Entrepreneurial Outlook Research Articles

MHRD’S INITIATIVE IIC CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS INNOVATION IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS DURING COVID 19

Innovation is the word which means new idea, creative thought, and practical implementation of invention. The MHRD initiative IIC is helpful for the students to learn entrepreneurship skills in their initial years of graduation and nurture them till completion of their qualification. The innovation cell of higher educational institutions will enhance the skills, aptitude of the students and prepare them for future endeavors. The main motive of MIC Innovation Cell is to inspire, persuade and cherish young and talented students to work with innovative thoughts and convert their ideas into prototypes and cherish their work. The e-sessions by the IIC-Institutes will overcome the need for physical innovation cell activities which is impossible in current situation due to COVID-19 pandemic. The quarter 3 and 4 have been merged into one period because of ongoing pandemic i.e., one complete semester and all IIC institutes have to report accordingly for the scores and star ratings. The e-sessions by IIC institutes have been successful and gathered appreciation from students and faculty members. There is a growing awareness that entrepreneurial outlook, which combines inventiveness, a sense of initiative, predicament solving, vagueness tolerance and financial and technological knowledge in formal education for benefit of individuals and society. The MHRD initiative of IIC will enable the foundation of robust modernization and Start up ecosystem across all HEIs.

Coronavirus and international business: An entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective

Covid‐19 (Coronavirus) is a health pandemic that has significantly affected the global economy and fundamentally changed society. The impacts of coronavirus are most apparent at the international business level due to the restrictions on travel and mobility of labor. This has necessitated an entrepreneurial outlook for businesses in order to survive in the current market environment. The aim of this article is to discuss the implications of the coronavirus for international business by taking an entrepreneurial ecosystem point of view. This enables a reflection on how the pandemic has impacted various entities of the ecosystem in terms of stakeholder engagement. Suggestions for acting in a more dynamic and innovative manner are provided that highlight the importance of utilizing entrepreneurial ecosystems in times of crises.

Women Entrepreneurship in Namibia

This study explored the use of the marketing mix and the service profit chain frameworks by woman entrepreneurs in Namibia and evaluated the factors responsible for encouraging women to become entrepreneurs. The study further explored the nature of challenges faced by the women entrepreneurs in Namibia. The data was analysed through SPSS. The study revealed a new trend of young educated women entrepreneurs in Namibia that earn a very basic but steady income that allows them to be self-sufficient and independent. The study further revealed that the lack of entrepreneurial, financial, and marketing skills and the lack of adequate government support were among the major challenges faced by the women entrepreneurs in Namibia. Despite these challenges, the study concluded that the women entrepreneurs in Namibia have a positive entrepreneurial outlook which contributes to their entrepreneurial resilience and growth prospects.

Follow-up research about juvenile degree school students’ entrepreneur intentions and entrepreneur roles. Post-doc –study in the context of international entrepreneurship education

Th e purpose of the article is to fi nd possible prospective entrepreneurial roles and intentions of second degree students. In addition, it is being studied whether the future entrepreneurial roles and intentions of high school students are diff erent compared to the data obtained 10 years ago. Th e aim of this quantitative study is to fi nd out the following: <br/>1. What kinds of future entrepreneurial roles and intentions have second degree students now? <br/>2. What is the diff erence between the Finnish schools and the two Polish schools? <br/>3. Are there diff erences between the diff erent genders? <br/>4. What is the eff ect of role models, that is, fatherhood, motherhood and kinship / friendship with entrepreneurship? In addition, it is being studied <br/>5. Whether the future entrepreneurial roles and intentions of high school students are diff erent compared to the data obtained 10 years ago. Demographic factors include gender, school, entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial background, as well as entrepreneurship of a close relative / friendship circle. Th e study produces comparative data from two diff erent countries by comparing the entrepreneurial outlook. Th e material was collected in autumn 2014 by a co-meter Nevanperä (2003). Th e meter and its components have been tested several times: Nevanperä & Kansikas (2008) and (2009), Nevanperä (2014) and at the University of Eastern Finland and Vaasa In research sections C and D, a total of 39 claims (future entrepreneurial roles and intentions of students) were factored into fi ve factors to facilitate the processing of results. Th e Likert scale of 1-5 was used in the study. Th e reliables of variables (Cronbach alfas) were high except one (0.63-0.96). Th ere are a total of 324 respondents, of whom 100 are foreign. 38% of Finnish respondents are girls and 58% of foreign respondents are girls. Finnish students in the study are from 40 municipalities and cities in Finland. In the 2006-2007 survey Teuva high school had 21 respondents, Kopernikus high school 112 respondents and Evangelical high school 31 respondents. Polish students live in Cieszyn town, in southern Poland and in the surrounding Silesian province Th e study institutes are Suupohja Vocational Institute / Vocational College (92 respondents, 31% girls), Suupohja Vocational Institute / Commercial College (64 respondents, girls 47%), Suupohja Vocational Institute / Agricultural College (29 respondents, girls 18%). Teuva High School (39 respondents, 53% girls; year 2006 21 respondents, 5% girls), Polish Copernicus High School (61 respondents, 62% girls; year 2007 112, 52% girls) and Poland Evangelical High School (39 respondents, 51%; year 2007 31 respondents, 45% girls). Th e research data has been based on statistical means, deviations, meanings (variance analysis / ANOVA), linear regression analysis and t-test in University of Applied Sciences Seinäjoki. Th ere are considerable diff erences between educational institutions in attitudes towards future entrepreneurial roles and intentions. Th e future entrepreneurial roles and intentions of the Polish high school students are signifi cantly more positive than the roles and intentions of the Finnish high school students. Gender and entrepreneurship background explain most young people’s future entrepreneurial roles and intentions. Other background variables also seem to have an eff ect. Th e explanation for the family entrepreneur’s role and intention is the highest when considering the control variables. Th ese explain 19 % of the variation. Relatively, most explains the father’s entrepreneurial background and the second most gender (girl). Girls regard family business and continuing of the family business very signifi cantly less than boys. Father’s entrepreneurial attitude raises the mean very signifi cantly compared to other students. Mother’s entrepreneurial background also has an uplift ing eff ect. Subcontracting and business entrepreneurship are of interest to today’s high school students. However, there are no signifi cant diff erences between the reference years. Th e mean of family entrepreneurship in 2015 is almost signifi cantly higher than in 2006-2007. Also in the case of other analyzes, in which the results of comparisons was the data acquired in 2006-2007 and in 2015, interesting results were obtained, indicating changes that have occurred in the discussed area.

Paraphernalias of Entrepreneurship – A Contemplating Outlook

Entrepreneurship is the impetus for development of any nation. Entrepreneurship has been the modern way of the industrialisation process which revolutionised the present day of living. In today's world, entrepreneurship has become an act of inspiration which eventually has had a compounding effect on society, and nations as a whole, benefiting mankind. The world is going through a new phase where people no longer just depend on industries to thrive, but come up with an idea reinventing themselves, eventually establishing a start-up. The act of reinventing oneself is nothing but an act of entrepreneurship which is believed to all businesses. The present article deals with ubiquitous issues ranging from entrepreneurial outlook in India and globally, factors influencing entrepreneurship, Global scenario of ease of doing business and many more issues which needs to be prioritised to set the pace for entrepreneurship to flourish.

The ‘BIBA’ Woman of India: A Model for Women Economic Empowerment

This teaching case narrates the entrepreneurial journey of Meena Bindra, the founder of the Indian apparel retail brand (BIBA), from 1983 to 2014. Her enterprise achieved incredible growth and has developed a magnificent vision for the future. The case describes the entrepreneurial outlook and decisions that helped tap opportunities and achieve rapid growth amidst the changing business environment. Her success story breaks many myths related to small start-ups by women entrepreneurs and highlights the immense potential and economic contributions by women. It serves as an example and provides support to the call for the active promotion of women’s economic empowerment. The case is based on both primary and secondary data.

South Africa's Youth Unemployment Dilemma: Whose Baby is it anyway?

Youth unemployment is a major concern to various different countries, including South Africa, which ranked fourth-worst in the global youth unemployment ratings in 2013 and 2014reaching rates of more than 50 percent. Entrepreneurship development and increased employability through appropriate skills development have been considered as possible solutions to this growing problem. The aim of this study is to determine perceptions of students pertaining their entrepreneurial outlook and perceived employability. Validated Entrepreneurship- and Employability Scales were used to determine entrepreneurial outlook and perceived employability perception. A total of 293 students from a South African University participated in this study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, histograms, Pearson correlation, MANOVA and ANOVA. The findingsof this studyshow that student’sperceptions indicated that if they haveamore entrepreneurial outlook, it could strongly increase their employability. They also do not think that after the completion of their degrees that they would be more employable. A significance difference was found between year level of study, race, age, and perception of entrepreneurial outlook and employability variables of the students.They seem to have a realistic view when it comes to the risk of possible unemployment for some time after graduation. Based on these findings, it is suggested that introducing entrepreneurship training and employability programs (skills development) to students during the completion of their higher education career, could assist in the reduction of youth unemployment in South Africa.

South Africa’s Youth Unemployment Dilemma: Whose Baby is it anyway?

Youth unemployment is a major concern to various different countries, including South Africa, which ranked fourth-worst in the global youth unemployment ratings in 2013 and 2014reaching rates of more than 50 percent. Entrepreneurship development and increased employability through appropriate skills development have been considered as possible solutions to this growing problem. The aim of this study is to determine perceptions of students pertaining their entrepreneurial outlook and perceived employability. Validated Entrepreneurship- and Employability Scales were used to determine entrepreneurial outlook and perceived employability perception. A total of 293 students from a South African University participated in this study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, histograms, Pearson correlation, MANOVA and ANOVA. The findingsof this studyshow that student’sperceptions indicated that if they haveamore entrepreneurial outlook, it could strongly increase their employability. They also do not think that after the completion of their degrees that they would be more employable. A significance difference was found between year level of study, race, age, and perception of entrepreneurial outlook and employability variables of the students.They seem to have a realistic view when it comes to the risk of possible unemployment for some time after graduation. Based on these findings, it is suggested that introducing entrepreneurship training and employability programs (skills development) to students during the completion of their higher education career, could assist in the reduction of youth unemployment in South Africa.

The Consequences of Entrepreneurial Outlook on Business Initiatives: The Case of Restaurant Operators

This study examined the linkages between entrepreurial outlook and business initiatives of restaurant operators. The five multidimensional constructs of entrepreneurial orientation were adapted to measure the entrepreneurial outlook, while the business initiatives were measured based on the frequent development of new products, new services and new business venturing. The study employed census approach and self-administered questionnaires in collecting data from 41 registered restaurant operators located in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Descriptive, correlation and Chi-Square were the statistical tools used. The findings indicate that the restaurant operators demonstrated a somewhat high entrepreneurial outlook. However, they do not develop business initiatives regularly. Again, significant association existed between the dimensions of entrepreneurial outlook and business initiatives. The study therefore concludes that a high entrepreneurial inclination will propel the frequent development of business initiatives. The restaurant operators must therefore attend periodic workshops to be abreast of current knowledge, they must be involved with every aspect of the restaurant business with complete professionalism. They must create an encouraging work environment, care for customers and must get to know their regular customers by their names, favourite dishes and drinks.

What harm, whose justice?: excavating the restorative movement

The city of Hull in the northeast of England gave itself the ambitious task of becoming the world’s first restorative city. The aim of this strategy was to create a more socially and emotionally confident youth population which in turn would encourage a more entrepreneurial and aspirational outlook across the City. Based on a two-year National Lottery-funded project exploring peoples’ experiences of restorative approaches and a Knowledge Transfer Project to help develop restorative skills, the development of restorative justice is analysed. How does a restorative classroom, workplace, or family really behave? Is there a common objective within, and across, all restorative initiatives and if so, what is it? The answer to these questions is that communication breakdown can be understood as the common harm within, and across the restorative movement. This raises some interesting questions and challenges for zemiology where both restorative justice and social harm perspectives contain quite different notions of harm suggesting that neither has yet developed a clear or solid foundation upon which to build an alternative focus to criminal harms.

Survey of Attitudes on Professionalism in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to analyze the current attitudes toward professionalism, the core values, and the type of professionalism among plastic surgeons in Korea to establish a code of ethics regarding the role of professionalism for plastic and reconstructive surgeons.MethodsFrom March 9, to July 1, 2012, face-to-face and mail surveys were conducted targeting the 325 participants (256 specialists and 69 residents) who are registered members of the Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. The proportion of each response given to an item was obtained through statistical processing through frequency analysis. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences in the responses between the resident group and the specialist group.ResultsThe survey results on the perception of professionalism in plastic surgery showed that a high proportion (90.5%) of the respondents viewed the future of plastic surgeons as bright. Through evaluation of the importance of the value items,"professional dominance" (4.58 pts), "autonomy" (4.45 pts), "lifestyle" (4.34 pts), and "commercialism" (4.31 pts) were assessed as critical values. "Altruism" (3.84 pts), "interpersonal competence" (3.79 pts), and "social justice" (3.61 pts) were viewed as lesser values. This difference showed the characteristics of an entrepreneurial outlook.ConclusionsPlastic surgeons should pursue excellence, humanism, accountability, and altruism in order to overcome the crisis of professionalism in plastic surgery. In order to develop the necessary competencies of professionals, vocational education should be arranged by the Korean Society of Plastic Surgeons, and an appropriate code of ethics should be established.

Does the Mafia suppress entrepreneurship in Italy?

A great divide exists within Italy: the North is prosperous while the South remains relatively poor. The divide has persisted and regions have failed to converge, contradicting neo-classical growth theory. With this in mind, the following research aims to contribute toward the dialog pertaining to the divide and its persistence by discussing Mafia presence and entrepreneurship. Little has been done to establish a solid relationship between entrepreneurship and Mafia presence, and even fewer studies have been conducted utilising a solid measurement of Mafia presence that can be used for meaningful discourse. Using probit and ordered probit to obtain marginal effects, the research shows that Mafia presence has no sound relationship with entrepreneurial desire, yet has a significantly negative one with entrepreneurial outlook. The research exposes a pattern of discouragement and suggests that Mafia presence suppresses entrepreneurship; limiting the amount of firms and investment that flows through communities in the South. Policy makers should enact policy and increase enforcement to quell Mafia expansion and reduce Mafia presence in areas already under control.

Entrepreneurial Attitudes in a Post-Communist Transitional Rural Economy: The Case of Moldova

Entrepreneurial Attitudes in a Post-Communist Transitional Rural Economy: The Case of Moldova A sample survey of small and medium-sized farms in Moldova is used to examine the prevalence of different aspects of an "entrepreneurial outlook" in a post-communist transitional economy. Within the range of less than 1 to 100 hectare farms, the most pronounced differences are that operators of larger farms have greater "technical knowledge" of different aspects of high value agricultural production and sales as well as having a greater willingness to deal with "uncertainty and debt."

Fitting a square stadium into a round hole: a case of deliberation and procrastination politics

From the perspective of city officials, proposals to build new stadiums are tenuous because of the dual local government imperatives of having to be both visionary (i.e., entrepreneurial) and conservative (i.e., fiscally responsible and publicly accountable). Based on case data in Dunedin, New Zealand, we investigate two related dilemmas that emanate from that city's stadium deliberation process. The first is with regards to the dichotomy between politicians and bureaucrats, and the degree to which deliberations on a new stadium should be politically or technocratically driven. The second concerns the extent to which local authorities favour independence or accountability in gathering information. Here we suggest that deference and delegation to an ‘independent’ body became tantamount to procrastinating – that is a case of holding the process up in order to progress it. Our analysis demonstrates that such dilemmas demand immediate responses that, while seemingly benign in the short term, alter the balance between a city's entrepreneurial outlook and its view towards citizen responsiveness.

Social Entrepreneurship and Philanthropic Strategy (HSG 2006)

This course takes a strategic perspective on social change. It asks how emerging leaders - social entrepreneurs and strategic philanthropists - can stimulate systemic change through local interventions and collaboration. The course was developed and taught by Maximilian Martin at HSG for the 2006 fall semester. Combining their passion to solve social issues with an entrepreneurial outlook on life, social entrepreneurs find innovative ways to leverage scare resources in the pursuit of social value. To be practical, the course deploys a variety of case studies. The course is divided in five parts. Part one sets the stage by introducing the core conceptual material on social entrepreneurship and philanthropy. Part two looks into the issue of leverage - a lot of good comes from a little bit of good, where the positive social returns vastly exceed the amount of time and money invested (Jeff Skoll) - and introduces the student semester projects. Part three asks how social change strategies can gain greater traction through attention to the efficiency of resource allocation in the areas of finance and the production of a good or service. Part four examines relevant trends for social entrepreneurs in the domain of finance: mission-related investment, alternative investment strategies, and spin off. Part five unifies the different course themes, asking what the frontiers in social entrepreneurship are, and what they mean for social change, as well as providing a conceptual introduction to corporate social responsibility. Students present the status of their projects in class during the last regular class session.

Leveraging Market-Based Action for Positive Change: A Seminar on Social Entrepreneurship (HEC 2003)

Changing value-creation dynamics in the globalizing economy have opened up a window of opportunity for enterprising public leaders. Social entrepreneurs draw on market-based mechanisms to create positive change in the domains of education, the environment, fair trade, health, and human rights. Combining their passion to solve social problems with an entrepreneurial outlook on life, they find innovative ways to leverage scarce resources in the pursuit of social value. Providing an effective and refreshing alternative to traditional development and social policy interventions, social entrepreneurs manage to wed the qualities of the Schumpeterian investment entrepreneur with a concern for inequality and social value. This course was developed by Maximilian Martin for the HEC DEA program for the 2003 spring semester, and co-taught by Pamela Hartigan and Maximilian Martin. The course examines social entrepreneurship as an alternative paradigm that helps to organize work for positive change. To foster practical learning, the emphasis is on sharing examples of on-the-ground action. The seminar consists of three blocs. Part one introduces students to the concept of social entrepreneurship, and explores its changing conditions in a globalizing world. Part two inquires into the strategic challenges social entrepreneurs face at different moments in the entrepreneurship lifecycle - how to get started, how to find the right scale, issues of organizational governance and network building and partnering. Finally, the course asks how intermediaries between social entrepreneurs and investors can promote social entrepreneurs' quest for social value. What are the promises of venture philanthropy? What opportunities does the changing world of social entrepreneurship hold for graduate students?

Social Entrepreneurship: Understanding the New Strategic Space for Social Value Creation (HEC 2004)

Social entrepreneurs draw on market-based mechanisms to create positive change in the domains of education, the environment, fair trade, health, human rights and other social issues. Combining their passion to solve social problems with an entrepreneurial outlook on life, they find innovative ways to leverage scarce resources in the pursuit of social value. This course was developed by Maximilian Martin for the HEC DEA program for the 2004 spring semester, and co-taught by Pamela Hartigan and Maximilian Martin. Part one sets the stage. Before getting into the intricacies of the plot of a Greek drama, one must develop a basic understanding how actors, chorus, and stage relate to each other. Likewise, to pace our work effectively, the course first sets the stage by introducing social entrepreneurs and the actors they routinely interact with: corporate citizens and philanthropists. We also examine the broader field of forces that contributes to the rise of social entrepreneurship. Part two highlights select social entrepreneurs. To provide a practical introduction, the course looks at examples of social entrepreneurship through a variety of case studies. To ensure rigor, four thematic threads structure the discussion. (i) Innovation. Social entrepreneurs are innovators who create systemic change. Which factors do they rely upon to accelerate the diffusion of their innovations? (ii) Performance. Measuring outcomes is very important. Which are the tools available to measure the impact and effectiveness of social enterprises? (iii) Leadership. If it were not for their leadership skills, social entrepreneurs would never manage to overcome seemingly insurmountable obstacles. What are the characteristics of social entrepreneurs' leadership? (iv) Identity. Social entrepreneurship provides a new identity for social sector leaders who do not fit into any of the existing boxes. What is distinctive about social entrepreneurs' identity? Social entrepreneurs increasingly benefit from a growing number of organizations whose mission it is to specifically support their work. Part three examines new trends in the foundation landscape as well as corporate and individual philanthropy. We first analyze the niches and strategic choices of players in the intermediary space such as Acumen, Ashoka, and the Schwab Foundation. Two subsequent sessions look at dynamics in two capital transmission channels which social entrepreneurs can access to raise funds, corporate and individual philanthropy.

Entrepreneurial Solutions for Social Challenges (IOMBA 2004)

This course takes a strategic perspective on social change. It asks how emerging leaders - social entrepreneurs and strategic philanthropists - can stimulate systemic change through local interventions and collaboration. The course was developed by Maximilian Martin and co-taught by Maximilian Martin and David Dror for the IOMBA program in the 2004 fall semester. Combining their passion to solve social issues with an entrepreneurial outlook on life, social entrepreneurs find innovative ways to leverage scare resources in the pursuit of social value. To be practical, the course deploys a variety of case studies. The course is divided into three parts. Unit one sets the stage by introducing the core conceptual material on social entrepreneurship and philanthropy, deploying case studies to render the challenges concrete. Unit two leverages David Dror's international organizations experience and his leadership of Social Re, a social change initiative with a similar transformational potential as microfinance. It examines the nitty-gritty of social innovation inside international organizations, and highlights why social entrepreneurs often need to create their own organizations, rather than seeking to advance large-scale social change from within an established institution. Unit three asks how we can strategically orchestrate social innovation. Which roles do intermediaries (civil society vehicles that service grassroots social entrepreneurs) play? How can wealth managers serve as a catalyst for the implementation of their clients' philanthropic aspirations?

Entrepreneurial ambience of engineering education in India

Education is a social process and the form of education is a product of society-education dialectics. In this context, quality of education assumes an added importance and becomes the primary concern of all the stakeholders in education. In current market turbulence, a focus on entrepreneurship has a special strategic significance for engineering education as it reflects a growing perception that new graduates need the technical and behavioural attributes of an entrepreneur for a successful professional life. The previous paradigm of a 'science-based conceptual engineer' has given way to a 'science-based entrepreneurial engineer'. In response to this inevitable change, educationists must do rethinking on the way the students are educated by infusing creative thinking and innovation in their educational curriculum. With this change in the mindset and the relative knowledge that entrepreneurs bring forth, in many institutes some courses on entrepreneurship and innovation are being developed and offered to cater to the increasing demand. As engineering institutes meet this demand through a heightened entrepreneurial outlook, the paper discusses their strategic role in generating entrepreneurship which is a potential source of employment generation in a developing nation like India.

Entrepreneurial Solutions for Social Challenges

This course takes a strategic perspective on social change. It asks how emerging leaders - social entrepreneurs and strategic philanthropists - can stimulate systemic change through local interventions and collaboration. The course was developed and taught by Maximilian Martin in the IOMBA program for the 2005 fall semester. Combining their passion to solve social issues with an entrepreneurial outlook on life, social entrepreneurs find innovative ways to leverage scare resources in the pursuit of social value. To be practical, the course deploys a variety of case studies. The course is divided in four parts. Part one sets the stage by introducing the core conceptual material on social entrepreneurship and philanthropy, deploying case studies to render the challenges concrete. Part two looks into typical challenges social enterprise organizations face, as well as the linkages between social entrepreneurship, microfinance and bottom-of-the-pyramid style interventions. Part three asks how we can strategically orchestrate social innovation through specific projects. Which roles do intermediaries (civil society vehicles that service grassroots social entrepreneurs) play? How can we formulate effective social change strategies? Part four unifies the different course themes, asking what the frontiers in social entrepreneurship are, and what they mean for social change. Students present the status of their projects in class during the last regular class session.