Environmental Friendliness Of Products Research Articles

STRATEGY FOR IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF PIG FARM MANURE EFFLUENTS USING DECANTER CENTRIFUGES

The article is devoted to increasing the efficiency of manure disposal and reducing operating costs through the use of solid-wall decanter centrifuges. The profitability of animal husbandry, like any production, is determined by the efficiency of each technological stage at the enterprise. Feeding, veterinary control, maintenance, waste disposal, all these processes are important and interrelated. It is important to establish and use the most modern processes and approaches. The article shows the importance of the waste disposal stage, from a technological, financial, and legal point of view. This article discusses the process of mechanical separation of manure runoff into solid and liquid fractions. The efficiency of this technological process has a great impact on the environmental friendliness of production and on the smooth operation of the entire enterprise. From a technical point of view, the effectiveness of a technical process is always specific parameters and indicators. In this case, the concentration of the solid phase in the filtrate after separation and the moisture content of the solid phase after dehydration are considered as the main ones. According to these indicators, one can draw a conclusion about the technological efficiency of this or that equipment. The total cost of ownership of equipment is determined not only by the initial investment, but also by the associated operating costs, such as service and spare parts. The author considers the main modern technical methods of separation, what physical principles they are based on, what advantages and disadvantages they have. It also considers what technical difficulties may arise when choosing one or another option. The author proposes an algorithm for selecting equipment, taking into account the characteristics of this segment of the manufacturer’s market. Practical solutions are proposed to minimize the technical difficulties that arise during the operation of treatment facilities at pig farms. The author believes that using a decanter for manure separation, the highest retention rate, high reliability, high automation and process safety will be obtained. Together, this will not allow the company to operate the treatment plant in a stable and predictable way, to have predictable costs in the long term, and to dispose of manure with economic benefit.

Research on the Technologies of the Compressor Remanufacturing Process

This study describes the remanufacturing process scheme and key technologies of waste compressors. Firstly, the technical characteristics of compressors for home appliances such as refrigerators and air conditioners are summarised. Then, the remanufacturing process scheme is proposed with the waste refrigerator compressor as the research object. The purpose or requirements of key processes such as separation, disassembling, cleaning, detecting, remanufacturing and reassembling are also elaborated. Moreover, the corresponding remanufacturing technology or method is proposed to satisfy the structural, quality requirement, economy and environmental friendliness of products and components. The cleaning technology of the compressor motor stator and the remanufacturing technology of crankshaft is highlighted. In accordance with the structural and quality requirement of the motor stator, the cleaning method of the motor stator is proposed, and the environmental friendliness, economy and safety of several cleaning agents are analysed. The scheme of crankshaft remanufacturing is proposed on the basis of the failure form of the crankshaft and the quality requirement of remanufacturing. Moreover, the process parameters are described.

ЕКОЛОГІЧНІ ТА СОЦІАЛЬНІ РИЗИКИ В МІЖНАРОДНИХ ТА ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ СИСТЕМАХ ОЦІНКИ МІНЕРАЛЬНИХ РЕСУРСІВ

It was defined that the ecological and social risks became key in the implementation of mining projects from the stage of geological study through development till mining operation. The main components of these risks are fixed over the past years, which are related to the problems of water resources management, the processes of decarbonization of production, the reduction of the negative impact on climate change, the environmental friendliness of production and the emissions volumes that are directly or indirectly related to mining enterprises, etc. A comparison of domestic and international standards for the assessment of mineral reserves and resources was carried out according to the basic features of classification with the determination of social and environmental assessment factors. The features of the Classification of Mineral Reserves and Resources of the State Subsoil Fund, the UN Framework Classification, the PRMS Petroleum Resources Management System, the International Reporting Standards of the CRIRSCO Mineral Resources Committee are analyzed and compared in order to find features that allow determining the social and environmental risks of mining projects. The presence of these direct features in the classification systems indicates the orientation of the assessment standards to the comprehensive assessment of projects as such meeting the goals of sustainable development. The social and ecological viability of subsurface and natural resource projects is used as a direct feature only in the UN Framework Classification, while its inclusion took place in 2009 in the part of social factors, and in 2019 – in the part of environmental factors. This classification is considered as a tool for the effective management of national resources, necessary for the realization of the goals of sustainable development, which enables all stakeholders to find a common understanding of the development of resources and territories, to compare projects in different types of resources and subsoil use. In other international standards, as well as in the domestic classification of the State Fund of Subsoil, socio-ecological criteria are taken into account indirectly, which is one of the key areas of development of these mineral resource assessment systems. Such development can take place in two directions: the inclusion of social and ecological criteria directly as basic features, while this is possible both in the form of complex parameters and individual classes/subclasses; use and improvement of existing methods of resource and reserves valuation, taking into account the environmental and social risks of the implementation of subsoil use projects.

Ecological aspect of brick production in the development of the territory

This article is devoted to the ecological problem of brick production. The negative effects on the environment, which are associated with emissions of dust, gases, noise and other factors, are considered. Methods of reducing harmful emissions and monitoring compliance with environmental standards in the production of bricks were also presented. The positive aspects of brick production are described, such as durability and environmental friendliness of products, as well as high demand for this material in construction. In conclusion, the author summarizes the results and notes the need for wider implementation of environmental standards in the production of bricks.

Obtaining colloidal silicon dioxide (Sio2) from quartz

Colloidal amorphous silica is a product based on micronized silicon dioxide (SiO2) powder. The product is in large demand on the market due to its outstanding adsorption properties. It is widely known as AEROSIL®. The AEROSIL® technology is based on the use of silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) as a raw material component, which determines the cost, energy and environmental assessments of the process. One of the ways to improve these technical and economic assessments is to find solutions that eliminate the use of SiCl4 from the process of producing micronized quartz powder. As an alternative technology, we consider plasma processes for the production of nano-powders of silica according to a scheme that eliminates the need to produce SiCl4. In the proposed scheme, amorphous silicon dioxide is produced using a technology with direct use of a natural source of silicon – quartzite. The technology is realized by a sequence of technological operations of activation of quartzite particles and deep energy-efficient purification of quartz at the molecular level, which allows to obtain ultrafine amorphous silica of high purity. Performing technological operations at low temperatures and without energy consumption for melting materials, complete regeneration of reagents allows us to meet the requirements of cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of production.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ТЕХНОСФЕРНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПРИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ ЭМУЛЬСИОННЫХ КАУЧУКОВ

Synthetic polymer materials are in high demand due to their exceptional properties. Their main consumers are the tire and rubber industries. When producing synthetic rubbers, there is a loss of polymer in the form of fine crumb rubber, which is formed at the final stage of their production. Today, the removal of this crumb from the wastewater of latex rubber extraction plants is an urgent issue. The results of a study on the extraction of fine rubber crumbs are presented. The task is solved by using an apparatus for separating water phases in the technology, which allows more complete and rational use of expensive products of chemical and petrochemical production, increase productivity and environmental friendliness of production, which leads to an increase in technosphere safety in general. The optimal flow rates of aqueous phases passed through the spiral belt of the filter element, which is 15–25 m/s, have been determined. The separated water stream containing concentrated fine rubber crumb is returned to the styrene-butadiene latex coagulation stage. The purified water phase after the filter element is collected in a separate collector and used to prepare solutions of coagulating and acidifying agents. The additional introduction of finely dispersed rubber crumbs into the composition of the resulting coagulum do not lead to a deterioration in the basic physical and mechanical properties of the resulting rubbers and vulcanizates. The proposed method for industrial wastewater treatment improves safety in the technosphere.

An assessment of the cheese product’s nutrient profile in implementation the new resource-saving technological solutions

In the сurrent conditions the cheese industry development is determining by perspective trends: medical and social – expansion the products range with dietary properties and reduced a calorie content, technological – mastering а new moulding methods for the production of complex and combined cheese products, economic – reduction of a milk consumption rates due to involvement secondary raw materials, ecological – minimizing the carbon footprint of cheese factories by reducing whey’s discharges. The patented method for producing the combined soft cheese product offers a set of resource-saving technological solutions for introducing into the cheese head an agarised jelly "filling" based on return salty whey with the spicy plant components addition. The original mold design forms a through hole in the center of the cheese head and provides the cheese part to the "filling" in а ratio as 4 : 1. The proposed method of the using salty sub-raw whey in soft cheese’s production is justified from the point of view the adequacy level its macro- and micronutrient composition to physiological requirements in food nutrients and energy. The new cheese product with a jelly "filling" contains 14.5% protein and 15.3% fat, that makes up for 17% of the requirements for adult. The product has a reduced calorie content to 208 kcal with a significant 28% energy contribution by the protein component, that gives it dietary properties. The cheese product’s provision by essential amino acids reaches 90% of the requirement in phenylalanine and tyrosine, 87% in lysine, 74% in isoleucine and leucine. The fatty acid profile is characterized by favorable a relative content values of linolenic and oleic acids. Low-molecular volatile fatty acids form the taste and aroma of cheese product without ripening. Its vitamin composition has functional availability for vitamins A - 40%, K - 31%, group B and PP - 15-20% of the requirement. The technological solutions for making of the cheese product with the "filling" maintain a functionality its nutrient profile, contribute to saving up to 20% of milk and increase the environmental friendliness of production.

Management and rational use of land resources in agriculture

The article identifies the factors of management and rational use of agricultural land. The key macro-conditions and micro-factors of the rational use of land resources are highlighted, including the innovative potential and a set of environmental protection measures, state monitoring and quality characteristics of agricultural land, the chemicalization of agriculture and the functional use of agricultural land. As part of the study, an econometric model of effective management and rational use of land resources in the region has been built. Trends in the use of land resources in modern conditions have been determined; the main directions for improving the use of agricultural lands have been substantiated, taking into account the development of innovative activity, intensive use and protective measures, the level of innovation and environmental friendliness of products. The proposed measures will improve the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the land used, increase the efficiency of land management in modern conditions.

Impact of developed ruminant feed products on the surrounding ecosystem

The use of feed additives based on the so-called “phytobiotics” and a complex of trace elements is a promising direction in the nutrition of farm animals and birds. However, along with the positive characteristics associated with the increase in body weight, environmental friendliness of production, etc., these biologically active additives may have a negative effect on animals and humans associated with the toxicity of the used components. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effect of such feed additives as phytochemicals and trace element metals using a recombinant luminescent strain Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 (pXen7) and a representative of ciliated protozoa Stylonychia mytilus. During the studies, the absolute toxicity of the Cu biocomplex and Scutellaria baicalensis was recorded in relation to the test organisms used. Against this background, Artemisiae absinthil herba and the Digestarom agent showed the smallest toxic effect. The toxic effect of other tested bio-additives was in high doses (0.625-10 mg/mL) and disappeared with a decrease in the concentration of the tested feed additive.

Development of a management and monitoring system for a city farm

For any manager of an agro-industrial enterprise, the use of resources is used for the efficient use of resources: labor, land, working capital and other. For this reason, the production processes of agriculture are already almost completely mechanized around the world, which is the productivity of an enterprise. The next logical step in increasing the productivity of agricultural enterprises is the automation and digitalization of agricultural production. Therefore, in order to remain competitive with the world leaders in agricultural production, it is necessary to integrate IoT technologies. It is predicted that the introduction of modern automation technologies in the agro-industrial complex will increase yields more than the inventions of the tractor, herbicides and GMOs. City farming is gradually becoming such a solution. In some megacities, urban farms are built on the rooftops of buildings, and in some places there are entire skyscra¬pers with vertical farms. Experts say that the quality and environmental friendliness of products grown in this way is much higher than that of counterparts grown in a traditional way. In this regard, the relevance in creating an application for a smart farm has been identified. Such an application will allow you to be more attentive to all parameters of plant growth thanks to sensors for humidity, light, temperature and other data that can be transmitted to a smartphone. The purpose of the study is to develop a management and monitoring system for a city farm. Materials and methods. The mobile application is implemented using the Xamarin framework in C# and JavaScript. The firmware for the microcontroller is written in C. Results. The paper provides an overview of management and monitoring systems for smart farms, a methodological comparison of advantages and disadvantages. The architecture of the control and monitoring system was also discovered. Implemented a mobile application and software. The functionality and design of the mobile application has been tested on various devices. Conclusion. The city farm management and monitoring system has been successfully developed. As further scientific work, it is planned to develop a mathematical model for more optimal farm management. This work can be useful in the field of decentralized agriculture.

Towards effective regulation of the development of the Russian mineral resource complex: issues of industrial policy and corporate management

The article systematizes the main governance factors for ensuring the effective functioning of the mineral and raw materials complex (MRMC) of Russia and its rapid, sustainable and high-quality growth. The role of industrial policy as a key factor in the rational reproduction and diversification of the mineral resource complex is emphasized. Examples of innovative development of the complex in the aspects of increasing the output of high added value products and improving the environmental friendliness of production are given. Recommendations for improving the governance of exploration activities are given. A methodological approach to the governance of unified production and technological chains in the mineral resource complex is proposed. The author formulates the considerations concerning the activation of innovative activity of the complex companies based on the improvement of corporate management.

THE IMPACT OF CARBON REGULATION MECHANISMS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The European Commission is currently preparing to implement a new form of carbon regulation a cross-border carbon tax. As conceived by the authors, such a decision will force exporters of goods with a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions during production to improve the environmental friendliness of production and, as a result, to reduce their carbon footprint. In addition, the carbon tax will create a competitive advantage for foreign companies with low greenhouse gas emissions. Such a policy of the European Union can seriously affect the economy of the Russian Federation and Russian companies that are export-oriented. Today, all over the world, more and more importance is attached to environmentally neutral technologies and industries. To keep up with the global trend, as well as to maintain the level of competitiveness, the Russian economy needs to adapt. The speed and efficiency of adaptation directly depend on system solutions both at the state level (development of the necessary regulatory legal acts and standards for reporting and disclosure of information) and at the level of enterprises most sensitive to carbon regulation (audit of the carbon footprint, modernization of production facilities, responsible approach to neutralization carbon footprint). The purpose of this work is to study the impact of carbon regulation mechanisms on the development of industry in the Russian Federation, in accordance with it, the following tasks are formed: to describe the mechanisms of carbon regulation, to assess the economic impact on the domestic industry, to consider world practices of confirming the carbon footprint, to identify threats to implementation of the national program “International cooperation and export” from the introduction of carbon regulation.

Influence of forming pressure on frost resistance of ceramics

The object of research is low-melting clays of the Kyiv region (Ukraine). The work is devoted to the study of obtaining ceramic materials resistant to low temperatures. Frost resistance is one of the most important characteristics for regions in which ceramic materials are used with frequent temperature transitions through 0 °C. The production of frost-resistant ceramic wall materials is determined by the type of raw materials and technological production parameters. The main technological methods for increasing frost resistance are: the use of less dispersed clays; batch homogenization; formation of raw material without textural defects and prevention of cracks during drying and firing. The work shows that the existing methods for increasing frost resistance can be implemented by reducing water absorption due to the creation of a microporous structure with predominantly closed pores by increased pressure of a semi-dry method of formation. An increase in the pressing pressure leads to an increase in the number of contacts of the molecules of the ceramic mass at the stage of formation. Due to this, the strength of the molded samples at a pressing pressure of more than 30 MPa is higher compared to samples molded by the plastic method. It was also found that an increase in the pressing pressure makes it possible to speed up the drying process of ceramic products, reducing energy consumption for their production. Due to an increase in the pressing pressure to 50 MPa, the strength of samples obtained by semi-dry pressing is 55.4 MPa, while for samples during plastic formation it is 22.9 MPa. Water absorption, on the contrary, for dry pressing is 9.3 %, while for plastic pressing it is 12.2 % at a firing temperature of 1000 °C. It is shown that increasing the pressing pressure is an effective way to improve the quality of ceramic materials based on local low-plasticity clay raw materials. Saving natural and energy resources, developing new sources of raw materials and comprehensive improvement of products with environmental friendliness of production remain important today.

Управление качеством, химической и радиационной безопасностью древесных плит, фанеры и мебели

The article analyzes the experience of development, implementation and certification of quality management systems at enterprises for the production of wood-based panels, plywood, furniture. The specifics of the implementation of the process approach in the QMS of enterprises, the experience of widespread use of methodological instructions (MI), standards of organizations (STO), guidelines (RD) are shown. Information is given on the demand for QMS certified by the Lessertika Center by foreign QMS certification bodies. A critical analysis of the state of chemical safety of wood-based panels and plywood, as well as the problems of implementation and implementation of TR CU 025/2012 «On the safety of furniture products» is given, directions for revising this TR CU are indicated. For the first time, special attention is paid to the analysis of the methods used by the RF for determining the release of formaldehyde from wood-based panels, plywood and furniture. The advantages and disadvantages of using three methods for assessing the emission of formaldehyde from wood materials and furniture are objectively considered, which will allow manufacturers, consumers of products and regulatory authorities to substantiate their requirements for the methods used to confirm the environmental friendliness of products. The experience of determining the content of radionuclides in wood materials and furniture is indicated.

ALGORITHM FOR PERFORMING OF THE ENTERPRISE ACTIVITY ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS DURING ITS ECOMODERNIZATION ON THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY PRINCIPLES

The article considers the essence of the circular economy, its distinctive features and characteristics, as well as the relationship with environmental processes. The aim of the study is to highlight approaches to understanding the circular economy and environmental and economic management of an enterprise, assessing the natural intensity and environmental sustainability of business entities. As a result of the study, the methodology one of the tools for assessing the environmental sustainability of enterprises was considered, aimed at studying the complex of relationships in the «production – surrounding natural environment» system. The importance of environmental and economic analysis in the context of sustainable development of enterprises with a circular economy has been proved. The possibilities of regulating an enterprise activities, searching for the most economically profitable way of conducting environmental and economic management, which is characterized by minimizing social and environmental costs, are revealed. To study the potential and identify opportunities for modernization of the enterprise, it is proposed to use environmental and economic analysis, which is aimed at studying the complex of relationships in the «production – surrounding natural environment» system. As a result of studying the stages of the enterprise’s activities environmental and economic analysis, it was determined that the system should be considered according to 6 groups of special indicators, given in the article, and additional indicators of the environmental friendliness of production, technological processes of economic entities (coefficients of closure, turnover of natural resources and their purity, category (degree) of production hazard and environmental criterion). It is proved that the assessment of the proposed indicators allows a comprehensive and more complete assessment of the nature management level and environmental friendliness of the enterprise.

Continuous and semi-continuous industrial production of lubricants modified with graphene nanostructures

This article proposes one of the options for the production of graphene-containing suspensions and their modification of lubricants. It is based on the technology of obtaining graphene nanostructures by the method of liquid-phase shear exfoliation of graphite. The proposed technological scheme can operate in both semi-continuous and continuous modes. The main advantages of this technology are simplicity and reliability of equipment, as well as environmental friendliness of production.

ОЦІНЮВАННЯ СТАНУ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ ЗА ВНУТРІШНІМИ ВЕКТОРАМИ

Оцінка стану менеджменту соціальної відповідальності є першим етапом аналізування цього процесу з метою виявлення проблем. У статті окреслено основні засади оцінювання менеджменту соціальної відповідальності за внутрішніми векторами. З метою виконання цього завдання використано опитування органів виконавчої влади України щодо соціально орієнтованого бізнесу та експертне оцінювання. Сформовано методичні засади оцінки стану менеджменту соціальної відповідальності на мікро рівні. Згідно результатів експертного оцінювання ідентифіковано групи підприємств з задовільним, добрим та відмінним станом соціальної відповідальності. Встановлено вагу внутрішніх векторів у процесі соціальної відповідальності. Виявлено основні проблеми процесу оцінювання з точки зору управлінського персоналу підприємства.

INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRY 4.0 ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

The article examines the impact of Industry 4.0 on the competitiveness of the national economy. The authors identified the features of Industry 4.0 and the consequences of the production of its technologies by economic entities. The sphere of influence and global application are the main differences. The main opportunities and risks for the national economy associated with the introduction of technology Industry 4.0 are determined. In particular, the main opportunities are the development of industry, the activation and simplification of the relationship, the spread of cooperation, increasing the competitiveness of production and countries, improving the environmental friendliness of production. The main threats and risks are the increase in unemployment, political and economic instability, legislative risk, as well as the excessive growth of costs for the development and implementation of the latest technologies that may exacerbate countries' dependence on financial donors. For the purpose of thorough analysis, countries, that were selected, are divided into four groups depending on their degree of readiness to introduce the new technologies: leading countries (China, USA, Germany, France, Japan and South Korea); countries that are ready to introduce new technologies (India and Russia); countries with high potential (Australia and Ukraine); countries where the transition is just beginning (Brazil, South Africa and Saudi Arabia). The features of the implementation of the main provisions of the concept of Industry 4.0 in these groups of countries and their impact on the competitiveness of national economies are determined. The factor analysis showed a significant degree of influence of foreign direct investment, the amount of funding for research, development and other factors of innovative development on the volume of gross domestic product produced by the analyzed groups of countries. The main barriers to the implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies in national production such as the insufficient funding, lack of involvement of small and medium-sized businesses, lack of appropriate capacities and skilled labor, government strategies were identified. These barriers are inherent mainly for the countries of the fourth group. To increase the efficiency of introducing Industry 4.0 technologies, were determined the driving forces, taking into account the specifics of the economic development of each of the groups of the analyzed countries. Implementation of a number of measures on the basis of identifying obstacles to the use of innovative technologies in the national economy of Ukraine are proposed, in particular: enhancing the interaction of stakeholders and the state, developing the latest programs, initiatives and development strategies; increased government funding for the IT sector; deepening integration into existing EU innovation development programs; reforming the mechanism for protecting intellectual property rights in Ukraine; digitalization of basic sectors of industry and infrastructure, and more.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ КОМПЛЕКСНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ГАЗОДИНАМІЧНОГО ВПЛИВУ НА РОЗПЛАВ В ЛИВАРНІЙ ФОРМІ

Представлений аналіз науково-технічної інформації щодо використання процесів позапічної обробки для підвищення якості литого металу. Показана перспективність застосування вказаних впливів для обробки розплаву безпосередньо в ливарній формі (виливниці). Визначена можливість реалізації процесу комплексного внутрішньоформенного газодинамічного впливу на розплав крупних виливків та злитків, який складається з послідовних операцій продувки інертними газами через сифонну ливникову систему, вакуумування та наступного газодинамічного тиску в процесі затвердіння за допомогою відповідних пристроїв. Визначені конкретні варіанти їх конструкції та технологічні особливості роботи. Показано, що відмінною рисою технології є те, що протягом усього процесу від початку твердіння на рідкий метал здійснюється вплив за рахунок створення регульованого газового тиску в герметизованій системі виливок-пристрої для введення газу. Запропоновані пристрої, що є конструктивно простими та можуть бути з легкістю вбудованими у вже діючий технологічний процес без необхідності значних капітальних витрат. Зазначена необхідність подальших досліджень для розробки загальної методики визначення режимів тривалості продувки та раціональних режимів внутрішньоформенного вакуумування розплаву.

Price Competition and Product Differentiation Based on the Subjective and Social Effect of Consumers' Environmental Awareness.

Consumer environmental awareness (CEA) can affect green consumption decisions in different and confusing ways. In order to explain the reasons for these divergences, this study divides CEA into two main components: the subjective effect and the social effect. Then, we integrate the two effects into the classic Hotelling model to study the influence of CEA’s subjective effect and social effect on price competition and product differentiation strategy. It was found that the subjective and social effects of CEA have opposite impacts on price competition and product differentiation strategies. The subjective effect of CEA increases the price and profit level of enterprises, and enlarges the difference in the environmental friendliness of products. Meanwhile, the social effect of CEA reduces the enterprises’ price and profit level, and narrows the difference in the environmental quality of products. Therefore, we suggest that it is necessary for producers of green products to distinguish between these two effects. Numerical examples are provided to verify our findings. Finally, some possible suggestions regarding the competition of green products are put forward which take into consideration the subjective and social effects of CEA. The main contribution of this paper is to theoretically explain the opposite effects of the two different components of CEA on environmentally friendly product pricing and differentiation strategy; this presents a possible explanation as to why the behavior regarding CEA differs, and provides theoretical support for enterprises to price and differentiate green products.