Car Equipment Research Articles

The safety effect of increased pedestrian protection, autonomous emergency braking for pedestrians and bicyclists on passenger cars, and speed management

This was the first retrospective study to estimate the effect of increased pedestrian protection, autonomous emergency braking, and speed management to reduce serious injuries among pedestrians and bicyclists. More specifically, the aim was to estimate the injury mitigating effects of the following interventions: AEB with pedestrian and bicyclist detection, Euro NCAP pedestrian test score, active bonnet, traffic calming at pedestrian and bicycle crossings, and additionally, the combined effect of the above-mentioned treatments. The main source of data was the Swedish traffic data acquisition system (Strada), where information of road traffic crashes between passenger cars and pedestrians or bicyclists for the period 1 January 2003–31 December 2022 was obtained. Cars with optional fitment of AEB systems were identified, and the license registration number was used to access individual car equipment lists to identify whether the vehicle was equipped with AEB with pedestrian and/or cyclist detection. Information about traffic calming at pedestrian and bicycle crossings was obtained from the Swedish Transport Administration. The injury metric used was risk of permanent medical impairment (RPMI) of at least one percent and ten percent. RPMI captures the risk of long-term medical impairment based on a diagnosed injury location and Abbreviated Injury Severity (AIS) score. The relative difference between the mean values of RPMI (mRPMI1%+ and mRPMI10%+) was calculated and tested using an independent two sample t-test which was conducted for unequal sample sizes and variance. Although many results were found to be statistically non-significant, the following results were found to be significant at least at 90% level. Pedestrian mRPMI10%+ was reduced by 44% in speed zones ≤ 50 km/h comparing the group struck by cars equipped with AEB with pedestrian detection compared to the group struck by cars without the system. For cyclists, the mRPMI10%+ was reduced by 35% in speed zones ≤ 50 km/h. For crashes within ± 20 meters from a pedestrian or bicycle crossing, the AEB system reduced 60% of pedestrians mRPMI10%+ at crossings with good safety standard compared to crossings of poor safety standard. The comparison of cars with poor performance (1–9 points) in the NCAP pedestrian test and cars with a high score (28–36 points) showed that pedestrian mRPMI10%+ was reduced by 48% across all speed limits, and by 64% including only those aged ≤ 64 years. For bicyclists, a significant reduction of cyclist mRPMI10%+ was found comparing low scoring cars to high scoring cars in ≤ 30 km/h speed limit (-73%) and across all speed limits (-36%). Including only those aged ≤ 64 years, the reduction was 49%. For the active bonnet, a significant reduction of mRPMI1%+ by 24% was observed but given that the rate of helmet wearing was higher in the group struck by cars with active bonnet, this difference cannot be attributed to an effect of an active bonnet. The STA safety rating of pedestrian and bicycle crossings showed that overall pedestrian mRPMI1%+ was reduced by 15%, while cyclists mRPMI10%+ was reduced by 32% comparing crossings of high safety level to crossings of poor safety level. The analysis of combined interventions showed that the total reduction of pedestrians and cyclists mRPMI10%+ together was 69%, from 6.4% to 2%. This paper demonstrates that a road environment with adapted infrastructure and speed, combined with passenger car technologies that improve the safety for vulnerable road users, can create significant reductions of serious (long-term) injuries among pedestrians and bicyclists.

Optimizing industrial transport with a connected automated vehicle demonstrator for assembly systems and end-of-line production

In recent years, the automotive industry has witnessed significant progress in the development of automated driving technologies. The integration of advanced sensors and systems in vehicles has led to the emergence of various functionalities, such as driving assistance and autonomous driving. Applying these technologies on the assembly line can enhance the efficiency, safety, and speed of transportation, especially at end-of-line production. This work presents a connected automated vehicle (CAV) demonstrator for generating autonomous driving systems and services for the automotive industry. Our prototype electric vehicle is equipped with state-of-the-art sensors and systems for perception, localization, navigation, and control. We tested various algorithms and tools for transforming the vehicle into a self-driving platform, and the prototype was simulated and tested in an industrial environment as proof of concept for integration into assembly systems and end-of-line transport. Our results show the successful integration of self-driving vehicle platforms in the automotive industry, particularly in factory halls. We demonstrate the localization, navigation, and communication capabilities of our prototype in a demo area. This work anticipates a significant increase in efficiency and operating cost reduction in vehicle manufacturing, despite challenges such as current low traveling speeds and high equipment costs. Ongoing research aims to enhance safety for higher vehicle speeds, making it a more viable business case for manufacturers, considering the increasing standardization of automated driving equipment in cars. The main contribution of this paper lies in introducing the general concept architecture of the integration of automated driving functionalities in end-of-line assembly and production systems. Showing a case study of the effective development and implementation of such functionalities with a CAV demonstrator in a more standardized industrial operational design domain.

Representativity of ISO test track surface based on controlled pass-by measurements

Within the Polish-Norwegian research project ELANORE, a limited Round Robin Test has been performed on four ISO tracks in Northern Europe. The basic objective of the project is to improve the EU directive on labelling of tyres for noise and rolling resistance. This directive is based on the measurement procedures proscribed in the UNECE Reg.117. Measurements on 3 ISO tracks were performed in 2021 and presented at InterNoise 2022. This paper adds results from tests conducted on a fourth ISO track as well as on trafficked roads with different conventional pavements: 2 in Norway (MA11 and SMA16) and 3 in Poland (SMA8, SMA11 and EACC). On all ISO test tracks and road test sites the same car, test tyres and test equipment as well as the same personnel were used to minimize the measurement uncertainties. Measurements were done using the controlled pass-by (CPB) method for vehicle test speeds between 40 and 90 km/h, with 2 test conditions: according to Reg.117 and with so-called "light test conditions". The main conclusion is that the noise ranking of the tyres on both, the ISO tracks and conventional pavements do not correspond to the ranking based on the label values given by tyre manufacturers.

Molecular dynamics simulations of several linear homopolymers: Assessment and comparison of shock properties

Understanding the behavior of polymers under shock loading is essential for their applications in car equipment, aircraft, space structure and plastic bonded explosives. Despite much effort, both experimentally and numerically over the last twenty years, there are specificities of the shock behavior of polymers that are still unclear. These include the relation of the shocked state to the dynamic glass transition and the deviation of the Hugoniot locus from the usual linear relation us=c+Sup, with us the shock velocity, c, the bulk sound velocity, up the particle velocity and S an empirical fitting parameter. To address these questions this work studies direct shock simulations in molecular dynamics (MD) of three different polymers, cis-1,4-polybutadiene, polystyrene and phenoxy resin. After thoroughly assessing that the polymer configurations created in this work are correct with respect to mass density, structure factor, chain dimensions and Hugoniot locus, this work focuses on two aspects of the behavior under shock loading. (i) The deviation of the Hugoniot locus from the linear relation us=c+Sup is related to a change in the relative contribution to the shock energy of the bonding and non-bonding potential energies as the shock strength increases. (ii) The shear stress relaxations behind the shock front are compared for the three polymers. It is found that the polymers with the highest glass transition temperature have the most slowly relaxing shear stress behind the shock front.

Reprocessable and recyclable high-performance carbon fiber-reinforced composites enabled by catalyst-free covalent adaptable networks

Carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRCs) have been extensively applied in high-tech industry due to their superior mechanical properties. However, the permanent crosslinked networks of thermosetting matrices cause them difficult to reshape, repair and recycle. In this work, we devise a series catalyst-free covalent adaptable networks (CANs) by curing diglycidyl 4,5-epoxycyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DGEDC) with phthalic anhydride (PA) and glycerol. Benefiting from the rigidity of PA, the resulting DGEDC/PA/Glycerol (DPG) networks possess high mechanical and thermal properties, with glass transition temperature (Tg) of 140–165 °C, thermal degradation temperature (Td5%) of 289–322 °C, fracture strength of 65–78 MPa, and Young’s modulus of 3.2–3.9 GPa. More importantly, the multiple hydroxyl sites endow DPG networks with rapid transesterification reactions (the shortest relaxation time is only 205 s at 180 °C), which allows for material reprocessing, repairing, and degradation. In addition, taking DPG networks as matrix and carbon fibers (CFs) as reinforcement, the obtained DPG/CFs composite exhibits strong mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus of 559 MPa and 8.5 GPa, bend strength and modulus of 420 MPa and 6.2 GPa) and good welding ability (shear strength of 19 MPa). Furthermore, the composite can be completely degraded in ethylene glycol at 190 °C, achieving efficient and non-destructive recycling of CFs. This research presents an alternative approach for the fabrication of reprocessable and recyclable high-performance CFRCs, which might have broad practical applications in aeronautic engineering and automobile equipment.

Experimental investigation of Ballistic capabilities in Carbon-Kevlar composites: Effects of weight and layer variations against 9 mm projectiles

The study aimed to investigate the ballistic capabilities of carbon-Kevlar composites, particularly for the design of ballistic vests against pistol bullets. carbon-Kevlar is known for its high strength, lightweight nature, and affordability, making it a popular choice in car tuning equipment. The objective was to determine the optimal number of layers and weight of carbon-Kevlar for the design of effective and safe ballistic vests. Experimental tests were conducted using carbon-Kevlar materials to evaluate their performance against FMJ 9 mm parabellum. The tests focused on measuring the penetration depth of the bullets in a ballistic gelatin block, providing insights into the required number of layers and gram per square meter (GSM) weight necessary for effective bulletproofing. Statistical analysis revealed that all factors, including the number of layers and weight, significantly influenced the penetration depth. Comparing the performance of different weights of carbon-Kevlar in stopping 9 mm parabellum projectiles, it was observed that there was a linear correlation between weight and anti-penetration performance. However, a minimum of 36 layers with a weight of 300 GSM of carbon-Kevlar was estimated to effectively stop the projectiles. These findings provided valuable guidance for the design of ballistic vests, ensuring they could effectively withstand 9 mm parabellum projectiles.

Perancangan Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Persediaan Pada Bengkel Yuwa Motor

Yuwa Motoe Workshop is a company engaged in the sale of services and spare parts. Such as car washing, car service, and sales of car equipment and others. The process of data collection of incoming goods and goods out of stock inventory when searching for goods data is still using the manual method. Therefore, this system is expected to help make it easier to record inventory of goods entering goods out of the business of selling services and spare parts. Given the importance of collecting and storing data from each of these sales activities, this accounting information system only requires an internet network to access it. This system is expected to help the Yuwa Motor Workshop business in recording inventory. The result of this research is to produce a web-based inventory information system for incoming and outgoing goods. Provides convenience in providing information on inventory data through incoming goods and outgoing goods using data flow diagrams, DFD, ERD and MySQL for data processing

ROAD ACCIDENTS AND THE NATIONAL ECONOMY: LEGAL ANALYSIS

The present publication aims to conduct a legal analysis of the mutual influence of road accidents and the national economy, which is manifested at different levels of relevant public relations. The research subject is road accidents and the national economy. The publication’s methodology relies on an organic combination of well-known laws and techniques of dialectics (the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative, unity and struggle of opposites, and the negation of negation), general scientific methods of research (techniques of the logical method, comparative method, techniques of the sociological method, systemic and structural-functional methods), and special legal methods (legal statistics, formal-legal method, methods of comparative jurisprudence and legal modeling). Results. Road safety is inextricably linked with economic processes taking place in a particular state. In addition, as economic indicators affect the number of road accidents so the dynamics and consequences of road accidents significantly affect the national economy. The most important economic factors affecting the number of road accidents are as follows: underdeveloped road infrastructure, outdated vehicle fleet, poor financial and logistic support of law enforcement agencies, insufficient number of traffic enforcement cameras, and other innovative means of preventing road accidents. The priority in traffic accident prevention is the maximum automation of means ensuring road safety: coverage of all key traffic intersections with traffic enforcement cameras, equipment of modern cars with automatic speed limit systems and alcohol intoxication testers, which automatically block the ignition system, the development of a fleet of AI-based self-driving cars and automated traffic control systems. Other economic and administrative means of road accident prevention are equally important, i.e., financial incentives for compliance with traffic rules, development and improvement of public transport efficiency, and investments in multi-level road infrastructure to reduce traffic congestion in available highways and transport interchange.

Users’ Propensity to Use Self-Driving Systems of SAE Automation Level 1 and 2 Cars: Results of an Italian Survey

The automotive sector is currently developing advanced autonomous functionalities which are expected to be soon integrated into the vehicles. These vehicles can help to reduce road accidents, ease traffic congestion, improve fuel consumption, and reduce pollutant emissions. By contrast, there are still technological, normative, ethical, and social obstacles to the widespread adoption of self-driving cars, among which users’ acceptance covers a relevant issue. The aim of the paper was to investigate the users’ propensity to use self-driving systems of SAE automation Levels 1 and 2. To do this, an hoc mobility survey was performed in Italy among car drivers, investigating both the presence of these autonomous devices on board the vehicles currently used and their frequency of usage. Survey results show that 41% of the respondents currently have a Level 1 and/or 2 system on-board their car: 54% have only the Cruise Control (Level 1 car), while 46% have both of them (Level 2 car). Furthermore, about 85% of the respondent frequently (medium-high) use the Cruise Control and/or Lane Keeping Assist. More than 86% of the drivers stated that these devices significantly improve both road safety and driving stress (improve the travel experience). The highways are the roads where these self-driving systems are mainly used (more than 70% of the time). These results underline the relevant effort that the automotive industry has performed in the last decades about self-driving. In the last five years within the Italian market was observed an increase of more than 200% of the car standard equipment (no optional) with SAE automation Level 1 or 2 systems.

Presenting a Fuzzy Multiobjective Mathematical Model of the Reverse Logistics Supply Chain Network in the Automotive Industry to Reduce Time and Energy

The current research aims to design a fuzzy multiobjective model of the reverse logistics supply chain network in the automotive industry, taking into account the energy and time reduction approach. The automobile industry is one of the industries with a high demand worldwide. To continue the competition, the manufacturers of the leading car equipment should strive for better product quality by continuously improving their production processes, directing the production of greenhouse gases with low carbon levels, and increasing sustainability. In this regard, reverse supply chain networks and closed-loop chains have unique features that are very useful in the industry under review. The goal is to transform this model into a supply chain of a secure link in the automotive industry. Deterministic methods, genetic algorithm, particle swarm algorithm, and several scenarios with different aspects have been used to solve the model. The results show that the effectiveness of the three ways in terms of solution time is higher in the deterministic solution method. Proper use of the proposed process can help managers effectively manage the flow of recycled products concerning environmental considerations, and this process provides a sustainable competitive advantage for companies.

Tyre/road noise measurements on ISO tracks according to the UNECE Regulation 117

Within the Polish-Norwegian research project ELANORE, a limited Round Robin Test has been performed on 3 ISO tracks in Northern Europe. The basic objective of the project is to improve the EU directive on labelling of tyres for noise and rolling resistance. This directive is based on the measurement procedures proscribed in the UNECE Reg.117. On all test tracks the same car, test tyres and test equipment as well as personnel were used to minimize the measurement uncertainties. All tracks were built according to the specifications of ISO 10844:2014. Five sets of C1 test tyres were used which consisted of two summer tyres, one all-season, one winter and one set of the SRTT tyres. Except for the SRTT tyres, the other 4 had labelled noise values from 67 to 74 dB. In addition to the test conditions specified in Reg.117, a modified test was also included, where the load and inflation pressure were adjusted to better fit the test vehicle specification. Due to some adverse weather conditions at two of the test tracks, only a part of the test program was accomplished. The paper will present preliminary results from these measurements. A follow-up tests are planned for 2022.

An Overview of Traffic Accident Investigation Using Different Techniques

One of the most important aims of incident management is the clearance of the incident scene as fast as possible. The accident Investigation provides physical evidence at the accident site for the investigators. This physical evidence is much more reliable than the witness's statements and they are very crucial for the incident reconstruction. The cars accidents investigation is a dangerous activity, so it should be undertaken with suitable, accurate, and fast equipment. Many law enforcement agencies in the world have used different surveying techniques for accident investigations including the coordinate method, total station, photogrammetry, laser scanner, etc. Therefore, this research has been carried out in order to introduce the benefits of using surveying techniques in traffic accident investigations, and show their impacts on evidence documentation and scene clearance. This is done by focusing on the advantages and the disadvantages of each method based on the relevant works of literature and compares between them. Although comparison result shows that the traditional method(coordinate method) is simpler and cheaper than other methods, surveying techniques methods are safer, and faster in clearing the accident scene, fewer investigators are needed, the scale can be provided directly, high accuracy measurements can be obtained, and three dimensions models can be produced. So it's worth using the surveying equipment in cars accidents investigations.

Modernity and trends of development of automobile engineering

Advantages of light-optical devices (LEDs) were investigated in the article. Based on the research, special attention is paid to the prospects of development of led headlights. Complicacy of car electrical equipment leads to increase of indicated efficiency and energy storage capacity and electric generators, yield increase, decrease of labor intensity maintenance operation and reconstruction. On the other hand, innovations in scientific-technological progress in electronic engineering sphere lead to rise in reluctances, so more than 30% of these reluctances account for electrical equipment. Analysis of current requirements to automobile components of lighting devices has been carried out. LEDs as automobile light sources are gaining rapid popularity. Currently, LEDs are widely used as internal light sources (instrument illumination, indicator lamps) and external ones (tail lights, additional brake lights, daytime running lights). Since 2007, white LEDs have been used as dipped- and main-beam sources. Light sources are characterized by such parameters as voltage, light power and luminous power. Derivative of these parameters is the luminous efficiency (luminous power per unit of light power), that acts as a kind of lamp’s performance and economy indicator. This article has been made in relation to the study of auto technical expertise in Moscow and Moscow Region.

Аnalysis of energy saving methods servic-ing airfields and airplanes

Problem. The problem is an integral part of developing the concept of forming a standard range of transport and technological hydrophilic modular means for maintenance of airfields and aircraft. Goal. The goal is development of scientifically sound recommendations for determining the rational parameters of the hydraulic system with automation of control and energy saving during operation of modular vehicles for maintenance of airfields and aircraft, taking into account the potential of domestic engineering and critical imports of units and assemblies. Methodology. The methods include analysis of energy saving methods in hydraulic fluid power of mobile machines according to manufacturers' catalogs and industrial examples taking into account the needs of modular vehicles for maintenance of airfields and aircraft, in particular, taking into account the creation of modern hydraulic devices and circuit solutions in hydraulic drives with throttle and machine control and automatic regulators of change of hydraulic fluid power. Results. It is established that in hydraulic drives with throttle control and pumps with unregulated working volume, throttles on parallel flow and three-wire flow regulators or LS and LUDV modern systems are used; automatic pressure and flow regulators are used with pumps with adjustable displacement; in machine-controlled hydraulic drives through the use of pumps and hydraulic motors with adjustable displacement and hydraulic automation; by energy recovery during operation and bench tests of hydraulic drives; at the design stage of hydraulic drives, when the static analysis is performed in terms of efficiency and dynamic to reduce the loads on the starting modes of operation; and also at designing lay the effective circuit technical decisions promoting energy saving; directly in operation due to high-quality working fluids, heat exchange systems and filtration. Originality. The classification of methods of energy saving in volumetric hydraulic drives of mobile machines is made and examples of application of some means which are planned for introduction in transmissions and the technological equipment of cars for service of aerodromes and planes are resulted. Practical value. The possibility of a rational selection of axial-piston domestic hydraulic machines for the development of hydraulic drives for airfields and aircraft is proven.

Analysis of modern technical means for servicing airports and airplanes

Problem. The problem is an integral part of developing the concept of forming a standard range of transport and technological hydrophilic modular means for maintenance of airfields and airplanes. Goal. The goal is development of scientifically sound recommendations for determining the rational parameters of the hydraulic system with automation of control and energy saving during operation of modular vehicles for maintenance of airfields and aircraft, taking into account the potential of domestic engineering and critical imports of units and assemblies. Methodology. The methods include analysis of energy saving methods in hydraulic fluid power of mobile machines according to manufacturers' catalogs and industrial examples taking into account the needs of modular vehicles for maintenance of airfields and aircraft, in particular, taking into account the creation of modern hydraulic devices and circuit solutions in hydraulic drives with throttle and machine control and automatic regulators of change of hydraulic fluid power. Results. It is established that in hydraulic drives with throttle control and pumps with unregulated working volume, throttles on parallel flow and three-wire flow regulators or LS and LUDV modern systems are used; automatic pressure and flow regulators are used with pumps with adjustable displacement; in machine-controlled hydraulic drives through the use of pumps and hydraulic motors with adjustable displacement and hydraulic automation; by energy recovery during operation and bench tests of hydraulic drives; at the design stage of hydraulic drives, when the static analysis is performed in terms of efficiency and dynamic to reduce the loads on the starting modes of operation; and also at designing lay the effective circuit technical decisions promoting energy saving; directly in operation due to high-quality working fluids, heat exchange systems and filtration. Originality. The classification of methods of energy saving in volumetric hydraulic drives of mobile machines is made and examples of application of some means which are planned for introduction in transmissions and the technological equipment of cars for service of aerodromes and planes are resulted. Practical value. The possibility of a rational selection of axial-piston domestic hydraulic machines for the development of hydraulic drives for airfields and aircraft is proven.

Zonal cooling principle model engine. Experimental results

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the tests performed with a spark ignition engine with zonal cooling. Zonal cooling principle assumes two cooling circuits, one for the cylinder head and one for the cylinder block and a continuous adjustment of cooling temperature in accordance with the working principle. In order to test the proposed solution, it was necessary to create a functional model of the engine with zonal thermal regime, an aspect that led to the redesign of some subassemblies and parts in order to reach the desired requirements. In this sense, the criteria related to the adaptability of these solutions on the structure of current engines were considered, first, but also those related to technological facilities, reliability, simplicity, and low cost. The above considerations led to use for experiments, a car engine with a current architecture and construction. Thus, the functional model is based on a spark ignition engine, powered by a single point injection system. An engine with the cylinder capacity of 1600 [cm3] is relatively common in car equipment variants, which was a reason for choosing this type of engine.

О научно-производственном семинаре взрывников Урала

The article presents information on the outcomes of the scientific and practical workshop on drilling and blasting operations in surface and underground mines and special blasting operations, which was organized by the Blasting Specialists of the Urals Association and held on May 26, 2022, at the Museum Complex of the Urals Mining and Metallurgical Company in the City of Verkhnyaya Pyshma with participation of the Institute of Mining of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Urals Department of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision (Rostekhnadzor). The workshop included presentations on the following topics: dedicated blasting operations in explosion bonding of metals and demolition of buildings; experience in working with non-explosive mixtures and devices, including ‒ pulse gas generators in restrained urban conditions; results of development and testing of a method to study the rock mass strength properties during roller-bit drilling of blast holes in open-pits; forthcoming innovations in Federal Law No.116 "On industrial safety of hazardous facilities"; relevance, specific features and conditions of blasting operations below the safety covers; mining and technical conditions of underground operations in the Donskoy GOK mine in Kazakhstan. A tour of the four exhibition centres of the Museum Complex, i.e. those of the military and automobile equipment, the "Wings of Victory" aviation exhibition, the "Ceremonial Regiment" exhibition centre, and the open exhibition site with railway and artillery equipment, was held upon completion of the theoretical part of the event.

Production of Head-Up Display windshield and its relation with the image quality

Previously, car windshields served as a barrier against the wind or to prevent the driver from flying outside the vehicle in a collision. The windshield is therefore laminated and consists of two glasses and an intermediate layer consisting of the so-called polyvinyl butyral foil. The latest trend in car windshields is to consider the windshield as a display and project key information onto the windshield. Such glasses are called head-up displays. Various information such as car speed or route can be projected. The driver thus constantly maintains contact with the road, which increases driving safety. Head-Up Display quality is key to display information correctly without negative effects. Such a negative effect is if the displayed information is duplicated, which is called ghosting or double-image. This effect is undesirable and ranks first among the defects we detect in Head-Up Displays. The aim of this article is to compare different production technologies with a focus on the quality of HUD projection and on the double-image occurrence. The production technology enabling optimal HUD image quality is discussed as well. The article deals with a summary of HUD production technologies, focusing on the most common defect that occurs in HUD windshields and which reduce the overall quality of the product. The article evaluates and summarizes the key findings from the perspective of the end customer, but also in terms of the production process. For the driver, as an end customer, it is a source of information according to which he can orient himself in the offer of car equipment. It can be useful for production or development people in terms of processability and process costs. At the same time, the benefits and negatives of using windshields with a Head-Up Display are discussed.

FEATURES OF LABORATORY TESTING OF ARMORED VEHICLES AND AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT AGAINST EXTERNAL MECHANICAL AND CLIMATIC FACTORS

Statement of the Problem. One of the main means of military equipment used in combat operations is armored vehicles and motor vehicles. In this regard, one of the urgent tasks of supporting and restoring the state's combat effectiveness is to equip the Armed Forces of Ukraine with new and upgraded armored vehicles and automobiles.
 The development and production of modern armored vehicles is closely linked to a full cycle of theoretical and practical research and laboratory and field testing.
 One of the stages of testing is laboratory testing of external mechanical and climatic factors. In order to increase the efficiency of laboratory tests of armored vehicles and automobile equipment, it is necessary to improve the methodological apparatus for evaluating the effects of external mechanical and climatic factors during laboratory tests at the testing ground.
 Analysis of recent research and publications. Analysis of research in the field of testing of armored vehicles and automobile equipment showed that currently unresolved is the issue of assessing the impact of external mechanical and climatic factors using modern laboratory-testing equipment.
 The purpose of this article is to analyze methodological apparatus for laboratory testing of armored vehicles and automotive equipment for external mechanical and climatic factors and to summarize the main provisions of regulatory documents on these tests.
 Comparison was made between military standards VST and interstate standards GOST B in order to identify the main types of tests and composition of laboratory test equipment.
 Identity of basic methods of testing for effect of external mechanical and climatic factors was determined, namely: vibration effect test, shock effect test, temperature effect test (increased, decreased), rain effect test. This made it possible to determine the required list of test equipment to equip the laboratory facilities at the test site, namely: climatic chamber, rain test rig, vibration test rig, impact test rig.
 Conclusions. The analysis of existing in Ukraine and leading countries of the world normative documents and methodical apparatus for testing armored vehicles and motor vehicles on the effect of external mechanical and climatic factors was carried out in the article.
 On the basis of the analysis, comparisons were made of the methods of testing of armored vehicles and motor vehicles against external mechanical and climatic factors, and the basic types of tests were determined. Practical implementation of the results obtained in the article is based on the possibility of their application in the development of programs and methods of laboratory testing of samples of armored vehicles and automotive equipment.

P‐35: The Study of Vehicle Bright Backlight with Local Dimming Effect

Using Local Dimming technology, the LED backlight can be adjusted according to the image of the light and shade, the brightness of the display image's highlight part can reach the maximum, at the same time, the dark part can reduce brightness, or even shut down, in order to achieve the best contrast ratio. Meanwhile, as a new type of car visual interactive equipment, AR‐HUD (head‐up display) is developing rapidly in recent years, according to statistics, more and more car owners choose to install AR‐HUD equipment in their cars.This paper mainly studies on a highlight backlight which combines the Local Dimming and AR‐HUD technology.