Entrance Rate Research Articles

Will closing the achievement gap solve the problem? An analysis of primary and secondary effects for indigenous university entry

Effective intervention into educational inequalities is dependent on having an accurate understanding of the factors which predict it. Research on the educational attainment gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth in Australia has typically focused on closing the academic achievement gap in the hope that this will resolve the issue. However, recent research is beginning to find that Indigenous youth also have significantly different choice behaviours and resources. Using the work of Boudon, the current research used a Bayesian logistic regression model to explore the extent to which differences in university entry rates are due to achievement differentials (primary effects) versus differences in choice behaviours and resources (secondary effects) for Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth in Australia. This was applied to 10,000 Australian youth, followed over eight years. Results suggest that primary effects were predominant, however, a moderate proportion of the Indigenous university entrance rate gap is due to secondary effects.

Development and Dosimetry of a Small Animal Lung Irradiation Platform

Advances in large scale screening of medical countermeasures for radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity are currently hampered by animal irradiation paradigms that are both inefficient and highly variable among institutions. Here, a novel high-throughput small animal irradiation platform is introduced for use in orthovoltage small animal irradiators. Radiochromic film and metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor detectors were used to examine several parameters, including 2D field uniformity, dose rate consistency, and shielding transmission. The authors posit that this setup will improve efficiency of drug screens by allowing for simultaneous targeted irradiation of multiple animals to improve efficiency within a single institution. Additionally, they suggest that measurement of the described parameters in all centers conducting countermeasure studies will improve the translatability of findings among institutions. The use of tissue equivalent phantoms in performing dosimetry measurements for small animal irradiation experiments was also investigated. Though these phantoms are commonly used in dosimetry, the authors recorded a significant difference in both the entrance and target tissue dose rates between euthanized rats and mice with implanted detectors and the corresponding phantom measurement. This suggests that measurements using these phantoms may not provide accurate dosimetry for in vivo experiments. Based on these measurements, the authors propose that this small animal irradiation platform can increase the capacity of animal studies by allowing for more efficient animal irradiation. They also suggest that researchers fully characterize the parameters of whatever radiation setup is in use in order to facilitate better comparison among institutions.

LANDING A PERMANENT CONTRACT IN SPAIN: DO JOB INTERRUPTIONS AND EMPLOYER DIVERSIFICATION MATTER?*

A discrete-time multivariate hazard model with state-specific unobserved heterogeneity is applied to investigate whether an individual's employment history conditions her chances of eventually obtaining a stable position in a labour market characterized, like the Spanish one, by high levels of employment protection for permanent contracts. This paper highlights the relevance of taking into account whether or not the worker remains in the same firm when accumulating temporary contracts to test for the stepping stone effect of these contracts. My analysis focuses on a sample of Spanish labour market entrants aged between 18 and 28 for the 2000–7 period. The results suggest that firms sometimes use temporary contracts as a screening device, thereby raising the entrance rates into permanent contracts among those in their initial hiring pool. In other cases, however, workers may become ‘trapped’ in the temporary employment bracket after several months of recurrent temporary contracts between bouts of unemployment under the same employer causing a drop in their chances of obtaining stable work. By contrast, moving from one firm to another as a temporary worker might have a positive influence on exit rates to permanent employment.

Change of Plastic Hinge Position in Radial Ring Rolling without Guide-Roll

Radial ring rolling is an unsteady plastic deformation process. Internal stress of the ring is foundation of formation of the plastic hinge. The radial wall thickness of ring changes gradually along ring circumferential direction. Theoretical analysis and FE simulation show that: the plastic hinge is not always exactly opposite to the rolling deformation zone in ring rolling process without guide-roll. The plastic hinge position angle β0 is affected by ratio of rolling entrance wall thickness H0 and rate of wall thickness change η. Curve of β0-H0/η is shaped as double U staggered relative to each other. With the H0/η increasing, β0 reduces gradually and approaches to π in the range of H0/η>6.28. H0/η>14.6H0/R2. Only when the rolling process is steady, and H0≈R2, β0 is greater than π, and approximates to π. The β0 fluctuates dramatically when H0/η≈5.71. In some cases, H0/η may fluctuate in 0 to 6.28, leading to the instability of plastic hinge position.

Manganese transport in the rat optic nerve evaluated with spatial‐ and time‐resolved magnetic resonance imaging

1) To evaluate a novel theoretical model for in vivo axonal Mn(2+) transport with MRI data from the rat optic nerve (ON); and 2) to compare predictions from the new model with previously reported experimental data. Time-resolved in vivo T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of adult female Sprague-Dawley rat (n = 9) ON was obtained at different timepoints after intravitreal MnCl(2) injection. A concentration-dependent and a rate-dependent function for the Mn(2+) retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon entrance was convolved with three different transport functions and each model system was optimized to fit the ON data. The rate-limited input function gave a better fit to the data than the concentration-limited input. Simulations showed that the rate-limited input leads to a semilogarithmic relationship between injected dose and Mn(2+) concentration in the ON, which is in agreement with previously reported in vivo experiments. A random walk transport model and an anterograde predominant slow model gave a similar fit to the data, both better than an anterograde predominant fast model. The results indicate that Mn(2+) input into RGC axons is limited by a maximum entrance rate into the axons. Also, a wide range of apparent Mn(2+) transport rates seems to be involved, different from synaptic vesicle transport rates, meaning that manganese does not depict synaptic vesicle transport rates directly.

Transport of Hg(II) through bulk liquid membrane containing calix[4]arene thioalkyl derivative as a carrier

In this study effectiveness of 5,11,17,23 tetrakis[(propylthio)methyl]-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene ( 1) towards Hg(II) across bulk liquid membrane has been examined. The effect of the fundamental parameters influencing the transport process, e.g. carrier concentration, type of solvent used, effect of temperature and time dependency of the process have been investigated. The mass transfer of Hg(II) was analyzed on the basis of kinetic laws of two consecutive irreversible first order reactions. Thus, the kinetic parameters ( k 1, k 2, R m max, t max, J d max, J a max) for the transport of Hg(II) were studied. The activation energy values for the extraction and re-extraction were found as 19.59 and 27.57 kJ mol − 1 , respectively. These values demonstrate that the process is diffusionally controlled by Hg(II). Observations show that the membrane entrance and exit rate constants ( k 1, k 2) increase with increasing stirring speed, carrier concentration and temperature. The effect of solvent on k 1 and k 2 was found to be in the order of CH 2Cl 2 > CHCl 3 > CCl 4. The effectiveness and reproducibility of Hg(II) transport has proved that 1 is an efficient carrier of Hg(II) in BLM process.

Kinetic study of mercury (II) transport through a liquid membrane containing calix[4]arene nitrile derivatives as a carrier in chloroform

In this study, the kinetics studies of mercury (II) ion transport through a bulk liquid membrane system which contains calix[4]arene nitrile derivatives (5,11,17,23-Tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis-(2-cyanobenzyloxy)-26,28-dihydroxycalix-[4]arene (membrane I) and 25,27-bis-(2-cyanomethoxy)-26,28-dihydroxycalix-[4]arene (membrane II) as a membrane were investigated at different temperatures and stirring rates. The kinetics was analyzed by means of a kinetic model involving two consecutive irreversible first order reactions. The parameters such as transport rate constants, membrane entrance rate, k 1, and the membrane exit rate, k 2, and the maximum values for membrane entrance and exit values J d max and J a max were determined for the experimental data. It was found that both membrane entrance and exit rate constants increase with temperature. The activation energies were found as 6.96 ± 0.15 and 6.91 ± 0.15 kcal/mol, for ligand membranes I and II, respectively. These activation values indicate that the transport process for both membranes is controlled by species diffusion.

Kinetic Study of an Effective Pb(II) Transport through a Bulk Liquid Membrane Containing Calix[6]arene Hexaester Derivative as a Carrier

The article describes transport of Pb(II) through bulk liquid membrane (BLM) containing calix[6]arene hexaester derivative (1) as a carrier. The effect of various parameters such as temperature, carrier concentration, stirring speed and type of solvent on the Pb(II) transport efficiency of the carrier through BLM was evaluated. The activation energy values for the extraction and re-extraction were found as 56.33 kJ mol−1 and 14.79 kJ mol−1, respectively. These values demonstrate that the process is diffusionally controlled by Pb(II). Observations indicate that the membrane entrance and exit rate constants (k1, k2) increase with increasing stirring speed as well as carrier concentration and decrease with increasing temperature. The effect of solvent on k1 and k2 was found to be in the order of CH2Cl2 > CHCl3 > CCl4.

SPONTANEOUS SYMMETRY BREAKING IN A MICROTUBULE-LIKE SYSTEM

This paper studies asymmetric exclusion processes on a microtubule-like system with two species of particles. The model is motivated by the structure of microtubules and kinesins and dyneins moving along microtubules in opposite directions. The proposed model is similar to that in J. Phys. A40, 2275 (2007) in which two-channel TASEPs with narrow entrances and parallel update are studied. This paper extended the above-mentioned work to a multiple-channel hollow cylinder case. Thus, each channel has two nearest neighbors in our model. The corresponding rule for narrow entrances is that particles cannot enter the system if either of two nearest-neighbor sites on neighboring channels is occupied by the other species of particles. The phase diagram of the model is obtained from a mean-field approximation and verified by computer simulations. It is shown that the spontaneous symmetry breaking exists with two asymmetric phases: high/low density and low/low density. The flipping process of particles is observed. Bulk density and particle currents are computed. Monte Carlo simulation results deviate from the mean-field prediction when entrance rate α is high, which is due to neglecting correlations among particles in mean-field calculations. The results are also compared with that obtained from two-channel system with one neighbor narrow entrance in parallel update.

Australian Construction Growth Ratios: Industry and Company Analyses

Many investors consider the construction industry risky, with fluctuating rather than stable performance, and greater than average insolvencies. These views may reduce investors’ appetite to invest in shares of construction companies. In this light, this paper presents research into and analysis of construction growth, both from an industry and company perspective within Australia. The industry analysis looks at trends in gross value added, profit margin, interest coverage, financial leverage, investment rate, and industry exit and entrance rates. The company analysis looks at annual growth ratios for operating revenue, operating expenses, EBITDA, EBIT, EPS, DPS, total assets, total equity, and net debt, based on construction companies listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. The paper’s results dispel some common negative views about investment in construction; the paper’s analysis shows that investing in construction companies is sound, and just as good as investing in other businesses.

Evolution of the entrance rate and of the spatio-temporal distribution of Lessepsian Crustacea Decapoda in the Mediterranean Sea

[A review of the relevant literature and additional data from intensive sampling off the coasts of Cyprus, S.W. Turkey, and the Aegean coasts of Greece and Turkey, permitted to estimate the evolution of the entrance rate of Lessepsian Crustacea Decapoda into the Mediterranean Sea since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, until today. The development of the spatio-temporal dispersal of these species towards other geographical areas in the Mediterranean was also investigated. Analysis of all relevant data showed for the first time, that the entrance rate of Lessepsian decapods is accelerating and this acceleration is statistically significant. Furthermore, there is a progressive dispersal of these species from Port Said both towards the west, along the African coast, and towards the east along the coasts of Israel, Lebanon, and Syria, from there towards the southern Turkish coasts and the coasts of Cyprus, and finally towards the Greek and Turkish Aegean coasts. The increasing trend in the entrance rate of thermophilous Lessepsian decapods as well as their progressive dispersal towards higher latitudes could be attributed to the observed, gradual increase in temperature of the waters of the Mediterranean. Une revue de la litterature specialisee ainsi que des donnees supplementaires obtenues lors d'echantillonnages intensifs au large des cotes de Chypre, au sud-ouest de la Turquie, et des cotes de la mer Egee de Grece et de Turquie, ont permis d'estimer l'evolution du taux d'entree des Crustaces Decapodes lessepssiens en mer Mediterranee depuis l'ouverture du canal de Suez en 1869 jusqu'a aujourd'hui. Le developpement de la dispersion spatio-temporelle vers d'autres zones geographiques de Mediterranee a aussi ete etudie. L'analyse de toutes ces donnees a montre pour la premiere fois, que le taux d'entree des Decapodes lessepssiens s'accelere et que cette acceleration est statistiquement significative. De plus, on a observe une dispersion progressive de ces especes a partir de Port Said a la fois vers l'ouest, le long de la cote africaine, et vers l'est le long des cotes d'Israel, du Liban et de Syrie, de la vers les cotes du sud de la Turquie et les cotes de Chypre, et enfin vers les cotes turques et grecques de la mer Egee. La tendance croissante du taux d'entree des Decapodes lessepssiens thermophiles ainsi que leur dispersion progressive vers de plus hautes latitudes pourraient etre attribuees a l'augmentation graduelle de la temperature observee dans les eaux de la Mediterranee. , A review of the relevant literature and additional data from intensive sampling off the coasts of Cyprus, S.W. Turkey, and the Aegean coasts of Greece and Turkey, permitted to estimate the evolution of the entrance rate of Lessepsian Crustacea Decapoda into the Mediterranean Sea since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, until today. The development of the spatio-temporal dispersal of these species towards other geographical areas in the Mediterranean was also investigated. Analysis of all relevant data showed for the first time, that the entrance rate of Lessepsian decapods is accelerating and this acceleration is statistically significant. Furthermore, there is a progressive dispersal of these species from Port Said both towards the west, along the African coast, and towards the east along the coasts of Israel, Lebanon, and Syria, from there towards the southern Turkish coasts and the coasts of Cyprus, and finally towards the Greek and Turkish Aegean coasts. The increasing trend in the entrance rate of thermophilous Lessepsian decapods as well as their progressive dispersal towards higher latitudes could be attributed to the observed, gradual increase in temperature of the waters of the Mediterranean. Une revue de la litterature specialisee ainsi que des donnees supplementaires obtenues lors d'echantillonnages intensifs au large des cotes de Chypre, au sud-ouest de la Turquie, et des cotes de la mer Egee de Grece et de Turquie, ont permis d'estimer l'evolution du taux d'entree des Crustaces Decapodes lessepssiens en mer Mediterranee depuis l'ouverture du canal de Suez en 1869 jusqu'a aujourd'hui. Le developpement de la dispersion spatio-temporelle vers d'autres zones geographiques de Mediterranee a aussi ete etudie. L'analyse de toutes ces donnees a montre pour la premiere fois, que le taux d'entree des Decapodes lessepssiens s'accelere et que cette acceleration est statistiquement significative. De plus, on a observe une dispersion progressive de ces especes a partir de Port Said a la fois vers l'ouest, le long de la cote africaine, et vers l'est le long des cotes d'Israel, du Liban et de Syrie, de la vers les cotes du sud de la Turquie et les cotes de Chypre, et enfin vers les cotes turques et grecques de la mer Egee. La tendance croissante du taux d'entree des Decapodes lessepssiens thermophiles ainsi que leur dispersion progressive vers de plus hautes latitudes pourraient etre attribuees a l'augmentation graduelle de la temperature observee dans les eaux de la Mediterranee. ]

A totally asymmetric exclusion process with stochastically mediated entrance and exit

The asymmetric exclusion process is a well-established model in statistical physics that exhibits non-equilibrium phase transitions. It has received considerable attention of late as it is widely applicable to problems in molecular biology involving the transit of component parts along specified tracks or pathways. In this paper we use a self-consistent mean-field approach, backed up by Monte Carlo simulations, to examine the case where the exit from such a track is ‘gated’ by the presence of some external component that is capable of binding and unbinding from an additional site to the track; exit from the path is only possible by the bound presence of this component. We not only compute the relevant phase diagrams for this instance both in terms of the exit and entrance rates but also the binding and unbinding rates of the ‘gate’ and comment on this model's applicability to problems in biology.

Liquid Membrane Transport Kinetics of Hg (II) by Dithio Derivatized Macrotricyclic Compound

The present study has been undertaken to investigate a process that removes inorganic mercury from waste water streams by use of a liquid membrane system in which a novel macrocyclic ligand based on dithio derivatized biscrown ether has been used as a cation carrier. The effect of temperature, stirring rate and different solvents on the kinetic parameters like k1, k2 and flux values J a max, J d max and tmax were also investigated. It was found that the membrane entrance rate constant (k1) and the membrane exit rate constant (k2) increased with increasing temperature and stirring rate. The membrane entrance rate constants (k1), exit rate constants (k2), as well as the flux values vary in the order of CH2Cl2 > CHCl3 > CCl4 in different solvents study

Airline employee's service behavior toward different nationalities

Stereotyping of groups is unique and has influences on emotions and behaviors. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between national stereotyping, emotion and service behavior of South Korean airline employees towards passengers from four countries (China, Japan, the USA and South Korea, based on both Hofstede's cultural dimensions and the entrance rates to Korea), and whether there is a difference in constructs for each of the four countries’ passengers. South Korea was involved in this study to compare an in-group with the out-groups. Four models were acceptable, and we found that national stereotyping, emotions and service behaviors are significantly different among the four countries. The results imply that national stereotyping and cultures affect the service behavior of South Korean airline employees.

Defect-induced transitions in synchronous asymmetric exclusion processes

The effects of a single local defect in synchronous asymmetric exclusion processes are investigated via theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations. Our theoretical analysis shows that there are four possible stationary phases, i.e., the (low density, low density), (low density, high density), (high density, low density) and (high density, high density) in the system. In the (high density, low density) phase, the system can reach a maximal current which is determined by the local defect, but independent of boundary conditions. A phenomenological domain wall approach is developed to predict dynamic behavior at phase boundaries. The effects of defective hopping probability p on density profiles and currents are investigated. Our investigation shows that the value of p determines phase transitions when entrance rate α and exit rate β are fixed. Density profiles and currents obtained from theoretical calculations are in agreement with Monte Carlo simulations.

Domestic dogs in Atlantic forest preserves of south-eastern Brazil: a camera-trapping study on patterns of entrance and site occupancy rates

Presence of exotic species in forest remnants is a major concern for the conservation of wild species, not only on islands, where potential impact is higher. Although the problem is widespread and increasing, there are few studies on Neotropical forests. Here we quantify the occurrence of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in an Atlantic forest reserve in south-eastern Brazil (Santa Lúcia Biological Station--SLBS). Throughout two years of monitoring with camera traps (2,142 camera-days), 25 records of 16 individual dogs were obtained in the interior of SLBS, making dogs the fourth most frequently recorded species of mammals in general and the first-ranking among Carnivora, ahead of the ocelot and puma, the top two terrestrial predators present in SLBS. Dogs entered the forest year round, in almost half of the sampled months (48%), and predominantly during daytime (89%). They were detected in various trails inside the reserve, but mostly in areas nearest to the reserve's border (<200 m from the edge). Record rates of domestic dogs did not correlate significantly with climate variables, with frequency of mammal records and richness in general, or with any particular mammal species (Spearman rank correlation, p > 0.05 in all cases), suggesting an erratic, non-seasonal pattern of entrance in the reserve. Data indicate that domestic dogs can be abundant and frequent visitors to little disturbed Atlantic forest reserves even when these are located in regions of low density of human population. The potential impact to native fauna is discussed.

Bioremediation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Bacterial Nitroreductase Expressing Transgenic Aspen

Trees belonging to the genus Populus are often used for phytoremediation due to their deep root formation, fast growth and high transpiration rates. Here, we study the capacity of transgenic hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x tremuloides var. Etropole) which expresses the bacterial nitroreductase gene, pnrA, to tolerate and take-up greater amounts of the toxic and recalcitrant explosive, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) from contaminated waters and soil. Transgenic aspen tolerate up to 57 mg TNT/L in hydroponic media and more than 1000 mg TNT/ kg soil, whereas the parental aspen could not endure in hydroponic culture with more than 11 mg TNT/L or soil with more than 500 mg TNT/kg. Likewise, the phytotoxicological limit for transgenic plants to a constant concentration of TNT was 20 mg TNT/L while wild-type plants only tolerated 10 mg TNT/L. Transgenic plants also showed improved uptake of TNT over wild-type plants when the original TNT concentration was above 35 mg TNT/L in liquid media or 750 mg TNT/kg in soil. Assays with 13C-labeled TNT show rapid adsorption of TNT to the root surface followed by a slower entrance rate into the plant. Most of the 13C-carbon from the labeled TNT taken up bythe plant (> 95%) remains in the root with little translocation to the stem. Altogether, transgenic aspen expressing pnrA are highly interesting for phytoremediation applications on contaminated soil and underground aquifers.

Estimating Mean Length of Stay in Prison: Methods and Applications

This paper examines various approaches to studying the mean length of stay in prison. The literature contains a wide range of estimates of this quantity. The discrepancies that appear in these estimates and in the conclusions reached from them have been the subject of several reviews. We build upon that work, using the life table as the gold standard, to demonstrate the inaccuracy of common measures such as the ratio of the population size to the annual number of entrances or the mean length of time served by those exiting in a particular period. This demonstration is conducted in two parts. One part uses model populations with constant growth rates; the second part relies upon simulated prison populations with time-varying rates of entrance and exit. In addition, we introduce two new indirect measures that are more accurate than several existing indirect measures and that are relatively easy to use. The new measures are based on the entrance rate or the exit rate and adjust for the growth rate of the prison population.

Carrier‐Mediated Transport of Hg(II) through Bulk and Supported Liquid Membranes

The transport of Hg (II) ions from an aqueous solution into an aqueous receiving solution through bulk and supported liquid membranes containing a calix[4]arene derivative 1 as a carrier was examined. The kinetic parameters of bulk liquid membrane studies were analyzed assuming two consecutive, irreversible first‐order reactions. The influence of temperature, stirring rate, carrier concentration and solvent on the kinetic parameters (k1, k2, Rm max, tmax, Jd max, Ja max) has also been investigated. The membrane entrance rate, k1, and the membrane exit rate, k2, increased with increasing temperature and stirring rate. The activation energy values are calculated as 4.87 and 48.63 kj mol−1 for extraction and reextraction, respectively. The values of calculated activation energy indicate that the process is diffusionally controlled by species. Also, the transport behavior of Hg2+ from aqueous solution through a flat‐sheet supported liquid membrane has been investigated by the use of calix[4]arene derivative 1 as carrier and Celgard 2500 as the solid support. A Danesi mass transfer model was used to calculate the permeability coefficients for each parameter studied. The highest values of permeability were obtained with 2‐nitrophenyloctyl‐ether (NPOE) solvent and the influence was found to be in the order of NPOE>chloroform>xylene.

Study on the kinetic properties of phosphor in deoxycholate aggregates by phosphorescent quenching methodology

Owing to the unique molecular structure and aggregate behaviors in aqueous solution, dihydroxy bile salts can provide phosphorescent probe with a special microenvironment in which the room temperature phosphorescence of probe can be detected in the presence of dissolved oxygen. It, however, is not very clear how the bile salts work in inducing this kind of oxygen-independent phosphorescence. The present work tries to offer with possible more insights by investigating the particular kinetic behaviors of 3-bromoquinoline (3-BrQ) as probe in sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) aggregate based on phosphorescent quenching methodology. The critical aggregate concentration of NaDC is estimated as about 0.5 mM based on the enhancement of probe phosphorescence. As the functions of quencher Cu 2+ and NO 2 - , the rate constants of various photophysical processes for 3-BrQ are obtained in NaDC solution and full aqueous solution, respectively. In NaDC solution, the quenching rate constant k mq Cu 2 + equals to 1.77 × 10 7 M −1 s −1 k mq NO 2 - 1.62 × 10 6 M −1 s −1. The exit rate k − and entrance rate k + are determined to be 16–46 s −1 and 10 6 M −1 s −1 levels, respectively. The quenching rate constant k q O 2 of dissolved oxygen is estimated as 4.15 × 10 4 M −1 s −1 in air-saturated NaDC solution at 1 atm.