Entire Layer Research Articles

Sika Deer Facial Recognition Model Based on SE-ResNet

The scale of deer breeding has gradually increased in recent years and better information management is necessary, which requires the identification of individual deer. In this paper, a deer face dataset is produced using face images obtained from different angles, and an improved residual neural network (ResNet)-based recognition model is proposed to extract the features of deer faces, which have high similarity. The model is based on ResNet-50, which reduces the depth of the model, and the network depth is only 29 layers; the model connects Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) modules at each of the four layers where the channel changes to improve the quality of features by compressing the feature information extracted through the entire layer. A maximum pooling layer is used in the ResBlock shortcut connection to reduce the information loss caused by messages passing through the ResBlock. The Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function in the network is replaced by the Exponential Linear Unit (ELU) activation function to reduce information loss during forward propagation of the network. The preprocessed 6864 sika deer face dataset was used to train the recognition model based on SE-Resnet, which is demonstrated to identify individuals accurately. By setting up comparative experiments under different structures, the model reduces the amount of parameters, ensures the accuracy of the model, and improves the calculation speed of the model. Using the improved method in this paper to compare with the classical model and facial recognition models of different animals, the results show that the recognition effect of this research method is the best, with an average recognition accuracy of 97.48%. The sika deer face recognition model proposed in this study is effective. The results contribute to the practical application of animal facial recognition technology in the breeding of sika deer and other animals with few distinct facial features.

Strain mapping in interband cascade lasers

A typical interband cascade laser wafer contains more than 2000 multilayers composed of InAs, AlSb, GaSb, and GaInSb. The lattice constants of the three materials except GaSb have a certain degree of mismatch with the GaSb substrate. Therefore, to grow a high-quality epitaxial layer, it is necessary to optimize the growth conditions to achieve strain balance in the entire epitaxial layer. In this work, the strained superlattice structure was characterized via scanning transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. The strain distribution was mapped using geometric phase analysis of high-angle annular dark-field images. We demonstrate that strain compensation has been achieved in both the InAs/AlSb superlattice clad layers and the InAs/InGaSb/InAs W quantum well active region.

領域分割法と簡略化熱源モデルを用いた金属積層造形問題の熱弾塑性解析とバリデーション

The metal additive manufacturing problems can be modeled by the one way coupling problem from a heat conduction to a thermal elastic plastic analysis. It costs a lot of time and temperature steps to analyze the problems. To reduce the numbers of these steps, our previous studies used the balancing domain decomposition method as a parallel strategy, and a simplified heat source model. The model allows to sequentially heat an entire layer one by one, and this process continues until all layers are simulated. However, it was only applied to a simulation of depositing a plate. Thus, this study focuses on applying the model to a shape other than a plate with the balancing domain decomposition method. Especially, a half pipe model was considered. The paper presents how to find parameters of the simplified heat source model on the half pipe model. One of numerical results showed a speedup of more than one hundred times. They were also verified and validated.

SIGN: Statistical Inference Graphs Based on Probabilistic Network Activity Interpretation.

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved superior accuracy in many visual-related tasks. However, the inference process through a CNN's intermediate layers is opaque, making it difficult to interpret such networks or develop trust in their operation. In this article, we introduce SIGN method for modeling the network's hidden layer activity using probabilistic models. The activity patterns in layers of interest are modeled as Gaussian mixture models, and transition probabilities between clusters in consecutive modeled layers are estimated to identify paths of inference. For fully connected networks, the entire layer activity is clustered, and the resulting model is a hidden Markov model. For convolutional layers, spatial columns of activity are clustered, and a maximum likelihood model is developed for mining an explanatory inference graph. The graph describes the hierarchy of activity clusters most relevant for network prediction. We show that such inference graphs are useful for understanding the general inference process of a class, as well as explaining the (correct or incorrect) decisions the network makes about specific images. In addition, SIGN provide interesting observations regarding hidden layer activity in general, including the concentration of memorization in a single middle layer in fully connected networks, and a highly local nature of column activities in the top CNN layers.

Homocysteine promotes migration of adventitial fibroblasts via angiotensin II type 1 receptor activation to aggravate atherosclerosis.

This study clarified the effect of homocysteine on adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) and its relationship with angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). Hyperhomocysteinemia aggravated the plaque area and increased the expression of IL-6, MCP-1, and macrophage infiltration in the plaque and adventitia of the aorta, whereas telmisartan improved this effect. Hyperhomocysteinemia induced the occurrence of the AFs marker protein ER-TR7 in the plaque and entire layer of the aorta, whereas telmisartan improved these effects, indicating that homocysteine induced AFs migration and that AT1R mediated this process. The migration experiments of AFs also reached the same conclusion. Homocysteine increased the phosphorylation levels of PKC and ERK1/2 in the AFs and HEK293A cells transfected with the AT1R plasmid, whereas telmisartan inhibited this effect, indicating that homocysteine activated AT1R intracellular signaling pathway. Homocysteine also increased the AFs At1R expression. Conclusion, homocysteine promoted adventitial inflammation, induced AFs migration, and aggravated atherosclerosis by activating AT1R.

Influence of valve effect on energy efficiency of layer gasdynamic systems

The direction of gas movement and the properties of the granular layer, which must be taken into account in the Darcy-Weisbach formula, have a significant effect on the energy efficiency of gas-dynamic processes in layered systems. The complex form of the regularity of the coefficient of resistance from the content of fine fractions in the layer is justified by the wavy shape of the channels in which the fine fractions are located. However, this phenomenon can be justified by the forced migration of small particles inside the cavities of the layer under the influence of mobile gases. The influence of the mobility of particles during air blowing of separated and mixed granular layers on the coefficient of gas-dynamic resistance is investigated. A smooth decrease in the value of the coefficient with an increase in the air flow rate before the transition of the layer to the fluidization mode was observed for monofraction layers. Fractures, caused by the formation of a low-permeability area due to the placement of small fractions in narrow places between large ones, have been identified for the separated layers. The presence of such a fracture depends on the ratio of particle sizes and their roughness. The increase in pressure under the bed allows the fines to gradually move upward through the voids between the larger fractions. A layer of small balls formed on top and the pressure loss in the entire steel layer is about twice as high as for the separated layer. This is due to the fact that the small balls completely fill the voids between the large pellets and the total height of the column of balls in the channels of the layer has approximately doubled in relation to the initial filling height. In addition, the tortuosity of the channels between large pellets, through which air passes, increases, which contributes to an increase in the gas-dynamic resistance to the layer. An abrupt transition to a "fluidized" bed is observed for a monofractional charge of small balls at a critical gas pressure drop, pressure pulsations occur ±100 Pа and consumption ±0,365·10–3 m3/s. A spontaneous sharp drop in the drop occurs after the formation of geyser channels. The rigid structure of the layer, characteristic of the agglomeration process, ensures uniform movement of gases in the layer, but the valve effect occurs when the content of fine fractions in the layer is more than 3.1 % and increases the energy consumption for the movement of gases in the layer by 30 %. The placement of two or more particles in such cavities between large and retained in them due to friction forces occurs in this case. Elimination of the low-permeability barrier will increase the height of the dormant layer from 400 to 550–600 mm and reduce the consumption of solid fuel of the charge by 10–15 % due to its redistribution along the height.

Study of Atomic Oxygen Airglow Intensities and Air Temperature near Mesopause Obtained by Ground-Based and Satellite Instruments above Baikal Natural Territory

The research studied the comparison of the night air temperatures and the atomic oxygen airglow intensities at the mesopause obtained with satellite and ground-based instruments. Satellite data used in this study were obtained with the SABER limb-scanning radiometer operating aboard the TIMED satellite. Data of ground-based monitoring were obtained using the KEO Scientific “Arinae” Fabry–Pérot interferometer adapted for aeronomic research. Since an interferometer detects parameters of the 557.7 nm line for the entire emission layer, it is not quite appropriate to perform a direct comparison between the upper atmospheric temperature obtained from ground-based observations and that from a satellite at a particular height. To compare temperatures correctly, the effective temperature must be calculated based on satellite data. The effective temperature is a height-averaged temperature profile with the weight factors equal to the 557.7 nm line intensity at relevant heights. The height profile of intensity of this natural green airglow of the upper atmosphere is calculated from the height profile of atomic oxygen concentration. Data on chemical composition and air temperature at the mesopause from SABER were used to calculate the profiles. The night intensity of the 557.7 nm emission obtained from satellite data in this way was in good accordance with the results of ground-based observations, but the temperatures were different. The reason for temperature discrepancy was assumed to lie in the incorrect position of the intensity maximum of the reconstructed emission layer. According to our calculations based on SABER data, the intensity peak was observed at the height of 94–95 km. By shifting it relative to the SABER temperature height profile, we re-calculated the effective temperatures and compared them with the interferometer data. The best coincidence between seasonal temperature variations obtained using the proposed method was achieved when the maximum of the reconstructed 557.7 nm intensity height profile was shifted to 97 km, but it could not eliminate minor local differences in temperature behavior.

ЗАБУР’ЯНЕНІСТЬ ПОСІВІВ І ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ 5-ПІЛЬНОЇ СІВОЗМІНИ НА ФОНІ РІЗНОЇ ІНТЕНСИВНОСТІ ОСНОВНОГО ОБРОБІТКУ ЧОРНОЗЕМНОГО ҐРУНТУ

Formulation of the problem. Crop rotations of modern field agriculture should be developed according to the principle of classical fruit change, which is an important factor in the high productivity of individual crops on different agro-backgrounds, which can be different ways of the depth of the main tillage. Verification of the latter was the main task of our research. Conditions and methodology. Field studies were carried out in a stationary experiment on podzolized chernozem with a 5-field crop rotation with such an alternation of spring crops: soybeans – rapeseed – wheat – oil flax – barley. The experiment compared the effect of plowing and flat-cut loosening at 15–17, 20–22 and 25–27 cm on the weediness of crops, crop yield and the productivity of crop rotation in terms of the yield of feed units and assimilated protein. Research results. It has been established that a significant part of weed seeds after flat-cutting loosening is concentrated in a layer of 0–10 cm, from where, under favorable moisture conditions, it can germinate with the formation of seedlings, which can bloom before cold weather and replenish the stock of weed seeds in the soil. During moldboard plowing, weed seeds are evenly distributed over the entire arable layer, as a result of which it can be half as much in the 0-10 cm layer as after non-moldboard plowing. Therefore, the actual weediness of crops cultivated in crop rotation has always been higher after flat-cutting loosening: soybeans – by 22.1 %, rapeseed – by 72.6 %, and wheat, oil flax and barley – 15.0, respectively; 20.4 and 20.3%. On average for the crop rotation, this increase averaged 25.2 % over three years. A decrease in the depth of cultivation also caused contamination of crops, and its deepening as a whole in the crop rotation had a positive effect on the cleanliness of crops from weeds. The level of weediness of crops of cultivated crops at the beginning of the growing season should be considered a determining factor in the formation of the productivity of these crops due to the presence of a strong and very strong correlation between these indicators. Wheat was the most productive in terms of the yield of feed units, and soy was the most productive in terms of the yield of digestible protein. This applied to both methods or techniques of the main processing, and individual crops against the background of plowing had an advantage in both productivity indicators over flat-cut loosening. The productivity of crops and crop rotation was higher against the background of deep cultivation compared to medium and shallow cultivation. Conclusions. The use of flat-cut loosening instead of moldboard plowing, as well as a decrease in the depth of both methods of processing, is accompanied by a significant increase in the contamination of crops. As well as a decrease in the yield of the main products and a noticeable decrease in the productivity of a 5-field crop rotation in terms of the yield of feed units and assimilated protein.

Layer-by-layer processed binary all-polymer solar cells with efficiency over 16% enabled by finely optimized morphology

Optimal active layer morphology is a prerequisite for high-efficiency all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). Herein, we report that the vertical phase separation as well as microstructures of the polymer donor and acceptor can be finely optimized in layer-by-layer (LbL) processed all-PSCs. By using 1-chloronaphthalene as the solvent additive during the deposition of the polymer acceptor in the top layer and applying thermal annealing on the entire active layer, bulk-heterojunction like morphology with favorable vertical composition distribution, improved lamellar ordering of the polymer donor (PBDB-T), and the formation of polymer fibrils of the polymer acceptor (PYT) have been realized simultaneously. This favorable morphology led to greatly enhanced exciton splitting efficiency, reduced trap density, improved charge transport, and suppressed charge recombination loss. As a result, the LbL processed all-PSCs of PBDB-T/PYT afforded a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.05%, which is one of the highest PCEs for binary all-PSCs. Moreover, a fill factor (FF) of 0.77 has been obtained, which is the highest value for all-PSCs based on polymerized small molecule acceptors up to date. This work demonstrates an effective strategy for morphology optimization of LbL processed all-PSCs, which will greatly contribute to efficiency breakthrough.

Implicit Solvation Methods for Catalysis at Electrified Interfaces.

Implicit solvation is an effective, highly coarse-grained approach in atomic-scale simulations to account for a surrounding liquid electrolyte on the level of a continuous polarizable medium. Originating in molecular chemistry with finite solutes, implicit solvation techniques are now increasingly used in the context of first-principles modeling of electrochemistry and electrocatalysis at extended (often metallic) electrodes. The prevalent ansatz to model the latter electrodes and the reactive surface chemistry at them through slabs in periodic boundary condition supercells brings its specific challenges. Foremost this concerns the difficulty of describing the entire double layer forming at the electrified solid–liquid interface (SLI) within supercell sizes tractable by commonly employed density functional theory (DFT). We review liquid solvation methodology from this specific application angle, highlighting in particular its use in the widespread ab initio thermodynamics approach to surface catalysis. Notably, implicit solvation can be employed to mimic a polarization of the electrode’s electronic density under the applied potential and the concomitant capacitive charging of the entire double layer beyond the limitations of the employed DFT supercell. Most critical for continuing advances of this effective methodology for the SLI context is the lack of pertinent (experimental or high-level theoretical) reference data needed for parametrization.

MUSEUMFICATION OF EVERYDAY LIFE: EVERYDAY LIFE AS A SPACE OF MEMORY OF A BYGONE AGE

The article is dedicated to the artistic and philosophical reflection on the everyday life of the communist era in the novel «The Museum of Unconditional Surrender» («Muzej bezuvjetne predaje», 1996) by Dubravka Ugrešić.The main attention is paid to the museumfication of elements of everyday life of the former Eastern bloc countries (SFRY, USSR in particular), i.e. transformation of material traces of the communist past into museum exhibits.After the fall of communist regimes in the Eastern bloc countries, and the disappearance of some of these states from the world map, entire layers of garbage and material remnants, including utilitarian objects accompanying the bygone everyday life, have remained. As long as the communist era has gone, the traces of its everyday life have acquired new meanings, associated with memory and nostalgia. These meanings define a new hypostasis of everyday objects: their hypostasis as museum exhibits.A world-famous Croatian writer Dubravka Ugrešić witnessed the formation and the breakup of Yugoslavia. In the novel«The Museum of Unconditional Surrender», written during her voluntary exile in Berlin, she depicts the museumfication of communist everyday life, revealing its new, metaphysical sense.The artistic world of the novel is organized within the metaphor of museum, which is emblematic for the postmodern philosophical and aethetical paradigm. The main action takes place in Berlin. Being a shelter for countless refugees and emigrants form the former socialist states, this city is seen as a total museum. Its dwellers repeatedly refer to themselves as to «walking museum exhibits». Thus, not only things, but also people get museumficated as remnants of a bygone era.The Museum of the Unconditional Surrender of the German Armed Forces, which gave the title to the novel, stands as a symbol of repressive mechanisms of the collective memory, promoting the coherent ideological metanarrative of the official history. Dubravka Ugrešić is aimed to deconstruct the museum as an ideological body, depicting some alternative storages of memory in the novel.First, it is the so-called «home museum» – a private collection of disordered photos and everyday things from the past. Besides, there are Berlin landfills and flea markets where things and people from the disappeared countries are found together. These alternative «museums» accumulate the uncoherent, subjective, heterogenic memory of the past. Such memory opposes the coherent metanarrative of a classic public museum.Looking through the different aspects of collective memory materialized in everyday objects, the article analyzes the relation between garbage and cultural memory, trivial objects and art, as well as the writer’s conception of museum.

Tunable Single-Atomic Charges on a Cleaved Intercalated Transition Metal Dichalcogenide.

Control of a single ionic charge state by altering the number of bound electrons has been considered as an ultimate testbed for atomic charge-induced interactions and manipulations, and such subject has been studied in artificially deposited objects on thin insulating layers. We demonstrate that an entire layer of controllable atomic charges on a periodic lattice can be obtained by cleaving metallic Co1/3NbS2, an intercalated transition metal dichalcogenide. We identified a metastable charge state of Co with a different valence and manipulated atomic charges to form a linear chain of the metastable charge state. Density functional theory investigation reveals that the charge state is stable due to a modified crystal field at the surface despite the coupling between NbS2 and Co via a1g orbitals. The idea can be generalized to other combinations of intercalants and base matrices, suggesting that they can be a new platform to explore single-atom-operational 2D electronics/spintronics.

Wide-field swept source optical coherence tomography evaluation of posterior segment changes in highly myopic eyes.

To investigate the features in the posterior pole of highly myopic (HM) eyes using a wide-field high-resolution swept source optical coherence tomography (SS OCT). This observational cross-sectional study involved 262 eyes of 139 patients, who were diagnosed as HM and had consecutively been examined by SS OCT in the Ophthalmology Department of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital between March 2019 and December 2019. The characteristics of OCT images were documented and analyzed. In our study, SS OCT could demonstrate the entire layer of the choroid and detect the sclera in all eyes. The mean subfoveal retinal/choroidal/scleral thickness were 204.84 ± 119.86 μm, 92.80 ± 75.78 μm and 394.734 ± 123.09 μm, respectively. 138 eyes (52.67%) had posterior precortical vitreous pocket. Myopic foveoschisis was detected in 110 eyes (41.98%), and significantly associated with the presence of posterior staphyloma. 36 eyes (13.74%) had DSM in our study, of which 8 eyes (22.22%) showed a round dome, 16 (44.44%) were horizontal oval-shaped, 9 (25%) were vertical oval-shaped and 3 (8.34%) were oblique oval-shaped. Both SFCT and SFST were inversely and significantly associated with age and refractive errors. Macular neovascularization was significantly correlated with intrascleral vessels. Different deformation of the sclera and posterior staphyloma were vividly identified on SS OCT images. This study provided a relatively comprehensive picture of posterior pole in HM eyes. Such good visualization of ocular fundus provided by wide-field SS OCT could be useful for the therapy option, disease condition monitoring and pathogenesis investigation.

Effectiveness of the shear strength ratio as an indicator of moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures

In this study, the use of shear strength ratio (SSR) in analysing asphalt mixture’s susceptibility to moisture was investigated and verified. Three surface and two base mixtures were considered for the asphalt mixture to be tested. Indirect tensile and uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted in the laboratory to obtain the mixtures’ shear properties. The SSR in the asphalt concrete (AC) layer was determined for six types of pavement structure with varying asphalt thicknesses. Even though the results of SSR agree with the result of tensile strength ratio (TSR) for the two base mixtures, the SSR values of the three surface mixtures are significantly different while the TSR values are similar, thus, SSR is more sensitive to moisture effect than TSR. Furthermore, the Model Mobile Load Simulator (MMLS3) was conducted on different types of compacted slabs. It was found that the results of MMLS3 and SSR show a good correlation for both surface and base mixtures. This proves the effectiveness of SSR as an indicator for evaluating the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures for the entire AC layer.

Evaluation of the effect of structural defects in the heat-shrink cable terminal on electric field distribution

Cable terminals are used for the connection of high voltage underground cables to busbars and transmission lines. Various defects may occur in cable terminals used as Heat-Shrink or Cold-Shrink. As a result of these defects, fires and long-term power outages may occur due to the breakdown of the cable terminal depending on partial discharge. Consequently, human life losses and economic losses are inevitable. In this study, a heat-shrink cable terminal with 36 kV phase-to-phase operating voltage randomly failed while measuring power quality parameters in the field is examined. In this context, it is aimed to examine the root causes of the failure in the field with the finite element method according to different design and structural defect situations. For this purpose, the cable terminal was modeled in real scale in Ansys Electronics Suite finite element software in line with the data received from the manufacturer. According to the analysis results, especially in case of peeling the entire outer semiconductor layer on the XLPE and partial peeling of the outer semiconductor layer on XLPE increases electric field significantly compared to the reference design. In addition, the thickness and relative permittivity changes of the critical elements used in the cable terminal affect the electric field distribution. According to the results of the analysis performed, the defect situations that could be the root cause of the failure was determined. Also, the effect of other defective situations was understood and reliability analysis was made.

Bifurcated Current Sheet Observed on the Boundary of Kelvin-Helmholtz Vortices

On May 5, 2017 MMS observed a bifurcated current sheet at the boundary of Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices (KHVs) developed on the dawnside tailward magnetopause. We use the event to enhance our understanding of the formation and structure of asymmetric current sheets in the presence of density asymmetry, flow shear, and guide field, which have been rarely studied. The entire current layer comprises three separate current sheets, each corresponding to magnetosphere-side sunward separatrix region, central near-X-line region, and magnetosheath-side tailward separatrix region. Two off-center structures are identified as slow-mode discontinuities. All three current sheets have a thickness of ∼0.2 ion inertial length, demonstrating the sub-ion-scale current layer, where electrons mainly carry the current. We find that both the diamagnetic and electron anisotropy currents substantially support the bifurcated currents in the presence of density asymmetry and weak velocity shear. The combined effects of strong guide field, low density asymmetry, and weak flow shear appear to lead to asymmetries in the streamlines and the current-layer structure of the quadrupolar reconnection geometry. We also investigate intense electrostatics waves observed on the magnetosheath side of the KHV boundary. These waves may pre-heat a magnetosheath population that is to participate into the reconnection process, leading to two-step energization of the magnetosheath plasma entering into the magnetosphere via KHV-driven reconnection.

Autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis plus peripheral blood concentrate (AMIC+PBC) in chondral defects of the first metatarsophalangeal joint.

Chondral restoration in chondral defects of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP1) using autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis plus peripheral blood concentrate (AMIC+PBC). Chondral defects MTP1. Acute infection. Thigh tourniquet. Medial approach. Tenolysis of all tendons, arthrolysis, synovectomy. Bursectomy in case of bursitis. Resection osteophytes, optional cheilectomy. Debridement of chondral defects until surrounding cartilage stable. Microfracturing with 1.6 mm K‑wire. 15 cc peripheral venous blood harvested with double lumina syringe. Centrifugation (10 min, 1500 RPM). Aspiration of supernatant including the entire fluid layer directly above the erythrocyte layer (peripheral blood concentrate [PBC]). Chondro-Gide matrix was cut to size and impregnated in PBC 3 min (impregnation). Fixation of the matrix into the chondral defect with fibrin glue (AMIC+PBC). Joint motion to ensure stable fixation. Insertion drainage and wound infiltration catheter. Layer wise closure. Full weightbearing in adressing shoe. Joint motion exercise starting at the day of surgery. The aim of the study was to compare matrix-associated stem cell transplantation (MAST) with AMIC+PBC. Patients who were treated with MAST from October1, 2011 to July15, 2016 (n = 623) or with AMIC+PBC from July17, 2016 to March19, 2018 (n = 230) were included. In all, 480 (89%)/176 (89%) patients (MAST/AMIC+PBC) completed 2‑year follow-up. The average degree of osteoarthritis was 2.1/2.2. The chondral defect size was 0.9/1.0 cm2 on average. Visual Analogue Scale Foot and Ankle (VAS FA) and European Foot and Ankle Society score (EFAS score) improved to 72.4/74.1//16.8/17.1 (MAST//AMIC+PBC) at follow-up, respectively. No parameter significantly differed between the MAST and AMIC+PBC cohorts.

Surface Gravity Wave Effects on Submesoscale Currents in the Open Ocean

AbstractA set of realistic coastal simulations in California allows for the exploration of surface gravity wave effects on currents (WEC) in an active submesoscale current regime. We use a new method that takes into account the full surface gravity wave spectrum and produces larger Stokes drift than the monochromatic peak-wave approximation. We investigate two high-wave events lasting several days—one from a remotely generated swell and another associated with local wind-generated waves—and perform a systematic comparison between solutions with and without WEC at two submesoscale-resolving horizontal grid resolutions (dx = 270 and 100 m). WEC results in the enhancement of open-ocean surface density and velocity gradients when the averaged significant wave height Hs is relatively large (>4.2 m). For smaller waves, WEC is a minor effect overall. For the remote swell (strong waves and weak winds), WEC maintains submesoscale structures and accentuates the cyclonic vorticity and horizontal convergence skewness of submesoscale fronts and filaments. The vertical enstrophy ζ2 budget in cyclonic regions (ζ/f > 2) reveals enhanced vertical shear and enstrophy production via vortex tilting and stretching. Wind-forced waves also enhance surface gradients, up to the point where they generate a small-submesoscale roll-cell pattern with high vorticity and divergence that extends vertically through the entire mixed layer. The emergence of these roll cells results in a buoyancy gradient sink near the surface that causes a modest reduction in the typically large submesoscale density gradients.

BACILLARY LAYER DETACHMENT: MULTIMODAL IMAGING AND HISTOLOGIC EVIDENCE OF A NOVEL OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY TERMINOLOGY: Literature Review and Proposed Theory.

To clarify the histologic basis of bacillary layer detachment (BALAD) through a review of the current literature and an analysis of retinal imaging. The literature for previous reports of BALAD were reviewed. An analysis of retinal images was performed to support anatomical conclusions. A total of 164 unique patients with BALAD on optical coherence tomography (OCT) were identified from the published literature. Twenty-two underlying etiologies, all associated with subretinal exudation, were identified. Forty-one different OCT terminologies were found. The defining OCT feature of BALAD was a split at the level of the photoreceptor inner segment myoid creating a distinctive intraretinal cavity. Resolution of BALAD was followed by a rapid restoration of the ellipsoid zone. Histology of age-related macular degeneration eyes suggests that individual photoreceptors can shed inner segments. Furthermore, detachment of the entire layer of inner segments is a common postmortem artifact. It is proposed that BALAD occurs when outwardly directed forces promoting attachment of photoreceptor outer segments to the retinal pigment epithelium exceed the tensile strength of the photoreceptor inner segment myoid. This review serves to strengthen the OCT nomenclature "bacillary layer detachment," based on specific reflectance information obtained by OCT and previously published histologic observations.

Localizing Phosphoric Acid in High-Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers Using Cryostatic Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy

Phosphoric acid serves as a proton conductor in high-temperature PEM fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs). The Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) consists of a phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane sandwiched between two gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). During cell activation, phosphoric acid percolates from the membrane into the GDEs. Thereby, the acid should distribute homogeneously over the entire catalyst layer to ensure sufficient proton conductivity. Understanding phosphoric acid distribution in the porous GDE is essential to achieve high-performing HT-PEMFCs.The phosphoric acid distribution in HT-PEMFC GDEs was previously investigated using impedance spectroscopy combined with the distribution of relaxation times analyses1. This study shows the significant impact of the catalyst nanostructure on phosphoric acid distribution. Additionally, NMR experiments indicate the wetting of the nanometer-sized pores when a GDE comes in contact with liquid phosphoric acid2. Employing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), different types of gas diffusion layers were evaluated3. A gas diffusion layer with smaller pore sizes was identified to increase the acid migration out of the cell. Furthermore, a uniform phosphoric acid distribution in both catalyst layers was determined with electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) after operating a HT-PEMFC cell for 12,000 h4.In this work, the phosphoric acid distribution within GDEs is determined employing cryostatic focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (cryo FIB-SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). By combining these methods, the location of phosphoric acid can be directly linked to the morphology of the catalyst layer.In-house fabricated spray-coated GDEs were assembled to an MEA and heated up to operating temperature to simulate the cell activation. After five days, a typical activation period, the cell was disassembled. Thereby, the cathode GDE was separated from the membrane. The GDE was submerged in liquid nitrogen to prevent redistribution of phosphoric acid. This method allows handling phosphoric acid under UHV conditions.Phosphoric acid could be detected both on the surface and in the bulk of the catalyst layer (Figure 1). It was found that the acid invades mainly the nanometer-sized pores, not the larger, micrometer-sized pores. These experiments confirm earlier results, which predicted preferential wetting of smaller pore walls using NMR experiments1. The acid can reach the catalyst particles housed inside nanometer-sized pores and contribute to the electrochemically active surface area of the cell.References N. Bevilacqua et al., J. Power Sources Adv., 7, 100042 (2021).E. Zhang et al., Chem. Commun., 57, 2547–2550 (2021).A. Kannan, Q. Li, L. N. Cleemann, and J. O. Jensen, Fuel Cells, 18, 103–112 (2018).Y. Oono, A. Sounai, and M. Hori, J. Power Sources, 210, 366–373 (2012). Figure 1