Enzymes In Tissues Research Articles

Effect of Nitrate on Gene and Protein Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase Enzymes in Insulin-Sensitive Tissues of Type 2 Diabetic Male Rats

Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability contributes to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aims to determine the effects of nitrate (NO3 -) on gene and protein expression of NO synthase (NOS) enzymes in the liver, soleus muscle (SM), and epididymal adipose tissue (eAT) of rats with T2DM. Twenty-eight male rats were divided into 4 groups: Control, diabetes, control+NO3 -, and diabetes+NO3 - (n = 7/each group). NO3 - was administered for 6 months, and mRNA and protein levels of NOS enzymes were measured at the end of the study. mRNA and protein levels of inducible NOS (iNOS) were higher in the liver (475% and 73%), SM (271% and 43%), and eAT (543% and 24%) of rats with T2DM. In the case of the endothelial NOS (eNOS), diabetic rats had lower mRNA and protein levels in the liver (26% and 24%) and SM (60% and 62%) and lower mRNA level (30%) in eAT. mRNA and protein levels of neural NOS (nNOS) were lower in SM (69% and 73%) and eAT (25% and 31%) of rats with T2DM. NO3 - administration restored disrupted iNOS and eNOS expressions to their near normal values in all the studied tissues; NO3 - also increased nNOS mRNA and protein levels in SM and eAT but decreased nNOS protein level in the liver. Long-term NO3 - administration restored disrupted expression of NOS enzymes in the liver, SM, and eAT of rats with T2DM; these findings partly explain the beneficial metabolic effects of nitrate in T2DM.

Steroid-converting enzymes in human adipose tissues and fat deposition with a focus on AKR1C enzymes.

Adipocytes express various enzymes, such as aldo-keto reductases (AKR1C), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD), aromatase, 5α-reductases, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSDs involved in steroid hormone metabolism in adipose tissues. Increased activity of AKR1C enzymes and their expression in mature adipocytes might indicate the association of these enzymes with subcutaneous adipose tissue deposition. The inactivation of androgens by AKR1C enzymes increases adipogenesis and fat mass, particularly subcutaneous fat. AKR1C also causes reduction of estrone, a weak estrogen, to produce 17β-estradiol, a potent estrogen and, in addition, it plays a role in progesterone metabolism. Functional impairments of adipose tissue and imbalance of steroid biosynthesis could lead to metabolic disturbances. In this review, we will focus on the enzymes involved in steroid metabolism and fat tissue deposition.

Arsenic Biotransformation: It is a complex process

Arsenic Biotransformation: It is a complex process

Optimization study of combined enteric and time-dependent polymethacrylates as a coating for colon targeted delivery of 5-ASA pellets in rats with ulcerative colitis

Formulation design for colon-specific delivery of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) could bring some therapeutic benefits in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC).In the current study, a 32 full factorial design was used to predict optimum coating composed of two enteric (poly methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylates 1:2 and 1:1) and time-dependent (poly ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, trimethylammonio ethyl methacrylate chloride 1:2:0.1) polymethacrylates for colon-specific delivery of 5-ASA pellets. A unique coating composition and coating level predicted by the model was applied onto either inulin-free 5-ASA pellets or inulin-bearing 5-ASA pellets and the coated pellets were examined by dissolution test in-vitro. The coated pellets were also tested in a rat model of UC and compared with the a commercially available colonic delivery system of 5-ASA.The ratio of the two enteric polymethacrylates and time-dependet polymethacrylate of 16:64:20 w/w at a coating level of 15% was discovered as the optimum coating for delivery of 5-ASA pellets to the colon. In general, the coated pellets offered a better therapeutic outcome compared to commercially available colonic delivery system of 5-ASA and uncoated pellets in terms of colitis activity index and the colon's tissue enzymes of MDA and GSH.It seems that the coating composed of enteric and pH-dependent polymethacrylates could tune up the rate of drug release from 5-ASA-coated pellets and trigger drug release based on pH and time.

Expression of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 in adrenal adenoma correlates with clinical characteristics of primary aldosteronism

Primary aldosteronism (PA) shows histological heterogeneity and clinical variability, including the coexistence of hypercortisolemia. Immunohistochemical analyses of steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal tissues have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of PA. However, a comprehensive analysis of the association between enzyme expression and clinical characteristics of PA has rarely been conducted. We aimed to investigate the correlation between clinical characteristics and steroidogenic enzyme expression in PA. A retrospective case-control study. Consecutive patients who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for PA (n = 180). Patients with adrenal Cushing's syndrome (CS) (n = 29) and nonfunctioning adenoma (n = 6) as comparator groups. A tissue microarray of adrenal adenomas was constructed and immunostained for CYP11B1, CYP11B2 and CYP17A1. The expression of the three enzymes was compared between PA and other adrenal diseases and between PA with and without mild autonomous cortisol excess (MACE). Adrenal adenomas in PA showed lower CYP11B1, higher CYP11B2 and lower CYP17A1 expression than those in adrenal CS (p < .001). Nonfunctioning adenomas showed low expression of the three enzymes. PA with MACE showed higher CYP11B1 expression than PA without MACE. CYP11B1 expression was positively correlated with the severity of hypercortisolemia, and CYP11B2 was positively correlated with that of hyperaldosteronism. The expression of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 had a negative correlation. Patients with absent clinical improvement after adrenalectomy had lower CYP11B2 expression than those with complete success. Variable expression of steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal adenoma underlies the clinical heterogeneity of PA and is associated with treatment outcomes.

Bioavailability of Dietary Zinc Sources and Their Effect on Mineral and Antioxidant Status in Lambs

This study investigated the relative bioavailability (RBV) of zinc from different sources used as feed additives in ruminant nutrition based on Zn concentration and the activity of Zn-dependent enzymes in lamb tissues. Thirty-two male lambs of Improved Valachian breed (three months old) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. For 120 days, the lambs were fed either the total mix ration (TMR) providing 29.6 mg Zn/kg or the TMR supplemented with either zinc sulphate (ZnSO4), zinc chelate of glycine hydrate (ZnGly), or zinc chelate of protein hydrolysate (ZnProt). The supplemented diets contained a total of 80 mg Zn/kg. Supplementation with ZnSO4 increased Zn concentration in the liver, while the highest Zn uptake was in the kidneys of lambs fed the ZnProt diet. The ZnGly supplemented diet elevated the activity of the Cu/Zn-dependent enzyme superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) in the liver. Regardless of Zn source, Zn supplementation resulted in increased total antioxidant status (TAS) in the pancreas. The estimated RBV of Zn based on linear regression slope ratios did not differ among the Zn sources. Our results indicate similar availability of Zn from organic dietary sources as from commonly used zinc sulphate; however, their effects on mineral and antioxidant status may differ slightly in growing lambs.

Hepatic expression of GAA results in enhanced enzyme bioavailability in mice and non-human primates

Pompe disease (PD) is a severe neuromuscular disorder caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). PD is currently treated with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with intravenous infusions of recombinant human GAA (rhGAA). Although the introduction of ERT represents a breakthrough in the management of PD, the approach suffers from several shortcomings. Here, we developed a mouse model of PD to compare the efficacy of hepatic gene transfer with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors expressing secretable GAA with long-term ERT. Liver expression of GAA results in enhanced pharmacokinetics and uptake of the enzyme in peripheral tissues compared to ERT. Combination of gene transfer with pharmacological chaperones boosts GAA bioavailability, resulting in improved rescue of the PD phenotype. Scale-up of hepatic gene transfer to non-human primates also successfully results in enzyme secretion in blood and uptake in key target tissues, supporting the ongoing clinical translation of the approach.

Reduced SOD2 expression does not influence prion disease course or pathology in mice.

Prion diseases are progressive, neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. Also known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, for the hallmark spongiform change seen in the brain, these diseases manifest increased oxidative damage early in disease and changes in antioxidant enzymes in terminal brain tissue. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is an antioxidant enzyme that is critical for life. SOD2 knock-out mice can only be kept alive for several weeks post-birth and only with antioxidant therapy. However, this results in the development of a spongiform encephalopathy. Consequently, we hypothesized that reduced levels of SOD2 may accelerate prion disease progression and play a critical role in the formation of spongiform change. Using SOD2 heterozygous knock-out and litter mate wild-type controls, we examined neuronal long-term potentiation, disease duration, pathology, and degree of spongiform change in mice infected with three strains of mouse adapted scrapie. No influence of the reduced SOD2 expression was observed in any parameter measured for any strain. We conclude that changes relating to SOD2 during prion disease are most likely secondary to the disease processes causing toxicity and do not influence the development of spongiform pathology.

Enzyme-Responsive Materials as Carriers for Improving Photodynamic Therapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a mini-invasive therapy on malignancies via reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by photosenitizer (PS) upon light irradiation. However, poor target of PS to tumor limits the clinical application of PDT. Compared with normal tissues, tumor tissues have a unique enzymatic environment. The unique enzymatic environment in tumor tissues has been widely used as a target for developing smart materials to improve the targetability of drugs to tumor. Enzyme-responsive materials (ERM) as a smart material can respond to the enzymes in tumor tissues to specifically deliver drugs. In PDT, ERM was designed to react with the enzymes highly expressed in tumor tissues to deliver PS in the target site to prevent therapeutic effects and avoid its side-effects. In the present paper, we will review the application of ERM in PDT and discuss the challenges of ERM as carriers to deliver PS for further boosting the development of PDT in the management of malignancies.

Bifidobacterium adolescentis regulates catalase activity and host metabolism and improves healthspan and lifespan in multiple species.

To identify candidate bacteria associated with aging, we performed fecal microbiota sequencing in young, middle-aged and older adults, and found lower Bifidobacterium adolescentis abundance in older individuals aged ≥60 years. Dietary supplementation of B. adolescentis improved osteoporosis and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of premature aging (Terc-/-) and increased healthspan and lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. B. adolescentis supplementation increased the activity of the catalase (CAT) enzyme in skeletal muscle and brain tissue from Terc-/- mice, and suppressed cellular senescence in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Transgenic deletion of catalase (ctl-2) in C. elegans abolished the effects of B. adolescentis on the lifespan and healthspan. B. adolescentis feeding also led to changes in oxidative stress-associated metabolites in Terc-/- mouse feces. These results suggest a role for B. adolescentis in improving the healthspan and lifespan through the regulation of CAT activity and host metabolism.

The impact of stress on the transcriptomic signature of iNKT1 cells

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells develop in thymus before emigrating and settling peripheral tissues and organs. In contrast to regular naïve T cells, most iNKT cells do not continuously recirculate but are rather sessile and can adopt phenotypically as well as functionally to their tissue environment. To explore this in more detail, we focused on the most widely distributed CD4+iNKT1 cells and compared the transcriptome of cells isolated from liver and spleen. Whereas there are only very few genuine differences in the transcriptomes of CD4+iNKT1 cells of these two organs, the mode of cell isolation left clear marks in the transcriptomic signature. In contrast to liver cell isolated in the cold, cells prepared by enzymatic tissue digestion upregulated quickly a series of genes known to respond to stress. Therefore, to avoid erroneous conclusions, a comparison of expression profiles must take into consideration the history of cell preparation.

The Differences between the Effects of a Nanoformulation and a Conventional Form of Atrazine to Lettuce: Physiological Responses, Defense Mechanisms, and Nutrient Displacement.

The rapid development of nanotechnology influences the developments within the agro-sector. An example is provided by the production of nanoenabled pesticides with the intention to optimize the efficiency of the pesticides. At the same time, it is important to collect information on the unintended and unwanted adverse effects of emerging nanopesticides on nontarget plants. Currently, this information is limited. In the present study, we compared the effects of a nanoformulation of atrazine (NPATZ) and the nonencapsulated atrazine formulation (ATZ) on physiological responses, defense mechanisms, and nutrient displacement in lettuce over time with the applied concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 3 mg atrazine per kg soil. Our results revealed that both NPATZ and ATZ induced significant decreases in plant biomass, chlorophyll content, and protein content. Additionally, exposure to NPATZ and ATZ caused oxidative stress to the lettuce plant and significantly elevated the activities of the tested ROS scavenger enzymes in plant tissues. These results indicate that NPATZ and ATZ cause distinct adverse impacts on lettuce plants. When comparing the adverse effects in plants after exposure to NPATZ and ATZ, no obvious differences in plant biomass and chlorophyll content were observed between NPATZ and ATZ treatments at the same exposure concentration regardless of exposure duration. An enhanced efficiency of the active ingredient of the nanopesticide as compared to the conventional formulation was observed after long-term exposure to the high concentration of NPATZ, as it induced higher impacts on plants in terms of the end points of the contents of protein, superoxide anion (O2˙–), and MDA, and the activities of stress-related enzymes as compared to the same concentration of ATZ. Furthermore, exposure to both NPATZ and ATZ disrupted the uptake of mineral nutrients in plants, and the differences in the displacement of nutrients between the NPATZ and ATZ treatments depended on the element type, plant organ, exposure concentration, and time. Overall, the application dose of a nanopesticide should balance their increased herbicidal efficiency with the long-term adverse effects in order to maximize the desired impact while minimizing adverse impacts; only then will we be able to understand the potential impact of nanopesticides on the environment.

155 Low Insulin Sensitivity Is Associated with Increased Body Fat and Changes in Gene Expression of Lipogenic Enzymes in the Adipose Tissue of Finishing Pigs

Abstract Variations in body fat (BF) among pigs can be associated with differences in insulin sensitivity given the insulin anabolic effect in lipid synthesis. The study objectives were to characterize this association and compare the relative mRNA abundance of genes associated with insulin resistance and de novo lipogenesis in the adipose tissue of fat and lean pigs. Thirty 95 kg pigs, catheterized in the jugular vein, received an oral dose of 1.75 g glucose/kg of BW after 18 hours of fasting. Blood samples were collected at -20, -10, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300 and 360 minutes following glucose ingestion. Insulin sensitivity indexes were calculated and analyzed. The BF (%) was estimated by dual X-ray densitometry. The 8 fattest (22 % BF) and the 8 leanest pigs (17.2 % BF) were used to determine the relative mRNA abundance of studied genes using real-time qPCR analyses. Insulin sensitivity was determined using QUICKI and Matsuda indexes, respectively, and their association with body fat was studied with Spearman correlations. Differences in gene expression and insulin sensitivity between fat and lean pigs were studied with a one-way ANOVA. The QUICKI and Matsuda indexes negatively correlated with BF (r = -0.67 and r = -0.59; P &amp;lt; 0.001). Fat pigs had reduced insulin sensitivity and higher relative mRNA abundance of lipogenic enzymes (ACACA, ACLY, FASN; P &amp;lt; 0.05) than lean pigs. The higher expression level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) combined with the trend (P &amp;lt; 0.10) of lower expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) in fat pigs may explain part of their reduced insulin sensitivity. These results suggest that an increased BF is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity and greater expression of lipogenic enzymes in pig adipose tissue.

Improving Effect of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Tanacetum Parthenium Against Brain Oxidative Damage in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizure Model in Mice

Aims Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of seizures. In this study, we investigated the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Tanacetum parthenium against oxidative brain damage in a pentylenetetrazole(PTZ)-induced seizure model in mice. Methods &amp; Materials In this experimental study, mice were divided into 6 groups: control, PTZ, and 4 other groups that, besides PTZ, received 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of the fraction. PTZ (100 mg/kg) and a fraction (30 min before PTZ) were administered intraperitoneally for 3 weeks. Delay in the onset of the minimal clonic seizure (MCS), generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS), and the level of oxidative stress indexes in cortical and hippocampal tissues were measured. Findings Pretreatment with fraction resulted in postponing the onset seizures in the Fraction+PTZ groups compared to the PTZ group (P&lt;0.05, P&lt;0.01, and P&lt;0.001). In addition, all doses of ethyl acetate fraction decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the level of tom thiol groups and the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes in the brain tissues compared to the PTZ group. Conclusion Ethyl acetate fraction of Tanacetum parthenium attenuated PTZ-stimulated seizures through improving brain tissue oxidative stress.

Hepatoprotective and Anti-Obesity Properties of Sardine By-Product Oil in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet.

Excess lipid intake can trigger liver lipid accumulation and oxidative responses, which can lead to metabolic disturbances and contribute to hepatic steatosis and obesity and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Production of fish oil rich in omega-3 is a good opportunity for valorizing fish by-products in the therapeutic field. In this study, we explored the effects of oil from Sardina pilchardus by-products on cardiometabolic and oxidative disorders caused by toxic effects of excess lipids in obese rats. Three groups of obese rats received either 20% sardine by-product oil (SBy-Ob-HS; experimental group), 20% fillet oil (SF-Ob-HS; positive control group), or a high-fat diet (Ob-HS). Normal weight rats received a standard diet (normal). There was a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TG), and insulin concentrations in the SBy-Ob-HS group compared with the SF-Ob-HS group. Compared with the Ob-HS group, TC and TG, glycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin, and insulinemia were decreased in the SBy-Ob-HS (more notably) and SF-Ob-HS groups. Furthermore, hepatic lipids, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (C), the non-esterified cholesterol/phos-pholipids ratio, serum transaminases activities and lipid peroxidation were lower and serum high density lipoproteins-C were higher in the SBy-Ob-HS and SF-Ob-HS groups compared with the Ob-HS group. Serum isoprostane concentrations were reduced in the SBy-Ob-HS (more notably) and SF-Ob-HS groups compared with the Ob-HS and normal groups. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in tissues were enhanced, particularly in the by-product oil group. The oil extracted from by-products demonstrate anti-obesity properties (hypolipemiant, hepatoprotective, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic, and antioxidant) that may be beneficial for the management of obesity and its complications, such as hepatic steatosis.

Оксидативный стресс как неспецифический фактор патогенеза органных повреждений (обзор литературы и собственных исследований)

В обзоре освещены современные литературные данные и собственные исследования в области клинической медицины и биологии молекулярных механизмов оксидативного стресса, его роль в патогенезе многих заболеваний и органных повреждений. Представлены новые данные об общебиологических закономерностях гибели клетки, органа или организма в целом. Установлено, что одним из центральных неспеци­фических механизмов стрессорного повреждения является стимуляция свободнорадикальных процессов в результате часто сопутствующей гипоксемии/гипоксии и прооксидантных эффектов катехоламинов. Раскрываются причины и механизмы нарушений окислительно-восстановительных реакций в дыхательной цепи митохондрий. Установлено, что окислительно-восстановительные реакции в митохондриальных мембранах четко регулируются генами локально. Разобщение дыхания связывают не только с механическим повреждением мембраны, но и с воздействием целого ряда ядовитых веществ, бактериальных токсинов и лекарственных препаратов на этот процесс. Рассмотрена связь общей скорости дыхания и предела аэробной производительности. Важная роль отводится саморегулирующей, так называемой квазизакрытой системе организма, которая работает против энтропии. В клинических исследованиях установлены пути катастрофического накопления свободных радикалов и цитотоксических метаболитов их катаболизма, триггерные механизмы оксидативного стресса и его роль в развитии апоптоза и тяжелых послеоперационных осложнений. Снижение активности ферментов катаболизма эндогенных альдегидов в тканях и субклеточных фракциях уменьшает адаптационные возможности организма. Определение уровня ферментов катаболизма эндогенных альдегидов может служить одним из критериев тяжести стресса и митохондриального дисгомеостаза в критических состояниях. Указана роль оксидазного и оксигеназного окисления в микросомах при гипоксемии/гипоксии и воздействии ксенобиотиков. Приведены данные о регуляторном и адаптивном влиянии свободнорадикальных продуктов (АФК и азота) на регуляцию экспрессии генов и усиление продукции антистрессорных белков, стимуляцию биогенеза митохондрий и нормализацию энергетического обмена. Обращено внимание на причины недостаточной клинической эффективности применяемых антиоксидантов и пути метаболической адаптации в критических состояниях.

Gelidium spinosum red algae ameliorates oxidative /nitrosative stress and inflammation in DSS -induced ulcerative colitis in mice

Ulcerative colitis is characterized by oxidative / nitrosative stress and leukocyte infiltration which are shown to be important factors in the etiopathogenesis of colitis.The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective mechanism of the polysaccharide (PLS) fraction extracted from the seaweed Gelidium spinosum (PEGS) in Dextran Sulfate sodium; DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in male Swiss albino mice.The in vivo study was carried out with mice (pretreated with PEGS/mesalazine orally at 60 mg/75 Kg; 7 days; then 2.5 % (DSS); 7 days). Clinical symptoms (disease activity index; DAI), oxidative, nitrosative stress and inflammatory parameters were evaluated.The results revealed that PEGS lowered the symptoms of ulcerative colitis induced by DSS by reducing malondialdehyde, nitrosative and pro-inflammatory biomarkers (NO, S-nitrosothiol, peroxynitrite, TNF-α and IL-6). These significant protective effects of PEGS were associated with a remarkable decrease of the level of myeloperoxidase in a significant way.PEGS effectively increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and restored the glutathione metabolizing enzyme (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase) in the colon tissue. In conclusion, these findings suggest that PEGS exerts beneficial effects in experimental colitis, and therefore we propose that it could be a potential drug in treating ulcerative colitis.

Biosynthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Ochradenus arabicus and Their Effect on Growth and Antioxidant Systems of Maerua oblongifolia.

Zincoxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are among the most produced and used nanomaterials worldwide, and in recent times these nanoparticles have also been incorporate in plant science and agricultural research. The present study was planned to synthesize ZnO NPs biologically using Ochradenus arabicus leaves and examine their effect on the morphology and physiology properties of Maerua oblongifolia cultured in vitro. ZnO NPs were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and transmission electron microscopy, which demonstrated hexagonal shape nanoparticles of size ranging from 10 to 50 nm. Thus, the study uncovered an efficient, eco-friendly and simple technique for biosynthesis of multifunctional ZnO NPs using Ochradenus arabicus following growth of Maerua oblongifolia shoots in different concentrations of ZnO NPs (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg L−1) in Murashige and Skoog medium. Remarkable increases in plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and total protein were recorded up to a concentration of 5 mg L−1; at the same time, the results demonstrated a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation levels with respect to control. Interestingly, the levels of proline and the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were increased significantly in response to all ZnO NP treatments. These findings indicate that bioengineered ZnO NPs play a major role in accumulation of biomass and stimulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes in plant tissues. Thus, green-synthesized ZnO NPs might be of agricultural and medicinal benefit owing to their impacts on plants in vitro.

The Effect of NelumboNucifera seeds and Hyphaene Thebaica on Induced Animal’s Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension

The life style of the people by large has been adversely affected due to manifold reasons which includesindustrialization and eventually making obesity as a very fast growing epidemic worldwide. Consequenceof overweight, results in chronic diseases like cardiovascular issues, diabetes, and cancer. Nearly everyobese person is found to be hyperlipidemia, which indicates a condition of having high levels of cholesterol,cholesterol esters, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and depleted levels of high-density lipoprotein. Thehigh frequency of side effects implications of the drugs available in the market has raised a dire need ofdiscovering and developing a new novel drug. The studies show that the plants have proven to be an uprightsource of natural as well as multifunctional molecules. The natural molecules flavonoids along with othercomponents have been reported for multi-functionality. HyphaeneThebaica and NelumboNucifera havedirect lowering effect on blood lipids and hypertension. This review explains the effect of HyphaeneThebaica(Doum) and NelumboNucifera (Lotus seeds) on blood lipids and hypertension. Lipid profile will be evaluatedby estimation of Cholesterol count , Triglycerides , High and low density lipoprotein while hypertensionwill be evaluated by measuring Aginotensin converting enzyme ( ACE) in serum and tissue extraction.Herbal medicine is the new good treatment for many chronic diseases to get ride from side effects of anticholestremicand anti-hypertension drugs.

Methomyl-induced nephrotoxicity and protective effect of curcumin in male rats.

We investigated the ameliorative effect of the curcumin against methomyl-induced potential nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino male rats. In the present study, curcumin (100mgkg-1 bw), methomyl (0,8mgkg-1 bw) and methomyl plus curcumin were given to rats by oral for 28days (for subacute examination). Concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and creatinine in serum and malondialdehyde level and activities of antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S transferase) and histopathological alterations in kidney tissues were studied. Methomyl caused an increment in the concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid and MDA levels. In addition, methomyl caused a diminution in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S transferase. Tubular and glomerular degenerations occurred in the kidney tissues of methomyl-received rats. However, coadministration of curcumin with methomyl significantly minimized the adverse effects of methomyl on kidney function parameters, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities and histological structure of kidney tissue. The results showed that curcumin significantly mitigated methomyl-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.