Era Of Liberalization Research Articles

Canada’s Supply Management System and the Dairy Industry in the Era of Trade Liberalization: A Cultural Commodity?

ABSTRACTCanada’s dairy farmers have spent the last 40 years fighting to preserve their supply management system despite increases in the desire to liberalize trade through the expansion of regional free trade agreements and the targeting of agriculture in recent rounds of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). How has Canada’s supply management system resisted trade liberalization thus far? Moreover, what strategies have Canadian dairy farmers used to lobby the government to preserve this system? The answer to these questions lay within the intersection of culture and economics. Canadian dairy farmers have been successful in framing Canadian dairy as a distinctly Canadian cultural commodity, and therefore framing supply management as the economic tool needed to defend this cultural commodity. In exploring this topic, this article will touch on Canada’s history of preserving cultural institutions, as well as the historical importance of Canada’s supply management system.

Land Tenancy in India: Need for Reforms and Safeguards

The present era of economic liberalization, has placed small and marginal farmers at a disadvantage when it comes to participating in domestic and foreign markets. Therefore it has been argued that liberalization of tenancy would not only increase the availability of land in the lease market but would also increase the poor people's access to land. Question is whether liberalization of tenancy would lead to the improvement in the condition of poor tenants or whether it would bring back the era of absentee landlordism. In India most of the tenancies being oral and informal, it is very difficult to make an accurate estimate of the incidence of tenancy. Even after passing of tenancy laws by various states, the position of tenants, particularly of share croppers, continues to be precarious in several parts of the country. In the circumstances it is contended that there is need to plug the loopholes in the existing tenancy laws and to better implement enacted laws, rather than liberalizing tenancy and the lease market. The author in this paper advocates that land tenancy should be liberalized ONLY with adequate safeguards to protect the interests of the farmers or it is better to stick to the existing system with minor changes in the law to recognize systems of share cropping and protect the share croppers by giving security of tenure and fixation of equitable share of the crop without conferring the title to land.

An Empirical Study on Strategy Implementation of SME in VUCA: A Case of Health Care and Wellness Start Up

Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s) plays a most important part in the socio-economic growth of the country .Though, SME’s sector has consistently registered higher growth rate compared to the overall industrial sector, but then also they have been facing great challenges in the era of liberalization and Globalisation as well in today’s VUCA environment. SMEs are expected to a VUCA calamity in the market place than larger firms that hold the ability to soak up more shock. The Present study explores the problem of a Small enterprise Dr. Ratna’s The Edit Clinic a top obesity, hair & skin clinic in a prime locality in Pune and provide planned solution to it in relation to the changing market environment. Research presents a future-ready viable roadmap to nurture .The Edit Clinic business by 10X in next 2 years. An apparent business focus was established which is exact for the founder’s inspiration, ability, and experience. Clearly recognized competitors and effective competitive strategy was provided. Digital 4.0 technology enabled roadmap for business growth and transformation.

The Pivotal Part of Global Direct Investment - A Research Pre & Post Liberalization Era

Global investments are playing an important role in the growth of Indian economy better than other nation’s economy in the present. More nations are providing more savings and attracting global investments. The requirement of global direct investments are deepening Inflows rate in any nations in the world. Global direct investments are specified a route between global inflows and savings in the country. In the process of Global economic development global investments helped to cover to Indian savings and provide entry routes in to India for development growth of Indian economy. These papers mainly focus on what is the position of FDI flows in pre and post liberalization period.

Strategi Perguruan Tinggi Swasta Berbasis Agama Membangun Budaya Organisasi untuk Meraih Keunggulan Kompetitif

This study discusses how faith-based private universities run strategies to build organizational culture to gain excellence in the era of market liberalization. Private universities are considered institutions that are vulnerable to the influence of changes in the constellation of society and government regulations. On the other hand, religion-based private universities are still able to survive and contribute to educating the nation's children. This study intends to explore information about strategies to build organizational culture in private universities that support the competitiveness of institutions. Religion-based private universities include those who are able to survive in competition, how they determine the strategy of building the organizational culture of the institution. The main focus of research on leader strategies builds organizational culture to achieve competitive advantage, using a qualitative descriptive research approach with a multicasus study design. The research data are in the form of speech, deeds, attitudes of the leaders and residents of the two faith-based private college campuses in East Java. Data collection through observation, active participation observation and interviews.The results of the study found that religion-based private universities tried to balance the development of external pressure on the achievement of compliance with standard standards, there were weaknesses in innovative capabilities and speed responsive to external pressure. The strategy of university leaders in building organizational culture in two institutions rests on the recruitment process that is strict enough to maintain the religious foundation of the institution's operations. Higher education also relies on the existence of a relatively fixed market segment to seize interested parties and maintain their existence.

Dynamics of Gandhi Model of Development in the Era of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization

Dynamics of Gandhi Model of Development in the Era of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization

Impacts of Chinese Investment on Economic Growth in Sub-Sahara Africa (2007-2017)

Foreign direct investment has taken a central position in promoting economic growth in the developing world and has been anticipated by different economic scholars to be playing a key role in accelerating growth in Sub-Sahara Africa countries. Over the past two decades, Chinese foreign direct investment in Sub-Sahara Africa has increased and Chinese present in the continent has brought optimism for future progress in economic and transformation. It is against this background that CFDI has appeared increasingly attractive to Sub-Sahara Africa countries facing declining domestic investment and higher costs of foreign borrowing. The governments of Sub-Sahara Africa, therefore, has been putting up incentives to ensure that foreign corporations are attracted to the country in an effort to increase the investments to the country and increase the level of economic growth. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts Chinese foreign direct investment on economic growth in Sub-Sahara Africa and observing at the contribution of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment flows in improving the export supply of the countries' post-liberalization period. The study is grounded on FDI flow data from China to individual countries in SSA over the period of 2007 to 2017 on 14 SSA countries. The time frame for this analysis is 11 years period for each country, based on the availability of data. Including all countries in SSA would have been beneficial for the study but the rest of the SSA countries were not considered for the analysis because we want to balance data, uniformity, and availability of data during the required period of time. The study employed secondary data from different sources mainly accessed from the Chinese national bureau of statistics, MOFCOM, World Bank’s, World Development Indicators (WDI) database and World Bank African Development Indicator database as well as other sources like United Nations Commodity Trade (UN Comtrade) database, United Nations Commission on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) database and from World Economic Outlook database (WEO). After controlling for other determinants of growth, the findings so far indicate that Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (CFDI) flow to Sub-Sahara Africa has a general positive and significant, which has a huge influence on economic growth. The results are in line with both the studies of Zhang (2001), Carkovic and Levine, (2002) and Borensztein et al. (1998) it seems plausible to argue that it is a certainty that Chinese FDI alone has a positive impact on growth. Chinese Investments have increased collective resource inflows into the host countries; this has/will improved capacity utilization, increased outputs and generated employment opportunities. The significance of private CFDI is that such investments are slightly risk-free to the SSA countries and bring with it the advantages of advanced technology, management practices, and assured markets. Based on the results achieved, we present the main conclusions and respective policy recommendations which, if addressed, will stimulate domestic investment in short and long runs, since the investors’ decisions are influenced to large extend by those similar factors. Our objective two is to elaborate and determine the contribution of CFDI flows into SSA countries in increasing the export supply of the countries post-trade liberalization era. Here we tried to see the effect of CFDI inflows on the increase in the export supply of SSA countries from the perspectives of the countries' characteristics in the post-trade liberalization period.

Modelling of the factors affecting lean implementation in healthcare using structural equation modelling

Lean is a quality enhancement process which has been implemented by several industries including healthcare to get leverage in this era of globalization and liberalization. The objective of present work is to identify the variables affecting implementation of lean principles in healthcare industry. To achieve this objective, a survey was conducted by using a structured questionnaire which was distributed among 460 health professionals in different hospitals in India to collect their responses about lean applications in healthcare. EFA was applied to identify the factor structure with the help of the SPSS software version 20 and dimensions were extracted from the variables. After that, CFA was carried out by SEM statistical approach to verify these dimensions in the factor analysis by AMOS software. Fifteen variables were explored and three factors i.e. organizational factors, management commitment and communication and human resource factors were extracted which affect lean application in healthcare. SEM was used to identify first order three factor structure. The managers and healthcare professionals can acquire information about the strength of various factors in advance which would help them to thoroughly understand the relative importance, interdependencies and relationships among these factors so that lean principles can be applied successfully in the organization.

A Study on Service Quality in Banks with Special Reference to SIB Customers of Thrissur Town, Kerala

In the era of privatization, liberalization and globalization banks play a dynamic role in contributing to the economic development of the country the banking industry in India facing certain challenges that are challenge of quality service, customer satisfaction, customer retention, customer loyalty. Quality service plays a major role in achieving customer satisfaction and creating brand loyalty in banking sector. Service quality is also interrelated to other behavioral outcome of the customers. Study understands the various customer perceptions about service quality factors like assurance, empathy, responsiveness, reliability, and tangibility in banking industry and the satisfaction level towards the banks as service quality reflects the way the banks are performing the present study attempts to explore the perception and expectation of customers in respect to the services provided by banks.

UPS and Downs in BPO sector women employees in India

In post globalization and liberalization era new vistas have opened for women in India. Global expansion of software and ITes demand steady supply of ‘knowledge workers’. Special preference is given to women who have essential knowledge base and flexibility to adjust themselves to the outsourcing industry. Today's Indian women have ventured beyond the traditional roles of wife and mother and even overcoming the traditional occupations such as nursing, teaching etc they have engaged themselves in all sectors which are traditionally male dominated such as defence, engineering and even in night shifts for BPO sectors. The middle class urban women working in call centres are a rich amalgamation of east and west culture. Women are also encouraged to embrace white collar job with comparatively high salary, easy international mobility, flexible work routine and physically less demanding work process in comfortable indoor work-environment. According to NASSCOM women employees constitute about 1/3rd of the total BPO workforce.

Growth and instability of agricultural exports of India: an empirical analysis

The study analyses trends in the exports of agricultural commodities from 1981 to 2010. The major agricultural exports chosen in the study were rice, wheat, tea, coffee, fruits, vegetables, cashew nuts, shelled spices, sugar, cotton, lint and tobacco unmanufactured. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) was calculated and a comparison between pre-and post-WTO export growth scenario was made. An export instability index was constructed for pre-and post-WTO period to measure instability in agricultural exports from India. The findings of the study suggested that agricultural exports have increased in the era of economic liberalization. However there were wide fluctuations across commodities validating the hypotheses that favourable policies had resulted in increase in agricultural exports and an increase in the value of agricultural exports was associated with high instability at the commodity level. Nevertheless the paper shows that aggregate agricultural exports do not reveal much instability validating the hypotheses that variations are perceptible at the commodity level. In other words variability in agricultural exports varies across commodities.

Nuove ideologie, nuove autorità in contesto europeo: i discorsi polemici di Grillo e Dieudonné

This study focuses on the communicative strategies that Dieudonne and Grillo use in their public discourse. Both the Italian and the French leader have been comedians, and have recently become protagonists of public debates in their countries. Both of them exploit the Web to spread their polemical discourses, which have proven to be viral in the era of liberalization of obscene language, insults, cries, and provocative gestures against the establishment. The polemical ethos which characterizes Grillo’s and Dieudonne’s discourses tend to become more and more violent, and to acquire features typical of the pamphlet. This study shows that their well-organized rhetoric has been able to awaken a negative pathos in their followers, who appreciate their new and more modern forms of authority. That is why they become all-out supporters and easily tend to adhere to new ideologies, which become viral due to the new media.

Innovation Dynamics and Financialisation: Is Another Regulation Possible to Re-Industrialise the Economy?

Innovation is the source of capitalist accumulation. Schumpeter termed this process “Creative Destruction” and related it to entrepreneurial activities and to the functioning of the monetary and financial system. Recent research on economic development has also placed the emphasis on financial innovations and financial markets. The financial liberalisation era of the 1990s and 2000s is regarded as a growth period and a positive relationship is assumed between financial innovations and entrepreneurial innovations. However, financial innovations provoked an economy-wide financialisation, reduced the share of real entrepreneurial activities and generated systemic crises. The subsequent turmoil hampered the access of innovative projects to stable financial resources. This article maintains that in order to set the economy on a re-industrialisation path, an alternative organisation of financial markets is required. I then suggest some directions for possible relevant recovery policies and argue that an alternative re-industrialisation/de-financialisation process calls for a specific public regulation that should seek to lead financial institutions to finance sustainable innovative activities in order to ensure global recovery and prevent systemic catastrophes.JEL Codes: G18, G20, O31, O38

Relational contracting in public sector construction organisations: evidence from India

In construction industry, relational contracting is adopted by many public sector organisations in countries having open economy and benefited in terms of cost saving, schedule reduction, reduced litigations, better teamwork, increased trust and stronger relationship. India is country of planned economy and public sector construction industry is driven by traditional contracting. But public sector working has improved lot in post liberalisation era due to administrative reforms and global exposure. Through case study research methodology, this research explored the extent of relational contracting processes adopted by Indian public sector organisations to become more relational in traditional procurement procedures. It is found that many business processes are improving and matching relational contracting processes. But, key relational processes which develop successful partnering like multiple criteria bid evaluation, incentive mechanism, soft skill training and team building workshops have not been adopted by any case organisation. Within these limitations, it is observed that profit seeking public sector organisation facilitate more relational environment due to flexibility in raising the fund for project and global exposure than public sector organisations funded directly through government budget.

Revisiting the Wagner’s law for Indian States using second generation panel cointegration

In this paper, we examine if the Wagner’s law, that indicates a long-run economic relationship between government expenditure and income, holds across 15 non-special category states of India post the 1991 liberalization era. In particular, we study the non-stationarity and cointegration properties between state-level government expenditure and state-level income. Given the presence of cross-sectional dependence in our data, we adopt the second-generation panel unit root and cointegration tests. Using panel estimation methods, our results indicate that the Wagner’s law holds at an all-India level with respect to all categories of government expenditure i.e. aggregate government expenditure, development expenditure and non-development expenditure. States with above-average income mostly exhibit long-run elasticity less than one across all types of government expenditure while states with below-average income level exhibit long-run elasticity greater than one across all categories of government expenditure.

Impact of Regional Trade Agreements on India’s Trade Potential: The Case of SAARC and APTA

In view of the growing importance of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) in the era of trade liberalization, we examine the impact of two significant RTAs of India, SAARC trading bloc and APTA, on its trade potential. We employ panel data regression on an augmented gravity model using data over the period 1991-2016 for 23 Asian countries which are India’s trading partners. In order to capture the impact of explanatory variables, the study uses fixed effects estimation and Hausman Taylor estimation. Our results show that conventional gravity variables such as GDP of the trading partners and liberal trade policies are significant determinants of India’s trade. The results for variables of interest, APTA and SAPTA (for SAARC) export/import creation indicate that both the trading bloc are facilitating India’s trade flow. The ‘age’ variable for SAARC trading bloc show that India’s imports from SAARC nations has significantly reduced with the passage of time and India’s exports to APTA trading bloc is more or less stagnant since the last decade. While China and Korea are dominating intra-APTA exports but India’s intra-SAARC exports are gaining more strength with passage of time.

Bilateral Trade Performance of India – UAE in the Post -Liberalisation Era

Bilateral Trade Performance of India – UAE in the Post -Liberalisation Era

Study on Factors Influencing Female Consumer Preferences of Four Wheelers in Panchkula City of Haryana State, India.

India, second most populous country in the world tremendous scope is there to convert prospective consumer to potential one. In the era of globalization and liberalization the shift from a local to a global economic paradigm had enlarged the role of consumers which can’t be neglected in these global economies in India. The study is to focus on huge transformation in the shopping practices of four wheeler, disposable income and increase in the younger generation population. The attitudinal changes towards shopping emphasis towards four wheelers, a change from price to design, quality to trendiness. In this paper, researcher studies various factors which impact on consumer preference towards four wheeler. Such factors are divided in two clusters for three factors. It is found that that female customers of cars have very high awareness on various brands, product attributes and characteristics.

Inequality-Growth Link in the Post Reform Indian States: Role of Human Capital

The paper tries to explore both short and long run growth-inequality link in the post liberalisation era in Indian states. The study has shown that growth-inequality interaction is bi-directional and reciprocal in nature – trends in one affecting the other in a cumulative causation fashion rather than a one-shot impact. The link is also examined by taking human capital variables in growth regressions to identify the possible strait for which the emerging economic success is linked with increased disparities in living standards. The methodology of study is comprised of cross section and panel models with five, ten and twenty-year growth episodes.

Trade and the Separation of Powers

There are two paradigms through which to view trade law and policy within the American constitutional system. One paradigm sees trade law and policy as quintessentially about domestic economic policy. Institutionally, under the domestic economics paradigm, trade law falls within the province of Congress, which has legion Article I authorities over commercial matters. The second paradigm sees trade law as fundamentally about America’s relationship with foreign countries. Institutionally, under the foreign affairs paradigm, trade law is the province of the President, who speaks for the United States in foreign affairs. While both paradigms have operated throughout American history, the domestic economics paradigm dominated in the nineteenth century, and the foreign affairs paradigm from the mid-twentieth century. Since the end of the Cold War, however, trade law and policy has become increasingly divisive and contentious. Trade law and policy entered a new era of liberalization, characterized by international organizations (like the WTO) and a shift to mini-lateral free trade agreements. By 2016, backlash was in full force, with candidates Donald Trump, Bernie Sanders, and Hillary Clinton all coming out against the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). Since taking office, President Trump has instituted high tariffs on solar panels, threatened to withdraw from NAFTA, and sparked concern about a trade war with China. This Article makes three contributions. First, we argue that the current discontent over trade is not just a matter of the distribution of economic gains and losses but a matter of the distribution of constitutional powers. We provide a thorough descriptive account of the two paradigms for trade within our constitutional system and show that trade has migrated from a domestic to a foreign affairs matter – and ultimately that it has becoming unhooked even from specific foreign affairs objectives. As trade drifted further away from the balance struck by our separation of powers and became increasingly rooted in the Presidency, agreements liberalizing trade rules became more viable – but at the cost of the political sustainability that comes with greater congressional involvement. Second, we make a normative case for rebalancing trade within the constitutional structure. We argue that trade shares few similarities with other foreign affairs and national security areas in which the President is seen to have a functional advantage, and perhaps surprisingly given the conventional wisdom, that the parochial interests of Congress present strong benefits to trade policymaking that are widely undervalued. Finally, we apply this rebalanced framework for trade law and policy to a variety of contemporary debates, including the role of fast track authority in negotiating and approving trade agreements, the President’s power to declare trade wars, the scope of the President’s authority to withdraw from trade agreements, the use of unorthodox international agreements in the commercial context, and the increasing conflict between trade agreements and state and local authority, which we term “trade federalism.”