Field Of Epistemology Research Articles

The Composition of History: a Critical Point of View of Michel Foucault's Archaeology

The author discusses in "The composition of History: a critical point of view of Michel Foucault's archaeology" a very specific aspect within the work of Foucault: the role of the philosophies of history in the composition of historical discourse. The philosophies of history of pre-revolutionary Europe were able to show a discursive continuity that does not tally with the discontinuities that are sought in Foucault’s archaeological and genealogical project. The question that is asked following the analyses of these discourses does not fully escape from the analyses of the knowledge-power apparatuses: how is it possible that the practical-political nature of the philosophy of history discourses has remained effectively silenced in political practice? After elucidating a barely bounded concept of “history” in Foucault from the discontinuities of the epistemological fields of “Order” and “History”, the indecision of this rupture in philosophical-historical discourse will be shown, taking Turgot and Vico as examples.

Factor étnico y conocimiento antropológico

En este artículo, el autor analiza determinadas prácticas en el colectivo de profesionales de la antropología, centrando su atención en el despliegue de estrategias que responden a la necesidad que tienen los antropólogos de articular el plano normativo de la disciplina con factores determinantes de carácter sociológico, como son el factor étnico o la condición central o periférica de los mismos. Partiendo del marco problemático de las tradicionales relaciones asimétricas mantenidas hasta nuestros días entre los centros metropolitanos de producción de conocimiento teórico y los centros receptores del mismo, el autor propone la búsqueda de explicaciones a dicha problemática, no sólo en el ámbito de la reflexión política, como generalmente se ha venido haciendo, sino también en los de la epistemología y la sociología del conocimento.

Construction of new epistemological fields: Interpretation, translation, transmutation

AbstractThis article deals with the problem of the formation of new epistemological fields, which appear simultaneously with a new interpretation. Based on the semiotic approach described by Umberto Eco in Lector in Fabula (Eco, Umberto. 2003. Dire quasi la stessa cosa: Esperienze di traduzione [To say almost the same thing: Experience translation]. Milan: Bompiani.), we analyze several works in the context of their synchronization with a reader’s reality. We also deal with the problem of intersemiotic translation – a text’s transmutation (including its translation as a particular case of transmutation), and how it contributes both to intercultural interaction and to construction of new epistemological fields of conceiving consciousness. According to the hypothesis stated in the article, different ideas form different meanings as objects of a reader’s/spectator’s thoughts. A new aspect of interpretation brings forth new text transmutations, which appears as the process of transformation of the concept idea as an abstract essence or an abstract object. We suppose that diachrony, being the main factor of a text’s interpretation, determines a variative set of meanings.

MULTIPLE BODIES, MULTIPLE TEXTS

The paper concerns the bodily and textual practices in the social epistemology of Annemarie Mol as presented in her book The Body Multiple. From her ethnography of medical practices in hospital Z, Mol derives a new ontology of objects that changes the emphasis from the opposition of representation and construction to the practices of production and performance. “Ontology in practice” as presented by Mol concentrates on what is done to the object and what exactly makes it an object, rather than determining what the object is. Her study therefore does not deal with the multiplicity of ways to view the body and illness; it deals instead with the multiplicity of practices which generate the multifaceted object of research. Constructed and put together by a variety of practices, this object is always more than one thing: it prominently features the multiplicity of its enactments and the ways of coordinating them. At the same time, Mol’s study deals with social epistemology itself and also makes a contribution to construction of another multifaceted object of research. The field of social epistemology is not just a field of multifaceted objects, but also of multifaceted texts. The seemingly selfevident objectivity of an object is undermined by the diachronic analysis in Mol’s synchronic text. It concerns more than the politics of the normal/pathological distinction or the object/method distinction (although it does handle these). It mostly deals with the practice of academic texts per se: the politics of writing, publishing, reading, citation, etc. The unusual material construction of this text plays an essential role in its textual practice, which also carries over to the text of the paper.

Drawing the Revolution: The Practice and Politics of Collaboration in the Graphic Novel Lissa

Motivated by the potentials of comics to convey complex, yet accessible anthropological insights on global health and political transformation, the authors crafted the collaborative work of graphic “ethnofiction” Lissa: A Story about Medical Promise, Friendship, and Revolution. Lissa chronicles the unlikely friendship of two young women living in Cairo—one Egyptian, one American—who are navigating difficult health circumstances at home and revolutionary unrest in the streets. In this excerpt and discussion of the collaborative process of crafting Lissa, we illustrate how we attended to the broader epistemological, aesthetic, and ethical fields within which the project took shape by working collaboratively with Egyptian revolutionaries on the story and by employing different visual and narrative techniques throughout the book to cite their artistic, academic, and activist work.

Научная инновация — между конфликтом и солидарностью

The article problematizes the concept of scientific innovation. The authors focus their attention on an ambiguous understanding of the conditions for its emergence and its completion. They use two terms — conflict and solidarity — to define these conditions. In their extreme forms, behavior in conflict situations and solidarity practices oppose each other in two ways: there is contention and rejection of a different position, on the one hand, and “mechanical solidarity” (Durkheim), on the other. However, the intersection and even the coincidence of these practices are possible and actually realized, when described in terms of cooperation, on the one hand, and “organic solidarity” associated with the division of labor, on the other. The article aims, firstly, to describe the possibility of opposing conflict and solidarity in the processes of producing scientific innovation; secondly, to demonstrate the importance of intersecting and even combining these practices to produce and complete novelty in science. In their research, the authors address contemporary works from the fields of historiography and epistemology of science, revealing the concept of the Scientific Revolution, which refers to the emergence of a new science, as well as the concept of modernity, that defines the era in which scientific innovation sets the rhythm and the acceleration of social development. It is in the context of various interpretations of the concepts Scientific Revolution and modernity the concept of innovation is being clarified. The latter not only describes the event and the era of the emergence of modern European science, but also suggests possible contemporary scientific practices.

Natural Philosophy and Natural Logic

Natural Philosophy and Natural Logic

Modeling as a method of knowledge of social reality

The article is devoted to the consideration of modeling as a method of cognition of social reality. The author draws attention to the fact that this question is in the field of epistemology, which requires the analysis of the main elements of the modeling, its definition, the ratio of the model as an analogue and the real object. The projective modeling function is revealed, which also raises issues of human creativity

Docility as a Primary Virtue in Scientific Research

Scientific epistemology is a topic that has sparked centuries of philosophical discourse. In particular, understanding the role that scientists play in the creation and perpetuation of scientific knowledge is a subject that continues to be hotly debated. A relative new-comer to scientific epistemology is the field of virtue epistemology, which positions knowledge creation as integrally linked to specific character traits held by the scientist. Positioning scientific research as a distinct practice, virtue epistemologists strive to understand what virtues foster robust knowledge creation. Examinations of current scientific virtue epistemology, however, reveal how framings of “the scientist” tend to be highly individualistic and position the individual scientist as an actor with a high level of agency and autonomy. Such approaches, while following more conventional scientific epistemology discourse, contrast significantly with a growing body of social science literature that emphasizes the group nature of scientific research and education. This paper makes use of this social science literature to critically examine current deficits in narratives of scientific virtue epistemology. It highlights the need for the prioritization of virtues that enable scientists to work and learn in social environments through social processes. In particular, it discusses how the virtue of docility, best understood as being “open to learning”, is a key virtue for training new scientists and for establishing robust processes of knowledge creation. By identifying current deficits in the manner in which science is taught, it demonstrates the considerable epistemic consequences of training scientists who do not embody docility in all aspects of their research activities. The paper concludes by discussing how docility may be considered a key factor in an alternate understanding of the current reproducibility crisis in modern science.

Translation Zone(s): A Stuttering: An Experiential Approach to Linguistic Hospitality

Abstract This essay outlines the potential of artistic research for engaging audiences in cultural literacy and linguistic hospitality, which according to Paul Ricoeur occurs “where the pleasure of dwelling in the other’s language is balanced by the pleasure of receiving the foreign word at home” (10). It builds upon Emile Benveniste’s (1969) and Jacques Derrida’s (1997, 2000) transcultural etymological investigation of hospitality which is central to Alison Phipps’ ethical, socially oriented ethnographic praxis. Focusing on the use of a sensory and reflexive methodology in Translation Zone(s): A Stuttering, a participatory arts research project-developed during an Arts and Humanities Research Council Cultural Engagement Fellowship-this essay aims to extol the value of adopting an experimental approach to language, to embrace “not knowing” as a constructive methodological strategy and to extend the scope of research within this area to encompass other epistemological fields. The project is recontexualised in the aftermath of the United Kingdom’s EU referendum (2016) and looks towards the possibilities that the affective nature of art affords, considering how it could be used to encourage a critical debate about language and counteract the increasingly nationalist rhetoric and identity politics associated with being a native English speaker.

Campo minado – sobre os princípios fundacionais da epistemologia da comunicação

Resumo Surgiu entre teóricos do país e alhures a ideia de que, visando obter autonomia e cientificidade para a área, há propriedade em se falar e desenvolver a noção de “campo epistemológico da comunicação”. Após relatar criticamente as teses de um de seus primeiros proponentes, defende o artigo que, não bastassem os problemas filosóficos internos, elas em pouco ou nada impactam no desenvolvimento do saber que pode surgir dos estudos de mídia, carecendo, portanto, de significado positivo para a ciência que neles pode haver.

O instrumentalismo na aferição da experiência do usuário

Instrumentalismo é o nome de uma doutrina no campo de Epistemologia que indica que conhecimento e método científico não são necessariamente falsos ou verdadeiros. Mas, devido ao seu caráter instrumental, esses servem de recursos para lidar com a realidade. Por sua vez, como aspecto da realidade prática na área de Design, observa-se a busca por métodos e outros recursos para mensurar a experiência do usuário (UX), porque, progressivamente, aumentou o interesse em design orientado para a experiência. Contudo, as experiências abrangem uma gama de propriedades e métricas que são variadas, muitas vezes particulares, efêmeras e subjetivas. Por isso, há dificuldades para se encontrar conceitos que designam a experiência do usuário e, consequentemente, recursos instrumentais relacionados com essa temática. Isso caracteriza a problemática desta pesquisa sobre o instrumentalismo na aferição da experiência do usuário. O objetivo foi identificar instrumentos que, de maneira eficiente, auxiliam os designers na projeção e mensuração da experiência do usuário, visando o desenvolvimento coerente de produtos e serviços. O procedimento adotado inicialmente no estudo proposto, como é descrito neste artigo, foi pesquisar trabalhos publicados em periódicos internacionais por meio de uma revisão sistemática. O conhecimento resultante permitiu a sistematização da literatura e a seleção de instrumentos considerados coerentes com o propósito da pesquisa. Portanto, o resultado foi o mapeamento descritivo de instrumentos destinados à aferição da experiência do usuário, para serem aplicados em projetos de design.

RISCO REPRODUTIVO EM GESTANTES PORTADORAS DE CARDIOPATIA: O MUNDO VIVIDO DIRECIONANDO O CUIDADO EM SAÚDE

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender o significado de gestar para mulheres portadoras de cardiopatia; desvelar sentidos da mundanidade do ser-aí-mulher em risco reprodutivo no vivido/vivência da gestação de alto risco por cardiopatia. Método: pesquisa qualitativa sustentada na fenomenologia Heideggeriana. Foram entrevistadas 17 mulheres entre os meses de julho a dezembro de 2014 que gestaram com cardiopatia em instituição de referência para risco materno. Resultados: o movimento analítico hermenêutico permitiu a emersão das Unidades de Significação: saber do risco e tanto planejar quanto não saber como evitar, e se surpreender ao se descobrir grávida; falar como se sentiu física e emocionalmente na gestação; sentir-se segura pela rotina de acompanhamento pré-natal. Os sentidos desvelados apontaram para a fragilidade dos saberes das participantes acerca do risco reprodutivo. Conclusão: o enfermeiro e a equipe de saúde devem considerar em sua prática clínica o cuidado intersubjetivo que favorece a integralidade da atenção à saúde. As discussões sobre o risco percebido por parte da gestante devem se integrar à condução do pré-natal suscitando um impacto positivo na saúde da mulher. Considera-se a fenomenologia de Martin Heidegger como referencial que permite alcançar resultados de pesquisas qualitativas no campo epistemológico de interesse acerca da essência humana por meio das experiências vividas.

A Praxiologia e as Críticas Internas e Externas em Caldwell e Sen:

A praxiologia formulada por Ludwig von Mises e definida como uma teoria geral da ação humana, categoriza-a como uma ciência em que todas as ações individuais são, aprioristicamente, racionais. O axioma de que toda a ação é racional está dedutivamente implícito no conceito de que os indivíduos deliberam em agir para diminuição do desconforto individual. Tais preceitos geraram polêmica, seja no campo metodológico, seja no campo epistemológico. No primeiro, as críticas estão desenvolvidas no que se convencionou de críticas externas à praxiologia, assim sendo, por divergências metodológicas. No segundo, as contestações consistem nos axiomas de racionalidade e deduções lógicas no âmbito da metodologia praxiológica. Portanto, são denominadas de críticas internas à praxiologia de Mises. Aqui, apresentam-se tais conceitos e divergências, concluindo-se que a estrada para a praxiologia não está necessariamente em sua refutação e, sim na evolução para um caminho metodológico pluralista essencialmente conceituado por Bruce Caldwell.

Deliberative epistemology: Towards an ubuntu-based epistemology that accounts for a priori knowledge and objective truth

The field of epistemology is concerned with the nature, generation and justification of knowledge as well as the rationality of belief; addressing what makes beliefs justified, what it means to say that one knows something and how one knows it. It has been characterised by many debates such as those between rationalism and empiricism or those between absolute truth and relativism. In light of the often bipolar framing of such epistemic debates, the scholarship on ubuntu contains insights that help advance the idea of a “deliberative” epistemology, which is well positioned to resolve many such tensions. With this idea, which speaks to like-minded approaches that are couched within frameworks such as conversational philosophy and complementary reflection, I add the dimension of discourse (i.e. how we think, speak and therefore do) and show that by applying an alternative discursive lens, an ubuntu-inspired epistemology need not only account for experience and subjectivity, as typically presumed, but can also embrace a priori knowledge and objective truth.

Inventário da Comunicação

Resumo A coletânea Clássicos da comunicação: os teóricos traz uma genealogia dos pensadores da área de comunicação social, demonstrando a diversidade de matrizes entre pensadores que contribuíram para formação inaugural de um campo epistemológico e sua influência na formação acadêmica brasileira.

The concept of controversy between Plato and Aristotle

In this study, we tried to shed light on the concept of dialectic for each of (Plato and Aristotle), as the concept of dialectic is one of the important and effective concepts in the philosophical and epistemological field, as light was shed on it at the beginning of systematic philosophical thinking since its inception with (Zenon El-Eley) up to ( Aristotle). The concept of dialectic witnessed a great abuse when the sophists used it as a means to convince people in artificial ways that are in line with their whims and material benefits. They were called claimants of wisdom. For knowledge and access to the facts of things through the classification and division of concepts

Cognitive Approaches to Early Modern Spanish Literature ed. by Isabel Jaén and Julien J. Simon

Reviewed by: Cognitive Approaches to Early Modern Spanish Literature ed. by Isabel Jaén and Julien J. Simon Luis F. López González Jaén, Isabel, and Simon, Julien J., eds. Cognitive Approaches to Early Modern Spanish Literature. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2016. Pp. 240. ISBN 978-0-19025-657-9. Cognitive literary studies represent an interdisciplinary effort to create a conduit through which the humanities and the sciences may communicate and share ideas and methodologies with the purpose of establishing new connections and discourses between diverse disciplines. Cognitive Approaches to Early Modern Spanish Literature aims to consolidate and diversify the epistemological field of cognitive literary studies. Editors Isabel Jaén and Julien J. Simon bring together an array of eleven academic studies that exemplify the multiplicity of discourses conflating in the dynamic multidisciplinary field, in which "Embodiment" and "Theory of Mind" are the two primary lines of inquiry. This monograph primarily seeks to explore the way in which a blend of cognitive theories can facilitate "our understanding of the relationship between the mind and the arts" in early modern Spain (5). Jaén and Simon divide the book into five sections, each covering a specific branch of cognitive studies. The first section offers an outline of the epistemology of cognitive approaches to early modern Spanish literature. Simon's "Introduction" offers a theoretical framework and [End Page 149] expounds the historical backdrop of the studies in order to understand how cognitive embodiment helps the reader navigate through early modern texts. Three studies comprise section two. In the first study, Howard Mancing explores the ways in which the reader interacts with fictional characters as embodied human beings. Mancing analyzes the battle between Don Quijote and the Basque squire, and he concludes that readers cannot read Don Quixote without understanding "the embodied realities of the characters" (42). Mancing applies Maturana and Varela's neurobiological concept of autopoiesis (self-creation) and argues that Don Quijote creates himself as a knight-errant. The process of becoming "Don Quijote" is fraught with a series of difficulties because he has to "couple" with his imagined world of knight-errands, princesses, and wizards. Katherine Connor-Swietlicki offers an analysis of the current state of autopoietic research and neuroscience updates, as well as an analysis of Cervantes's artfully crafted literary debate between the "armas y las letras." The first part has intrinsic scientific and literary values, but it also serves as the theoretical framework from which she fashions a forceful interpretation of Don Quijote's poetic insight of arms and letters. Julia Domínguez closes the second section with a study about the role of memory and imagination in Don Quijote's (mis-)perception of his "real" world. Domínguez's thesis is that the interplay between memory and imagination is central in Cervantes's novel, and she supports her argument by deploying the Janus Hypothesis, which contends that the mind has the capacity of recording the past while imagining the future (75). Don Quijote resorts to memories collected through his readings, and these memories allow him to imagine future scenarios. Section three deals with "Embodied Cognition and Performance," which contains the studies of Bruce R. Burningham and Elizabeth M. Cruz Petersen. Bruningham opens the section by calling into question the pre-established notion that the Spanish Middle Ages did not have dramatic texts, written to be staged to the public. Burningham revisits his book Radical Theatricality, which argues that a theatrical performance does not depend solely on the plurality of actors. Performances do not need to take place on an "architectural stage" to be considered "theatrical." Instead, the essence of theater "is simply one person watching one person do something interesting" (94). Elizabeth M. Cruz Petersen explores the dynamics of shared spaces in corrales in the context of embodied spectatorship. Using Richard Shusterman's theory of pragmatic somaesthetics, Cruz Petersen argues that early Spanish theatergoers played an active role in the way they experienced theater: "Spectators exercised an embodied aesthetics by merging their own experiences with representational forms" (114). Rather than passive viewers, spectators played an active role in the spatial and interpersonal configuration of the playhouse. The response of the people, which was affected by...

Administração política e políticas públicas: em busca de uma nova abordagem teórico-metodológica para a (re)interpretação das relações sociais de produção, circulação e distribuição

Resumo O objetivo central deste artigo é discutir o campo epistemológico da ciência da administração tomando como referência as contribuições da administração política, como base teórico-epistemológica e metodológica, para (re)interpretar, de forma crítica e contextualizada, as dimensões abstratas/conceituais (gestão) e empíricas (práticas gerenciais/gerência) das políticas públicas. Para dar conta da problemática epistemológica da administração, é fundamental reconhecer que se trata de um saber e uma prática social que não se vê, ainda, como campo do conhecimento autônomo. Como percurso metodológico, são apresentadas, inicialmente, as questões conceituais que fundamentam as bases da epistemologia e da metodologia da administração política que defende ser a gestão seu objeto científico e as organizações seu objeto de estudo privilegiado. Posteriormente, após a apresentação do campo de reflexão e ação da ciência da administração, os autores estabelecem estreito diálogo com outros campos científicos, em especial com a economia política. Por fim, são tecidas reflexões preliminares sobre contribuições que os estudos empíricos em administração política podem trazer para a (re)interpretação das relações sociais de produção, circulação e distribuição no capitalismo contemporâneo no que se refere à avaliação de políticas públicas.

A diferença como política de resistência e de ressignificação da subjetividade feminina em campos de saberes masculinos

This article analyzes narratives of women teachers inserted into the context of teaching Catholicism in a traditionally masculine space structured to be unintelligible to women. The aim is to show how these teachers, who work in the field of theological knowledge, are formed and assert themselves positively as feminine subjects. The study is qualitative, based on the hermeneutic interpretation of the narratives of fourteen teachers, inserted into three Catholic institutions located in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. In order to analyze how women theologians become subjects in their positions and policy strategies, we adopt theoretical presuppositions of feminism, gender studies and, especially, the notion of sexual difference of Rosi Braidotti, as one of the epistemological fields of feminist theory. The study shows that the teachers deessentialize the content of difference from its situated action as a political strategy in the production of an ethics of the self. This situation indicates that the redefinition of sexual difference and gender subjectivity, in this context, functions positively, even if it remains marked by a symbolic,hierarchical, celibate and masculine structure in which difference frequently continues being driven, in a negatively meaningful way by the aforementioned essentializations, to lower levels of competence regarding women. Keywords: sexual difference, feminine subjects, Catholic institutions.