite pattern supports previous evidence of midfrontal theta not only as a neuronal marker of error commission but also as a predictor of action performance. Midfrontal theta, mostly associated with alert mechanisms triggering behavioral adjustments, also seems to reflect pre-response attentional mechanisms independently of the action to be performed. Our findings also add to the discussion regarding how salience network nodes interact during performance monitoring by suggesting that pre- and post-error patterns have different neuronal sources within this network.

Binding Error-Induced Control States.

Binding and retrieval of stimulus features, response features, and their attentional weighting tune cognitive processing to situational demands. The two mechanisms promote successful actions, especially in situations in which such actions depend on controlled processing. Here we explored binding and retrieval of attentional control states that follow from erroneous actions. By definition, such errors are characterized by insufficient cognitive control but at the same time, error detection has been shown to trigger corresponding adjustments to prevent future failures. We reanalyzed existing datasets and conducted a novel experiment to investigate whether error-induced control states become bound to task-relevant stimuli. Results point towards a binding and retrieval of error-induced control states; however, the effect appears to be less reliable than for binding and retrieval of specific stimulus and response features. We discuss potential implications and alternative interpretations in terms of a mediating impact of error-induced control.

Модель формирования структуры безопасности электроустановок на основе системного подхода

Process of ensuring the electrical installations operation in the sectors of the of the Russian Federation economy is formed based on the implementation of measures being developed aimed at creating conditions for the technogenic safety system «human — electrical installation — environment». To justify the decisions made when choosing the best option from the existing ones, the theory of decision-making is used. Development of the promising options for building a safety system for the electrical installations, and the search for resources for the implementation of each of them is the main task of the study. With a significant number of criteria that determine the generalized indicator (integral risk), it is possible to get a best solution option. One of the stages of decision -making theory is to obtain predictive estimates. The forecast is carried out by analyzing the indicators of the human-machine system. When predicting the integral hazard risk of electrical installations, it is required to consider the sources of hazards in the system in question, such as: incorrect, erroneous actions of the operator; emergency modes with the consequences of the occurrence of technogenic hazard; an abnormal combination of the environmental parameters other than the normalized values. The analysis of dependences of the technogenic hazard risk reflects a certain set of electrical installations, during the operation of which the deviations from the normal modes may occur — hazardous situations accompanied by the accidents, fires, death of people, which leads to corresponding damage. When compiling scenario options, it is possible to determine the trend in the development of a hazardous situation. To perform scenario forecasting, an algorithm for predicting the risk of technogenic hazard was built, based on which a hypothetical model of predictive estimate is compiled. Based on the results of a quantitative assessment of the integral risk, it is possible to determine numerical indicators of the probability of a hazardous situation occurrence, and the damage from a real hazardous situation.

Human-derived effects and failure in management drive coastal urban foredune degradation and novel vegetation structure

Urbanization can drive significant decay in species diversity and abundance; in dune ecosystems the composition changes at a pace with changes in spatial fragmentation. Infrastructure deployment and human activities may provoke synergistically a reduction in dune patch size and/or habitat loss and thus a potential for rapid establishment of exotic species, producing a ‘novel’ habitat configuration. In this study we examine the effects of coastal urbanization and associated human activities in foredune patch fragmentation and changes in floristic composition and abundance in an urban-rural gradient. Using samples from a recently bulldozed and managed urban foredune area, we assess the legacy of erroneous practices associated with planting of exotic species in urban settings. We found a significant increase in foredune fragmentation, estimated as the occurrence of marks left by vehicles (4WD, 2WD) and people in foredunes close to or within urban settings. A marked change from native to non-native plant species was found from rural to urban environments, with non-native species contributing to increase species richness in urban settings. A positive relationship of non-native species with level of foredunes fragmentation was found. Dominance of non-native species was persistent through time in altered foredune patches. Our findings showed that incorporation of non-native species for aesthetic or engineering purposes in bulldozed foredunes, could limit colonization of native species through rapid establishment and complete dominance of non-native ones. Historical activities associated with coastal infrastructure upgrades seem to configure the present foredune floristic pattern present in urbanized coasts. Management strategies correcting past erroneous actions and promoting foredune rehabilitation could help the conservation of services that these ‘novel’ habitats provide in coastal urban environments.

About the types of unfinished crime

The article is devoted to the study of the scope of the concept of an unfinished crime. In the literature, in addition to the types of unfinished crime named by the legislator (preparations for a crime and attempts at a crime), others are also distinguished (voluntary refusal of a crime, voluntarily abandoned preparation and attempt, incomplete and complete attempt at a crime). Based on the normative material (Articles 29 and 31 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), this approach is critically evaluated. At the same time, it is noted that in science, at the level of an unfinished crime, the often produced classifications of preparations for a crime and attempts at a crime do not manifest themselves in any way. The author considers this to be an inconsistency of theoretical analysis. He tries to overcome it and offers to distinguish, on the one hand, complete and incomplete unfinished crimes, on the other hand, objectively and subjectively unfinished crimes. At the same time, it is proposed to understand under complete-an unfinished crime, in which a person believes that he has done everything necessary to bring the crime to an end; under incomplete an unfinished crime, in which a person believes that he has not done everything necessary to bring the crime to an end; under objectively unfinished crimes that were not completed due to an error on the part of the persons who committed them; under subjectively unfinished crimes that were not completed due to an error on the part of the persons who committed them. Assessing the significance of the identified types of unfinished crimes, in conclusion, it is noted that they, without affecting the criminal responsibility itself, are important for its implementation, because the more completely an unfinished crime is committed, the closer it is to the finished one and the more severe punishment is permissible, all other things being equal; erroneous actions of a person indicate less public danger, which, all other things being equal, on the contrary, should entail less severe punishment.

THE ROLE OF THE HUMAN FACTOR IN THE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM UNDER THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION CONDITIONS

Modern conditions are characterized by an increase in the processes of digital transformation in all spheres of public life. It seems promising to use the latest software solutions to optimize personnel management processes. Automated HRM systems are able to minimize or eliminate erroneous actions due to the influence of the human factor at a large manufacturing enterprise, such as AO “OMZ” (JTS “OMP”). As a result of a series of interviews, questionnaires and analysis of personnel statistics, it was revealed that erroneous actions are associated with irrationality of backup copy, "disappearance" of documents, downtime due to incorrect database management. Psychological reasons of erroneous actions of employees are fixed. It is proposed to reduce the costs associated with the elimination of the consequences of these actions. At the same time, it does not mean full automation of communication processes in the organization. It is concluded that the distribution of functions in the man-machine-environment system should be dynamic with the ability to consciously adjust the degree of automation. Today, it is reflexive modernization that is in demand. Conscious modernity requires a personal self-identify, to develop an attitude to the social environment, the industrial environment, the objective world. The self-reflection on the personal place and role in the ongoing innovations is needed. It is extremely important to preserve the becoming fragile human relationships and the genuinely human manifestations.

АВТОМАТИЗАЦІЯ БІЗНЕС-ПРОЦЕСІВ ЯК НЕОБХІДНА УМОВА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙ

The use of advanced technologies to complete business processes with minimal human intervention is known as "business process automation". The purpose of automation is to replace manual human labor with machine labor and optimize the entire production process. With the help of modern technologies of machine interaction, automated parameter control systems are implemented at factories, the data of which is transferred to the server and processed. Taking into account the analysis of this data, the machine itself decides on any action. Automation speeds up work by redirecting information to the right person at the right time with user-defined rules and actions, helping managers move to a new, higher level of management. It gives an opportunity to focus on the company's strategic goals. Automation is currently a very relevant and important direction in the field of theory and practice of business process management. Its main goal is to increase the socio-economic efficiency of the enterprise through the purposeful implementation of software and hardware systems that increase the speed and accuracy of the implementation of business processes, while minimizing erroneous actions and decisions arising under the influence of the so-called "human factor". The automation system helps to turn monotonous manual work into automatic, making such work more technological and advanced. Enterprises work in a highly competitive environment, therefore, they need constant development, use of best practices and new technologies. With the increase in the number of management tasks in large systems, the volume of processed information increases significantly and the complexity of management algorithms increases. As a result, there is a mismatch between the complexity of the managed object and the ability of any governing body to receive and process information. Therefore, the automation of business processes is a necessary condition for the company's survival in the modern world. Automation of business processes is one of the fastest growing technologies today. Businesses need to do less with more and ensure their processes are as efficient and effective as possible. To do this, they turn to business process automation software to scale processes, solve unique workflow challenges, and maximize productivity.

USE OF THE BMP SYSTEM FOR BLOCKING OF DANGEROUS ENERGIES DURING REALIZATION OF WORKS FROM REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF TECHNIQUE

Creating healthy and safe working conditions is the main task of the employer when performing high-risk work. Practice shows that the cause of accidents during the repair and maintenance of equipment are uncoordinated and erroneous actions of staff, resulting in incorrect supply of hazardous energy to the installation where people work. In order to prevent injuries at metallurgical enterprises there is a need to revise and modernize the existing approach to control the supply of hazardous energy during repairs, improve the current labeling system of access to repairs of technological equipment based on the experience of advanced world technologies. Audit). The BMP system is used to perform maintenance and repair of equipment, as well as any other cases where personnel need to enter the danger zone, and includes not only the actual process of blocking and marking, but also all other activities: documentation, organization of storage and issuance of BMP devices, training and testing of personnel knowledge According to the analysis, the current tag system at the metallurgical enterprises of Ukraine is inferior in efficiency to the BMP system, which allows you to almost completely eliminate the risks associated with the human factor in the repair and maintenance of equipment. The foreign experience of using hazardous energy blocking and labeling systems and the existing legal framework on this issue in Ukraine are analyzed. According to the results of research, the basic principles of using the BMP system at the enterprises of the metallurgical industry are established. The sequence of BMP procedure implementation is offered. The information on the basis of which the BMP map is formed is considered in detail. An important stage in the formation of this map is the assessment of industrial risks of exposure to hazardous energies in the process of repair and maintenance of equipment. The direction of further research on the implementation of the BMP system and the legalization of the BMP standard at the state level is substantiated.

Aggravation of interfaith relations in the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire (late 19th – early 20th century) in the light of archival documents

The article analyzes various aspects of the relationship between the largest confessional groups of the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire (Orthodox and Catholics) in the late 19th – early 20th centuries in the context of the implementation of the models of self-identification «our – other» and «our – alien». Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of the activities of Catholic clergy and fanatical parishioners to incite interfaith hostility (insults to representatives of another confession, unfounded calls for conversion to Catholicism, erroneous interpretation of the Decree «On strengthening the principles of religious tolerance» and the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, and etc.). The authority that Catholic priests had among the parishioners often caused the latter to be hostile to their neighbors of other faiths. The article provides many examples of the fact that the appearance of fanatical priests in a certain area often disrupted the peaceful, conflict-free course of religious life. At the same time, there were cases when the erroneous actions of Orthodox priests and ordinary parishioners became a catalyst for the exacerbation of interfaith relations. The article provides factual evidence of the propaganda activities of Catholic priests in the Polish national spirit, analyzes the reaction of the authorities to it. The most resonant conflict between Catholics and Orthodox at the beginning of the twentieth century is described in detail – an episode in the town of Zelva, Volkovysk district, Grodno province. The basis of the source base of the article was made up of documents of the National Historical Archives of Belarus and the National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno. This article can be useful for specialists in history, students, everyone interested in the problems of religious and national relations in European countries. We see prospects for further research in this area in a comparative analysis of the situation in Belarus and other regions of Central and Eastern Europe of the 20th – 21th centuries, mixed in confessional and ethnic terms.

Psychological Security of the Individual as a Functional Component of Professional Activity

Consideration of professional safety as a functional component of professional activity includes analysis of categorical methodological grounding of this concept in psychological work in the context of ergonomic provision of effective professional activity by a complex of external worker’s and individual worker’s protection, where special attention is paid to dangerous professions. First of all, took into account the need of accidents causes at work; determining the optimal workload in professional activities; identification of human reserve capabilities and ergonomic optimization of interaction processes with the production environment. The general, differentiated indicators of susceptibility to danger are specified; the preconditions for the formation of psychological security are determined; the factors of erroneous actions’ occurrence at performance of professional activity are allocated; the psychological provision of labor safety through a system of organizational measures is outlined. Historical digression in the application of a systematic approach to the analysis of professional activity, as well as general psychological provisions of the concept of systemogenesis of professional activity, the concept of structural and functional organization of self-regulation, the concept of maladaptive activity (risk readiness) and the concept of product ergonomics, personality in assessing the quality of human life. Elaboration on the definition of the work psychological signs and its gradations and development of receptions of professional self-preservation of the person is presented.

ІНТЕРНЕТ У ПОШУКОВІЙ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ СЛІДЧОГО

The article considers the possibility of using the Internet in the investigation of criminal offenses, identifies certain aspects of its use in evidence, as well as analyzes the essence of the investigator's search activities in the information field mentioned. In particular, it is noted that in modern conditions, both scholars and practitioners are increasingly paying attention to the possibility of using the possibilities of the Internet in the criminal proceedings. Nowadays, the Internet, which has become essentially a global telecommunications network, creates significant potential opportunities for law enforcement agencies to detect and investigate a large number of types of criminal offenses. However, due to the uncertainty of the legal status of the Internet, it is rapidly being criminalized. Using the achievements of scientific and technological progress, intensifying activities and increasing the level of their organization, offenders expand the information space around them, naturally forming a set of connections available for analysis by using modern scientific and technical methods and tools. In turn, domestic law enforcement agencies can and should also adequately take into account such processes and use them in terms of developing ways to use appropriate Internet sources of information on subjects of all levels of crime, especially organized, as well as with a foreign element. In general, the main objectives of using the Internet in the investigation of criminal offenses is to find the necessary forensic information from its network, its analysis, accumulation and further processing and application in the detection and investigation of illegal acts, including their proof. It is justified to single out the following areas of use of information from the Internet during the pre-trial investigation: first, as a source of operational information; second, as an information channel both for operative communication with the public, and as a means of influencing it in the interests of detection, investigation and prevention of criminal offenses; third, as a means of influencing those who have committed such offenses in order to encourage them to expose themselves either in the form of appearing before a law enforcement agency or in the form of committing erroneous actions that will facilitate their detention. One way or another, the use of the World Wide Web can contribute to changes in the pre-trial investigation, significantly increasing its effectiveness. To ensure the reliability of the information received from this network, it is necessary to improve the procedural forms of its formation, verification and evaluation, taking into account the possibility of its accidental or deliberate distortion.

Взгляд в будущее: системно-динамическое моделирование политической трансформации региональных элит (Россия, 2021 – 2035 гг.)

The purpose of this study is to examine the ways in which the Russian regional administrative and political elites can change in 2021–2035. The authors attempted not only to find the most positive variants, but also to assess their probability and to describe the conditions for their implementation. There are seven predictive scenarios for the development of regional elites, which were constructed as a result of computer experiments with a system-dynamic model. The developed model is implemented in Powersim Studio 10. The model encompasses the main mechanisms and channels for recruiting elites as well as actors that have influenced the elite substitution system. The study is a follow-up to the work that was published in the Journal of Political Research and devoted to realistic and counterfeit scenarios of elite transformation in 1985–2019. The geographic framework within which the model can be applied spans — with some caveats — the European part of Russia. Modeling showed that some predictive scenarios are negative and even catastrophic for the progress of regional elites and for relations «federal center — regions». Moreover, such scenarios can be initiated not only by some unlikely events like the «Russian Maidan» (Ukrainization scenario), but also by erroneous actions of the federal government (Regency scenario). It has been revealed that the introduction of unified principles of monitoring and analysis, as well as centralized personnel management (Technocracy scenario) in the regions can solve all three key problems of elite evolution — namely, maintaining elite loyalty, achieving their acceptable quality, and gaining legitimacy.

DECISION-MAKING IN INNOVATION MANAGEMENT

Introduction. One of the important problems of both the head of a modern company and subordinates is the ability to make the right decisions, because the future of the company depends on the chosen options of actions. Erroneous actions can not only hinder the development of the company, but also contribute to its closure. It is worth highlighting the decisions that are made in the field of innovation and innovation activity of enterprises and organizations. Goals. Research of the decision-making process in innovation management, identification of its main trends in the territory of the Russian Federation and the Stavropol Territory, as well as the development of the sequence of the decision-making process on the introduction of innovations. Methodology. In the process of research, the issue of decision-making in innovation management, methods of logical and statistical analysis were applied. Results. The analysis of innovative activity of enterprises is carried out, an up-to-date brief description of the sphere of innovation is given, the main barriers to the development of innovation activity in the Russian Federation as a whole and in the Stavropol Territory in particular are identified, a detailed algorithm for making decisions about innovations taking into account risk factors and uncertainty is proposed. Conclusions. When making decisions in the field of innovation, it is important to comprehensively study the issue, assess all possible risks and negative consequences, observing the classical sequence of decision-making, namely: data preparation and analysis (observation and search, data filtering, problem statement), problem statement and development of alternatives (classification of influencing factors, search for solutions (forecast and evaluation of alternatives), decision-making (choice of alternatives, generalization of criteria, choice of solution).

Влияние человеческого фактора при создании авиационных двигателей

Ensuring the safety of the civil aviation system is the main goal of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) activities and the "human factor" was define as a priority in the field of flight safety. Given the variety of factors potentially affecting human performance, it is not surprising, that human error has been recognized as a major causative factor in virtually all air crashes and accidents since the inception of aviation. The reliability and safety of flights are influenced by: the quality of preparation of aviation equipment for flight, the quality of manufacture, assembly, acceptance, and pre-flight tests, the quality of design of aircraft and engines. The quality of workmanship is confirmed by the execution of control at each stage of manufacture. In any activity, the "human factor" is manifested by mistakes, oversights, and omissions, or miscalculations that a person makes when doing his job under certain conditions. The theory of the occurrence and prevention of errors associated with human physiology and the environment were described by H. Heinrich's "domino theory". Human errors form sequences in which the first error causes a chain of subsequent ones, keeping one of the dominoes standing behind each other, it is possible to prevent the consequences of an accident in the form of material damage or an accident. Human physiological features such as vision can be one of the dominoes and lead to erroneous actions. In the modern world, non-destructive testing methods are relevant and the role of a defectoscopistꞌs in determining the nature of a defect is quite large. Regular monitoring of vision (prophylactic examination) allows you to identify potential vision problems with a specialist, which can lead to erroneous actions. Human factors research is fundamental to understanding the context in which normal, healthy, skilled, well-equipped and reasonably motivated personnel make mistakes, some of which are fatal and, if the causes of human error are correctly understood, it will be possible to develop more effective prevention strategies errors, their control, and safe elimination.