Turbulent Kinetic Energy Equation Research Articles

Investigation and assessment of production- and dissipation-limited DDES methods for rocket combustion chamber simulations

This paper compares two different delayed detached-eddy simulation (DDES) techniques, namely iDDES and l2-ω-DDES. Their performance is investigated with and without combustion. While iDDES limits the dissipation term of the turbulent kinetic energy equation, l2-ω-DDES confines its production term. In this way, both models achieve that resolved turbulence is enhanced in regions of separated flow. On the other hand, the models show significant differences. In a first step this is investigated using three non-reactive test cases. While here the first-order moments are in a fairly good agreement, the second-order moments exhibit slight differences. Despite the similarities in first- and second-order moments, the instantaneous flow fields differ considerably with the iDDES displaying finer vortex structures. This is caused by different levels of eddy viscosity. These disparities are even more pronounced in case of a laboratory-scale rocket combustion chamber, where strong differences in quantities as the wall heat flux are observed. This clearly demonstrates an impact on the combustion process.

Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Boundary Layer over Cubical Roughness Elements

The present study explores turbulence statistics in turbulent flow over urban-like terrain using direct numerical simulation (DNS). DNS is performed in a turbulent boundary layer (TBL) over 3D cubic roughness elements. The turbulence statistics at Reτ = 816 are compared with those of experimental and numerical studies for validation, where Reτ is the friction Reynolds number. The flow exhibits wake interference characteristics similar to k-type roughness. Logarithmic variations in streamwise and spanwise Reynolds stresses and a plateau in Reynolds shear stress are observed, reminiscent of Townsend’s attached-eddy hypothesis. The energy at long wavelengths near the top of elements extends to smaller scales, indicating a two-scale behavior and a potential link to amplitude modulation. The quadrant analysis of Reynolds shear stress is employed, revealing significant changes in the contributions of ejection and sweep events near the top of elements. The results of quadrant analysis in the outer region closely resemble those of a TBL over a smooth wall, aligning with Townsend’s outer-layer similarity. The analysis of the transport equation of turbulent kinetic energy highlights the role of the roughness elements in energy transfer, especially pressure transport. Streamwise energy is mainly reduced near upstream elements and redirected in other directions.

Turbulence characteristics in partially vegetated open channels with alternating sparse and dense patches

A large amount of vegetation in nature exists in the form of heterogeneous vegetation patches, and variations in vegetation characteristics significantly affect water flow structures. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of alternating sparse and dense patches on turbulence characteristics. Multiple sets of heterogeneous vegetation scenarios were designed for numerical simulation analysis, and a comparison was made with homogeneous vegetation. Results indicate that compared with that of homogeneous vegetation, the arrangement of heterogeneous vegetation alters the distribution of flow velocities in the vegetation zone and the main channel, promoting material exchange between these regions. The vegetation density difference between sparse and dense vegetation patches in heterogeneous vegetation effect on the main channel increases with larger vegetation density differences, but the magnitude of the effect is limited and generally remains within 10% of the vegetation width. In the balance equation of turbulent kinetic energy, the terms are influenced differently by changes in vegetation density. As vegetation density difference increases, the convective term gradually increases, while the production and diffusion terms exhibit a “lower in the middle, higher at both ends” pattern. The dissipation term demonstrates a reduction effect at low-density differences, gradually increases with larger differences, and ultimately exhibits an amplification effect. Furthermore, this study determines that using data from mid-height to represent the entire cross section for heterogeneous vegetation may result in a maximum error of up to 11%.

An extended [formula omitted] model for wake-flow simulation of wind farms

The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes approach coupled with the standard k−ɛ model is widely utilized for wind-energy applications. However, it has been shown that the standard k−ɛ model overestimates the turbulence intensity in the wake region and, consequently, overpredicts the power output of the waked turbines. This study focuses on the development of an extended k−ɛ model by incorporating an additional term in the turbulent kinetic energy equation. This term accounts for the influence of turbine-induced forces, and its formulation is derived through an analytical approach. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed model, we begin by analyzing the evolution of normalized velocity deficit and turbulence intensity in the wake region, and the normalized power of the waked turbines. This investigation involves a comparison of the predictions against results from large-eddy simulations in three validation cases with different layouts. We then simulate a wind farm consisting of 30 wind turbines and conduct a comparative analysis between the model-predicted normalized streamwise velocity and wind-tunnel measurements. Finally, to conclude our assessment of the proposed model, we apply it to the operational wind farm of Horns Rev 1 and evaluate the obtained normalized power with the results from large-eddy simulations. The comparisons and validations conducted in this study prove the superior performance of the extended k−ɛ model compared to the standard version.

CFD simulation of drag-reducing fluids in a non-Newtonian turbulent pipe flow

The conveyance of fluids from one terminal to another incurs considerable expenses primarily due to the significant costs associated with addressing pressure losses arising from shear stresses and friction along the inner surface during the pumping operations within pipelines. This study was conducted with the objective of simulating turbulent flow in pipes containing drag-reducing fluids. This was achieved through the utilization of both RKE and RNG versions of a non-Newtonian model for low Reynolds numbers, based on the k-ε model, along with a non-Newtonian damping function. The outcomes were subsequently compared to simulations carried out by Pinho and experimental data sourced from the existing literature. To simulate the flow in pipelines, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was employed, which incorporated non-linear molecular viscosity and a damping function to accurately account for near-wall effects. In addition, this research entailed the optimization of C and C0 parameters in the damping function and the stress term, which quantifies the cross-correlation between fluctuating viscosity and the fluctuating rate of strain. Furthermore, non-Newtonian terms were incorporated into the equations for turbulent kinetic energy (k), dissipation rate (ε), and momentum transfer. The study involved a comprehensive comparison of model predictions with experimental data across various flow parameters, including friction factor, axial velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds shear stresses. The results revealed a significant enhancement in the model's ability to predict critical flow parameters, such as friction factor, mean axial velocity, and Reynolds stress profiles. Nevertheless, the model displayed some limitations in predicting turbulent kinetic energy. Notably, the average error in calculating the friction factor for the fluids under investigation was found to be 5.45%, marking a substantial improvement compared to the Pinho model, which exhibited an average error of 32.49%.

Effect of Stokes number and particle-to-fluid density ratio on turbulence modification in channel flows

Two-way momentum-coupled direct numerical simulations of a particle-laden turbulent channel flow are addressed to investigate the effect of the particle Stokes number and of the particle-to-fluid density ratio on the turbulence modification. The exact regularised point-particle method is used to model the interphase momentum exchange in presence of solid boundaries, allowing the exploration of an extensive region of the parameter space. Results show that the particles increase the friction drag in the parameter space region considered, namely the Stokes number $St_+ \in [2,80]$ , and the particle-to-fluid density ratio $\rho _p/\rho _f \in [90,5760]$ at a fixed mass loading $\phi =0.4$ . It is noteworthy that the highest drag occurs for small Stokes number particles. A measurable drag increase occurs for all particle-to-fluid density ratios, the effect being reduced significantly only at the highest value of $\rho _p/\rho _f$ . The modified stress budget and turbulent kinetic energy equation provide the rationale behind the observed behaviour. The particles’ extra stress causes an additional momentum flux towards the wall that modifies the structure of the buffer and of the viscous sublayer where the streamwise and wall-normal velocity fluctuations are increased. Indeed, in the viscous sublayer, additional turbulent kinetic energy is produced by the particles’ back-reaction, resulting in a strong augmentation of the spatial energy flux towards the wall where the energy is ultimately dissipated. This behaviour explains the increase of friction drag in particle-laden wall-bounded flows.

Thermohydraulic performance assessment of a solar air heater with equilateral‐triangular, trapezoidal, and square sectional ribs on the absorber plate: A comparative study

AbstractHeat transfer systems have been employed in numerous industrial and residential settings to convert and recover heat. One effective approach for enhancing heat transfer rates involves incorporating artificial roughness in the form of regularly spaced ribs on the heated surface. In this particular study, the researchers conducted numerical simulations to analyze the turbulent heat and flow properties within a rectangular duct of a solar air heater (SAH). The duct featured three different types of transverse rib shapes: equilateral‐triangular, trapezoidal, and square sectional ribs. The governing equations have been solved numerically using a finite‐volume technique via ANSYS FLUENT. For solving the transport equations of turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate, the RNG k– turbulence model was utilized. At a broad range of Reynolds numbers (6000 ≤ Re ≤ 18,000), relative roughness height (), and a fixed relative roughness pitch (), the Nusselt number (), friction factor (), and thermal performance factor (TPF) have been examined. The maximal Nu was obtained for equilateral‐triangular ribs, while the minimum friction factor was seen for square sectional ribs. The highest TPF of 1.591 was achieved with equilateral‐triangular ribs at and e/Dh = 0.032. Contours of kinetic energy, turbulent intensity, velocity, and pressure produced significant findings for comprehending the SAH's physical phenomena.

Hydrodynamics of turbidity currents evolving over a plane bed

In this paper, we investigate the hydrodynamics of turbidity currents evolving over a plane bed. The analytical framework encompasses the depth-averaged conservation equations for fluid mass, sediment mass, momentum, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). The analysis incorporates self-similar distributions of streamwise velocity, sediment concentration, and TKE. Using the self-similar distributions of streamwise velocity and sediment concentration, the distributions of turbulent diffusivity, Reynolds shear stress, and TKE production rate are determined. The analytical model of turbidity currents enables the prediction of streamwise evolutions of flow depth, depth-averaged velocity, depth-averaged sediment concentration, and depth-averaged TKE. The self-acceleration and subsidence of turbidity currents are found to depend on the initial conditions. Additionally, the model results demonstrate the sensitivity of turbidity current hydrodynamics to grain size and longitudinal bed slope. Importantly, increased grain size and longitudinal bed slope contribute to enhanced self-acceleration, leading to a decrease in the subsidence rate of turbidity currents. The model predictions satisfactorily capture the available experimental data.

On the interaction of Taylor length-scale size droplets and homogeneous shear turbulence

The main objective of the present work is to explain the physical mechanisms occurring in droplet-laden homogeneous shear turbulence (HST) with a focus on the modulation of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) caused by the droplets. To achieve such an objective, first, we performed direct numerical simulations (DNS) of HST laden with droplets of initial diameter approximately equal to twice the Taylor length scale of turbulence, droplet-to-fluid density and viscosity ratios equal to ten and a 5 % droplet volume fraction. We investigated the effects of shear number and Weber number on the modulation of TKE for $Sh \approx 2$ and $4$ , and $0.02 \le {{We_{rms}}} \le 0.5$ . Then, we derived the TKE equations for the two-fluid, carrier-fluid and droplet-fluid flow in HST and the relationship between the power of surface tension and the rate of change of total droplet surface area, providing the pathways of TKE for two-fluid incompressible HST. Our DNS results show that, for ${{We_{rms}}} = 0.02$ , the rate of change of TKE is increased with respect to the single-phase cases, for ${{We_{rms}}} = 0.1$ , the rate of change of TKE oscillates near the value for the single-phase cases and, for ${{We_{rms}}} = 0.5$ , the rate of change of TKE is decreased with respect to the single-phase cases. Such modulation is explained from the analysis of production, dissipation and power of surface tension in the carrier-fluid and droplet-fluid flows. Finally, we explain the effects of droplets on the production and dissipation rate of TKE through the droplet ‘catching-up’ mechanism, and on the power of the surface tension through the droplet ‘shearing’ mechanism.

Topology Optimization of Turbulent Flow Cooling Structures Based on the k-ε Model.

Topology optimization (TO) is an effective approach to designing novel and efficient heat transfer devices. However, the TO of conjugate heat transfer has been essentially limited to laminar flow conditions only. The present study proposes a framework for TO involving turbulent conjugate heat transfer based on the variable density method. Different from the commonly used and oversimplified Darcy model, this approach is based on the more accurate and widely accepted k-ε model to optimize turbulent flow channels. We add penalty terms to the Navier-Stokes equation, turbulent kinetic energy equation, and turbulent energy dissipation equation, and use interpolation models for the thermal properties of materials. A multi-objective optimization function, aiming to minimize the pressure drop and the average temperature, is set up to balance the thermal and hydraulic performance. A case study is conducted to compare various optimization methods in the turbulent regime, and the results show that the present method has substantially higher optimization effectiveness while remaining computationally inexpensive.

New scaling law for turbulent boundary layers with high surface mass transfer

A fundamental understanding of the phenomena occurring in the turbulent boundary layer in the presence of surface blowing is limited, and considerable disagreements persist even in describing primary quantities, such as the boundary layer profile. The theories based on the linear boundary layer equations show that the thickness of the sublayer increases in the presence of surface blowing; therefore, the viscous sublayer and law of the wall modify. In this study, direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent boundary layers with uniform surface mass transfers are carried out in order to scale the velocity profile. Emphasis is placed on moderate to high mass transfer rates, which are relevant to the most common hybrid rockets configuration. DNS data are used to establish a functional law of the wall and a law of wake by means of the relation between the wall shear stress and surface mass transfer. Analysis of the mean kinetic energy budget shows that the magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy increases by surface mass transfer, and the production rate extends significantly in the inner layer as the injection rate increases. DNS data of various surface blowing are used to complete the closure of turbulence kinetic energy equation and develop an eddy viscosity model. The predicted turbulent kinetic energy and eddy viscosity agree with DNS data for moderate to high blowing rates.

A Note on Modeling the Effects of Surfactants on Bubble‐Induced Turbulence

AbstractRecent experimental results reveal that with rising concentration of surfactants, the generated bubble‐induced turbulence (BIT) increases as well, although the bubbles rise slower. Herein, it is shown that this phenomenon has not be considered so far in the standard Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) modeling for BIT, using the Ansatz with source terms added to the transport equation of turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation, respectively. Some problematic issues related to the common concepts for closure of the liquid‐phase turbulence kinetic energy equation are also discussed. Furthermore, this issue is demonstrated by simulating the experiments using two‐fluid approach.

Parameterizing building effects on airflows within the urban canopy layer for high‐resolution models using a nudging approach

AbstractIn this study, a new multilayer urban canopy parameterization for high‐resolution (∼1 km) atmospheric models using the nudging approach to represent the impacts of urban canopies on airflow is presented. In our parameterization, a nudging term is added to the momentum equations and a source term to the turbulent kinetic energy equation to account for building effects. The challenge of this parameterization lies in defining appropriate values for the nudging coefficient and the weighting function used to reflect canopy effects. Values of both are derived and the parameterization developed is implemented and tested for idealized cases in the Mesoscale Transport and Stream model (METRAS). Comparison data are taken from obstacle‐resolving microscale model results. Results show that the parameterization using the nudging approach can simulate aerodynamic effects induced within the canopy by obstacles well, in terms of reduction of wind speeds and production of additional turbulent kinetic energy. Thus, models with existing nudging can use this approach as an efficient and effective method to parameterize dynamic urban canopy effects.

Numerical Analysis of Wave Load Characteristics on Jack-Up Production Platform Structure Using Modified k-ω SST Turbulence Model

One of the important stages in the offshore structure design process is the evaluation of the marine hydrodynamic load in which the structure operates, this is to ensure an appropriate design and improve the safety of the structure. Therefore, accurate modeling of the marine environment is needed to produce good evaluation data, one of the methods that can accurately model the marine environment is through the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) method. This research aims to analyze the ocean wave load of pressure and force characteristics on the jack-up production platform hull structure using the (CFD) method. The foam-extend 4.0 (the fork of the OpenFOAM) software with waveFoam solver is utilized to predict the free surface flow phenomena as its capability to predict with accurate results. The Reynold Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) turbulence model of k-ω SST is applied to predict the turbulence effect in the flow field. Five variations of incident wave direction type are carried out to examine its effect on the pressure and force characteristics on the jack-up production platform hull. The wave model shows inaccurate results with the decrease in wave height caused by excessive turbulence in the water surface area. Excessive turbulence levels can be overcome by incorporating density variable and buoyancy terms based on the Standard Gradient Diffusion Hypothesis (SGDH) into the turbulent kinetic energy equation. The k-ω SST Buoyancy turbulence model shows accurate results when verified to predict wave run-up and horizontal force loads on monopile structures. Furthermore, test results of the wave load on the jack-up production platform hull structure shows that the most significant wave load is obtained in variations with the wave arrival direction relatively opposite to the platform wall. Especially in the direction of 90° because it also has the most expansive impact surface area. Meanwhile, the lower wave load is obtained in variations 45° and 135°, which have the relatively oblique direction of wave arrival to the surface.

Numerical study of transient convective turbulent boundary layer flow along a vertical plate: analysis of kinetic energy and its dissipation rate

ABSTRACT The present article numerically investigates the turbulent buoyancy-driven (natural convection) flow along a vertical plate with a low Reynolds turbulence two-equation k-ϵ model. The deployed turbulence model is appropriate for low Reynolds number (LRN) turbulent flow adjacent to a solid boundary, and the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and dissipation rate of TKE are estimated using the momentum equations and are solved simultaneously with the mean flow conservation equations. Two-dimensional time-dependent viscous incompressible turbulent flow is simulated. This flow domain is governed by a highly non-linear group of partial differential equations, namely the time-averaged continuity, momentum, and energy, and also the flow property is determined through TKE, and dissipation rate of TKE equations. Since these equations are not solvable using analytical methods, an implicit second-order finite difference method is employed to solve the governing turbulent flow equations numerically. The simulated time-averaged velocity, temperature, TKE, and dissipation rate of TKE profiles along with friction factor and heat transfer rate are computed for different values of turbulent Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. Average velocity, temperature, turbulence energy, and dissipation rate under both transient and steady-state conditions are decreased with increment in . There is a decrement in average transient velocity and turbulence energy rates with increasing values, whereas the average temperature profile increases. Average steady temperature and turbulence energy profiles are also enhanced with rising values of . The majority of researchers focus on laminar flow and thus far turbulent flow has mainly been addressed through experiments only. To better elucidate the flow in this condition, the novelty of the present study is to utilize a numerical FDM procedure to probe more deeply into the turbulence characteristics in buoyancy-driven (natural convection) flow along a vertical plate with a low Reynolds turbulence two-equation k-ϵ model, as this topic is fundamental to many applications in science and engineering. Furthermore, the results of the turbulent flow simulations obtained from the current model are corroborated with existing results for the special case of laminar flow and a good correlation is achieved.

Numerical investigation of air curtain flows in the doorway of a building using RANS and LES

Air curtains are commonly adopted in building flows to facilitate aerodynamic sealing against the exchange flow that occurs across an open doorway due to the density differences owing to buoyancy. This paper reports numerical simulations of air curtain flows using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) methodologies. Computations are performed for various operating conditions that are described using a deflection modulus (Dm) which ranges from 0 to 1.25. Physically, Dm represents the relative strength of the jet momentum flux compared to the transverse stack effect. The value of this deflection modulus, along with qualitative distribution of buoyancy, demarcates the operating regime of an air curtain into unstable (Dm⪅ 0.1), stable (Dm⪆ 0.2), and strong installation (Dm⪆ 0.6). The quantification of aerodynamic sealing is established using effectiveness, E, which suggests that the optimal operation lies in the stable regime with the poorest performance in the unstable regime. The comparison between various simulation methodologies suggests that 2D RANS computations generally over-predict the effectiveness, whereas both 3D RANS and LES are able to estimate E reasonably well, especially at practical values of Dm. If the employed LES grid is sufficiently fine, the predicted effectiveness falls within the experimental uncertainty limits. Furthermore, we quantify the statistics of turbulence in the flow field using the transport equation of turbulent kinetic energy. This analysis reveals that shear production and turbulent dissipation are dominant processes in the flow. In comparison, the effects of transport terms and buoyancy production are rather small. These quantities are shown to scale well with w3/l where w and l are the characteristic velocity and length scales associated with an air curtain. Visualization of large-scale coherent structures using the Q-criterion depicted the presence of long spanwise vortices in the shear layer with a wide range of scales of motion at higher Dm. These vortical structures break down significantly upon impinging on the wall (floor), resulting in a complex spatiotemporal distribution of vortices.

On a new one‐dimensional k$$ \boldsymbol{k} $$–ε$$ \boldsymbol{\varepsilon} $$ turbulence closure for building‐induced drag

AbstractVarious urban canopy parameterizations (UCPs) have been developed in the last two decades to take into account the modifications induced by buildings on mean flow and turbulent fields in mesoscale meteorological models, the typical spatial resolution of which cannot resolve urban structures explicitly. In particular, several multilayer UCPs have been proposed, successfully reproducing wind‐flow characteristics in the urban environment. However, they often rely on length scales for the calculation of the eddy viscosity and the dissipation rate, which need to be tuned for various urban configurations. The main objective of this work is to address this shortcoming, by developing a new one‐dimensional turbulence closure that takes building‐induced turbulence into account independently of turbulence length scales. This model directly solves not only the equation for turbulent kinetic energy but also the equation for its dissipation rate (– model). Similar closure schemes have been successfully adopted for vegetated canopies, but their applicability to urban canopies is still unknown. The performance of the new – model, with additional sources and sinks for wind speed, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate, is tested by means of single‐column simulations in idealized urban areas, using different building packing densities. Results are in good agreement with spatially averaged building‐resolving CFD simulations. In particular, vertical profiles of mean and turbulent variables show better results with respect to simulations using turbulence closures adopting a parameterization of turbulence length scales. The best improvements are obtained for wind speed, reducing errors to half the typical values for standard UCP for high packing densities, and for the dissipation rate. Furthermore, besides the enhancement in the reproduction of the mean flow for urban areas, the proposed turbulence closure does not need additional tuning of coefficients depending on the packing density, resulting in a more general and efficient scheme.

CFD of Fully Developed Channel Flow

Turbulent flow, characterized by random and chaotic fluid motion, is a common occurrence in many engineering applications, such as aerospace, wind turbines, hydroelectric power plants, and chemical mixing processes. In these applications and others, the turbulent flows often involve complex geometries, multiple scales of motion, and nonlinear interactions, which make it challenging to simulate and predict turbulent flow behaviour accurately. As a result, turbulence modelling plays a crucial role in these applications by providing an efficient and cost-effective way to model the complex physics of turbulent flows. Several turbulence models have been developed and are commonly used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to predict the behaviour of turbulent flows. In this work, the Navier-Stokes equations and transport equations of turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation are solved using finite difference approximation. In-house MATLAB code is developed in this work to solve the two-dimensional, incompressible, fully developed turbulent channel flow for Reynolds number ranged from 6000 to 12000.

Mathematical modelling and simulation of leak detection system in crude oil pipeline

A first-order differential leak detection model that accurately detects leaks in a crude oil pipeline is presented. This model incorporates a leak factor KL in the axial direction, which is simulated by applying the finite element method of numerical solution using COMSOL multi-physics software. Additionally, the model includes the transport equation for turbulent kinetic energy and the rate of kinetic energy model. Eigenvalues for velocities and pressures were determined and plotted against time for various pipe segments. The system is stable when the Eigenvalue is zero, but a leak is declared when the Eigenvalue for pressure or velocity is less than one. The study shows that pressure measurements are more sensitive parameters for detecting leaks than velocity measurements, and the sinusoidal waveform characterizes leak behaviours for velocity.

Production and transport of turbulent kinetic energy from premixed flames subjected to mean pressure gradients

The influence of mean favorable pressure gradients on the production and transport of turbulent kinetic energy is experimentally investigated in a premixed bluff-body combustor. The combustor wall geometry is modified into converging, straight, or diverging configurations to experimentally alter the mean pressure gradient in the reacting flow field. For each configuration, turbulent kinetic energy production and transport dynamics are characterized with high-speed particle image velocimetry and simultaneous CH* chemiluminescence imaging. For all cases, the premixed reaction increases the turbulent kinetic energy and integral length scales in the flow. However, increasing the magnitude of the mean favorable pressure gradient increases the turbulent kinetic energy produced by the flame. The source of increased turbulent fluctuations from reactants to products is first investigated with a steady flow energy analysis, and is accompanied with a Reynolds decomposed investigation of the kinetic energy in the flow. As the mean pressure gradient increases, the turbulent kinetic energy in the flow increases due to stronger magnitudes of flame-generated turbulence in the form of baroclinic torque. The evolution of the flame-generated turbulence is examined by decomposing the transport equation of turbulent kinetic energy. Increasing the mean favorable pressure gradient augments the largest magnitude transport terms, and the budget of turbulent kinetic energy is primarily driven by pressure gradient work and viscous dissipation. The results here differ from previous direct numerical simulation (DNS) studies, and should ultimately motivate additional research to aid the development of computational models which can better predict turbulent flame-flow dynamics in confined environments with mean pressure gradients.