Different Types Of Enterprises Research Articles

Problems of Regional Identification of Production Losses from the COVID-19 Pandemic and their Solutions in the System of International Statistical Standards

Purpose of research.Analysis of the information capabilities of the methodology of the UN national accounts system as amended in 2008 to solve the problems of regional identification of production losses from the COVID-19 pandemic. The coronavirus infection pandemic caused a decline in production in almost all types of economic activity. The Russian government has identified a strategy to counter the extraordinary economic crisis triggered by the pandemic. The range of addressees of anti-crisis measures of the executive branch in the sectors of producers is determined, at the federal and regional levels, according to the main type of activity declared during registration, in accordance with the approved list of codes of the Russian National Classifier of Types of Economic Activity for the types of activities that are most affected by the pandemic and self-isolation regime. The approved list of such types of activities over the past 2 months has been repeatedly adjusted by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the recommendations of experts and proposals of business-structures, in order to ensure the highest efficiency and targeted state support for manufacturers. Ensuring targeted state support during optimization of the federal resources distribution between regions - is an urgent task that requires accurate regional identification of production losses from the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the solution of this problem is significantly difficult in relation to the activities of multi-regional producers - enterprises that carry out production simultaneously in several territories of the Russian Federation. This is due to the characteristics of the organization system of statistical accounting of resources and production results in the enterprise sector. The paper considers the possibility of assessing the gross value added at the regional level for the aggregate of local producing units, grouped by the type of economic activity, based on methodological principles harmonized with international standards and guidelines of the current version of the national and regional accounts system and provided with resources of official (state and administrative) statistics of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods.The research information base was made up of official statistical sources: metadata and international statistics guidelines in the field of subnational accounting, methodological provisions and an album of ROSSTAT forms, as well as methodological materials of administrative statistics of the Federal Tax Service (FTS) and the Social Insurance Fund. The methodological basis of the study was the United Nations system of national accounts as amended in 2008, including the European system of regional accounts as amended in 2010.Results.The paper analyzes the principles of the European system of regional accounts, which are useful to use in Russian statistics for adequate accounting of the activities’ results of multiregional enterprises at the place of actual production and methodological approaches to assessing the number of such enterprises and the results of their production at the subnational level are proposed. The results obtained will allow us to estimate the loss of multiregional enterprises of different types of activity from the decline in production as a result of the ban on interregional relations during the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to determine the recipients of state support for enterprises in the regions. In particular, the proposed indicator for reducing the regional GVA for the most affected by the quarantine measures activities can be used as a condition for the allocation of funds as part of overcoming the consequences of the pandemic. The application of the proposed methodology in calculating the gross value added at the place of actual production for the aggregate of geographically separate divisions of multiregional enterprises will increase the targeting and effectiveness of state support for enterprises and entrepreneurs affected by the consequences of the spread of coronavirus infection, and will optimize the distribution of federal resources between regions, which is a prerequisite for successful overcoming “coronacrisis”.

Measures Implemented by Local Authorities, Particularly in the Sphere of Spatial Policy, and Its Impact on Setting Up and Developing Companies – Opinions Comparison

Abstract Research background: The development of business on a local level depends on a variety of factors, which as is often the case are shaped by the local authorities. An example of activities carried out by local governments in order to help develop businesses is the management of the spatial resources in a given municipality in such a way as to facilitate starting and developing companies. Purpose: The principal objective of this study has been to identify how local authorities and businessmen perceive the role of conditions associated with the municipality’s spatial policy in terms of starting and conducting a business. Research methodology: The research results rely on primary data acquired by conducting a survey based on a questionnaire designed by the authors. Results: The results permitted to demonstrate differences and similarities among the opinions of our respondents concerning factors linked to the spatial policy of a municipality that have an impact on decisions to set up and develop companies. Among the location factors, the most important ones, according to both local governments and businessmen, were the state of the local infrastructure, such as IT, transportation, communication, waterworks and sewers, power supply. Novelty: The confrontation of the replies provided by local authorities and by entrepreneurs concerns spatial policy, and the territorial scope of the research covering the whole of Poland, the different types of enterprises from various branches are the innovative element of the study.

Asymmetric impacts of the policy and development of green credit on the debt financing cost and maturity of different types of enterprises in China

Green credit plays an increasingly important role in promoting environmentally friendly enterprises and limiting polluting enterprises by regulating the flow of social capital to strengthen environmental governance and promote green production in society. Taking China as an example, this paper surveys the asymmetric impacts of the policy and development of green credit on the debt financing cost and maturity of different types of enterprises. It uses the fixed effect model based on the Hausman test and the mediating effect analysis method to quantify the panel data of 52 green enterprises and 81 high-pollution and high-emissions (referred to as “two-high”) enterprises in China from 2001 to 2017. The findings are as follows: (1) both green credit policy and green credit development increase the debt financing cost of “two-high” enterprises, but they reduce the debt financing cost of green enterprises; (2) green credit policy and the development of green credit reduce the debt financing maturity of “two-high” enterprises, while they have little impact on the debt financing maturity of green enterprises; (3) the impact of green credit policy on enterprise debt financing cost and maturity occurs partly through the development of green credit; and (4) with respect to the debt financing cost and maturity, enterprises in economically developed regions are more strongly affected by green credit than those in economically underdeveloped regions. The conclusions will help the government, banks and enterprises make their environmental protection and financing decisions.

Property rights protection, environmental regulation and corporate financial performance: Revisiting the Porter Hypothesis

To study the applicability of the Porter Hypothesis to Chinese manufacturing enterprises from a property rights perspective, we match the financial data of all A-share manufacturing companies listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges of China from 2008 to 2016 with the marketization index compiled by Wang et al. (2017), and test the empirical relationship between environmental regulation and corporate financial performance using a fixed effects model. We find that: First, the Porter hypothesis per se is not supported in China’s manufacturing sector, and environmental regulation often lowers manufacturing enterprises’ financial performance. Second, property rights protection has a positive impact on corporate financial performance, and a good property rights environment can mitigate the negative impact of environmental regulation on corporate financial performance by inducing corporate innovations. Third, property rights protection exhibits differential extent of its moderating effect on the relationship between environmental regulation and enterprise performance across different types of enterprises in terms of their ownership natures and the regional economic development level of their geographic locations. All of our main results survive several robustness checks that we performed. We confirm that Porter hypothesis in general is not applicable for China’s manufacturing enterprises at present, but the moderating effect of property rights protection is steering the relationship between environmental regulations and corporate financial performance towards the path of Porter hypothesis, thereby in the future a win-win situation of environmental protection and corporate financial performance improvement may be achieved.

Evaluating the System of Managing Efficiency at the University Catering Center

The university catering center is a complex dynamic system, which includes catering enterprises of different types. The work of the catering center focuses mainly on technology of product output and organization of customer service. At the same time insufficient attention is paid to the efficiency of catering center functioning in the structure of university and to performance of social and economic functions put on it. It gives rise to problems typical to the current system of catering center management. As these problems are not adequately studied, it causes high expenses of catering center maintenance, the use of outdated, inefficient organization of production and sale. The author identifies and analyzes problems of catering center functioning in university, evaluates the system of managing its efficiency as a structural division of university. The article shows key factors influencing the efficiency of its work, such as 'vague' legal status, the absence of planning and planned figures, unavailability of a single control center, monitoring expenses on raw materials and product and service sale and others. The author puts forward certain ways of increasing the catering center profits and material incentives for workers, for example, enlarging the range of products and service, which could raise proceeds and income.

Study on the Impact of Withdrawal of Subsidy Policy for NEV Enterprises and Coping Strategy

Against the backdrop of rapid withdrawal of the NEV subsidy policy, the paper has built a calculation model to evaluate the price increase pressure upon NEV under different levels. The study has found that BEVs are confronted with greater pressure of price increase than their plug-in hybrid counterparts, and SUVs will get rid of price increase pressure more quickly than sedans. In response to the upcoming non-subsidy era, enterprises are actively planning strategies such as building high-end brands, building product platform, conventional energy vehicles and new energy vehicle sold on different networks, surrendering part of the profits, joint promotion by governments and enterprises, innovative business models, etc. At last, the study has also proposed different strategic suggestions for different types of enterprises.

PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF MARKET ENVIRONMENT DISTORTIONS

Further changes and improvement of the conditions necessary for the development of economy, market and institutional environment should be based on gradual institutional transformations of the most important spheres of social relations, taking into account all the peculiarities of functioning of enterprises of different types of economic activity and forms of ownership. The regulation of the market environment should be based, first of all, on an institutional approach by creating an adequate support mechanism and stimulating its development. The purpose of the article is to formulate the methodological bases for the study of institutional aspects of market environment disortion on the basis of predictive analysis and institutional engineering. The authors summarize that the institutional environment has certain rules of behavior for the subjects of the socio-economic system, which reduce uncertainty in the functioning of this system, and also contribute to the growth of welfare of members of society. It has been determined that, both formal and informal, they must promote the effective functioning of economic processes and represent social value and productive force in socio-economic development in themselves, forming such a resource of society as social capital, which supplements and regulates the use of physical and human capital. The availability of social capital reduces the amount of transaction costs and, accordingly, the number of services for monitoring and controlling the behavior of participants in the economic process. It is proposed to conduct research based on predictive models of forecasting manner, that is used to predict the income and expenses of the subject and its future status. The overall macro-factor analysis of market distortions has made it possible to determine that the most comprehensive analysis of the elements of the institutional environment is carried out by the World Bank, with the help of several groups of indicators: the first group includes political liberties and political stability, the second one isthe efficiency of governance and the quality of regulatory activity, and the third one is the rule-of-law assessment of the quality of compliance of the human rights, property rights. It is also possible to determine the dynamics of the efficiency of government in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Predictive analysis of the market environment allowed us to consider institutional changes, both through the prism of quantitative analysis of economic agents and qualitative factors of influence (the perfection of rules, time interval for their implementation, etc.). Also, it allowed to analyze the disparities in the market environment from the point of view of trajectories formed by gradual changes and trajectories that have certain "breaks", jumps or "institutional shocks". The authors present the characteristics of the results of a predictive analysis of institutional development. It is generalized that the final assessment of institutional changes and their effectiveness can only be determined after their implementation. Pre-forecasting gives a plausible estimate of the effectiveness and a predictable estimate of chreodity of the development option. It also proposes the introduction of institutional engineering as an activity aimed at developing models of economic institutions that are consciously and purposefully introduced into the market environment and mass economic behavior. The main problem lies in the development of such rules and principles of activity, the adherence of which would contribute to the effective solution of those problems for which they were created.

Tariff Reduction and Environment: Evidence from CAFTA and Chinese Manufacturing Firms

In the context of anti-globalization and trade wars (especially between the US and China), China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA) now plays a prominent role in many aspects. In this paper, we investigate how import tariff reduction in CAFTA affects the importers’ pollution emissions, using the firm-level data of Chinese manufacturing from 2002 to 2007. The mechanisms of import tariff reduction in CAFTA on pollution emissions are divided into technique, composition and scale effects. Our results indicate that import tariff reduction in CAFTA on final goods is conductive to importers’ pollution reduction, whereas that on intermediates significantly aggravates importers’ pollution emissions. Moreover, import tariff reduction has heterogeneous impacts on different types of enterprises in terms of industries, ownership, and region. Our results also find that the state-owned importers’ emissions can hardly be affected through technique, composition and scale effects.

Problems of accounting and reporting of intangible assets through accounting methods

Introduction. Constant changes in the economy require the development of a system of accounting, which requires constant improvement of its methodology. Nowadays, the companies’ value growth is due to the increase in the share of intangible assets. Therefore, it is relevant to conduct research that will highlight the problems of accounting and reporting of such assets of the enterprise through the accounting methods and outline ways to solve them. Objective. The paper aims at studying the methods of accounting, disclosure of their nature, determining the impact on accounting and the formation of reporting indicators in the IAs and goodwill in accordance with the requirements of the applicable law. Methods. The research methodology is based on the study of the state of the statutory regulation of accounting of intangible assets through a critical analysis of the content of normative documents. The identification of problematic issues was determined through a quick survey and questionnaire of the chief accountants of the companies’chief accountants. Methods of comparison and grouping were used at all stages of the study, and the results were summarized at the final stage.Results. It is stated that the it is necessary to consider all methods that contribute to the accounting development but not only the specific ones. A simulation method will allow to build accounting models to represent and use elements of the method of accounting in current accounting, educational and scientific processes, as well as well as to fulfil plans and set accounting estimates. The necessity of development of new methodological recommendations for documentary provision of primary accounting of intangible assets of all types with generalization and improvement of existing forms of primary documents is substantiated. It is substantiated that the inventory should take into account the characteristics and nature of certain types of intangible assets to determine the approach to verification. The necessity of choosing a prudent approach to the revaluation of intangible assets at fair value and the appropriateness of the cost model in many cases is disclosed. The necessity of elaboration of Methodological recommendations for the formation of the cost of intangible assets in the context of calculation items for enterprises of different types of economic activity, or more detailed disclosure of this issue in PAS 8, is revealed. Prospects. It is necessary to carry out research in the field of improvement of accounting methodology, including intangible assets through the prism of such elements of the method of accounting as accounts, double-entry, and balance sheet.

How does environmental regulation promote technological innovations in the industrial sector? Evidence from Chinese provincial panel data

Promoting technological innovations by environmental regulation is one of the essential means to achieve green transformation. This study investigates the effect of environmental regulation on technological innovations based on the provincial panel data of industrial sectors in China during the years 2005–2015. The two-way fixed-effect panel data model is used to investigate the marginal and heterogeneous impacts empirically. Results indicate a U-shaped relationship between environmental regulation and technological innovations. In the short-term, environmental regulation has an “offsetting effect” on the research and innovation capacity of China's industrial sector. However, with the deepening of environmental regulation, it forces the industry to reduce the cost of pollution control by improving technological innovation capacity, thus creating a “compensation effect”. Results also show that environmental regulation policies changed the location and industry selection of foreign capital, which weakened the positive effect of FDI on technological innovations, indicating the “pollution shelter” effect. From the perspective of different types of enterprises, due to the higher cost of energy conservation and emission reduction, environmental regulation is detrimental to the technological innovations of state-owned enterprises. In particular, we find that industries with a higher degree of market competition and higher human capital investment tend to have stronger technological innovation capabilities.

Efficiency of managing liabilities of enterprises of different types of economic activities

The article substantiates approaches to making decisions of obligations management in the conditions of increasing the assets by types of economic activity in Ukraine. The possibility of using correlation-regression analysis to determine the most favorable variations (in relation of density) between the effective indicator (types of assets) and production factors (types of liabilities) has been proved. A method of analyzing the operating environment is applied to identify the shortest possible reduction in current and long-term liabilities and maximize the volume of current assets. It was found that (i) the most efficient type of economic activity due to the increase in current assets in Ukraine was administrative and support service activities (0.90), the least efficient – agriculture, forestry and fisheries (0.47); (ii) education and training activities (0.93) are the most effective types of economic activity due to reduce liabilities, and health and social assistance (0.44) are the least effective. The results of the study can be used in planning the sustainable development of different types of economic activity.
 Key words: liabilities, assets, types of economic activities, entities, profit, efficiency, Ukraine.

Efficiency of Managing Liabilities of Enterprises of Different Types of Economic Activities

The article substantiates approaches to making decisions of obligations management in the conditions of increasing the assets by types of economic activity in Ukraine. The possibility of using correlation-regression analysis to determine the most favorable variations (in relation of density) between the effective indicator (types of assets) and production factors (types of liabilities) has been proved. A method of analyzing the operating environment is applied to identify the shortest possible reduction in current and long-term liabilities and maximize the volume of current assets. It was found that (i) the most efficient type of economic activity due to the increase in current assets in Ukraine was administrative and support service activities (0.90), the least efficient – agriculture, forestry and fisheries (0.47); (ii) education and training activities (0.93) are the most effective types of economic activity due to reduce liabilities, and health and social assistance (0.44) are the least effective. The results of the study can be used in planning the sustainable development of different types of economic activity.
 Keywords: liabilities, assets, types of economic activities, entities, profit, efficiency, Ukraine

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ HR-МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ В УМОВАХ ПАНДЕМІЇ

Today, many entrepreneurs are in a pandemic environment that requires quick decisions in a short period. Managers need to remotely monitor and motivate staff to perform their duties, monitor the health of each employee, and create safe working conditions. Therefore, understanding what and how to do will help to optimize the process of personnel management and the enterprise as a whole, make it convenient not only for managers but also for the staff of the organization. Thus, the purpose of the article is to substantiate the need for the formation of areas of personnel management in a pandemic and recommendations for the protection of personnel and activities of the enterprise from the effects of quarantine conditions. The following general and special research methods were used to solve the set of tasks: statistical and comparative analysis (determination of deviations in the dynamics of unemployment of the population and labor force by sex, type of area and age groups, as well as staff turnover by type of economic activity); classifications (grouping of issues-challenges faced by organizations, personnel and HRmanagers, as well as definition of basic directions of joint work of HR and business on work with consequences of development of pandemic COVID-19); analogies (determining the possibility of adapting the quarantine conditions of personnel management for enterprises of different types of economic activity). The proposed areas of personnel management in a pandemic and recommendations for the protection of personnel and activities of the enterprise from the effects of quarantine conditions can be used by enterprises of various economic activities (including restaurant and hotel business, trade).

Property Rights Protection, Environmental Regulation and Corporate Financial Performance: Revisiting the Porter Hypothesis

To study the applicability of the Porter hypothesis to Chinese manufacturing enterprises from a property rights perspective, we match the financial data of all A-share manufacturing companies listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges of China from 2008 to 2016 with the marketization index compiled by Wang et al. (2017), and test the empirical relationship between environmental regulation and corporate financial performance using a fixed effect model. We find that: First, the Porter hypothesis per se is not supported in China’s manufacturing sector, and environmental regulation often lowers manufacturing enterprises’ financial performance. Second, property rights protection has a positive impact on corporate financial performance, and a good property rights institutional environment can mitigate the negative impact of environmental regulation on corporate financial performance by inducing corporate innovations. Third, property rights protection exhibits differential extent of its moderating effect on the relationship between environmental regulation and enterprise performance across different types of enterprises in terms of their ownership natures and the regional economic development level of their geographic locations. All of our main results survive several robustness checks that we performed. We confirm that Porter hypothesis in general is not applicable for China’s manufacturing enterprises at present, but the moderating effect of property rights protection is steering the relationship between environmental regulations and corporate financial performance towards the path of Porter hypothesis, thereby in the future a win-win situation of environmental protection and corporate financial performance improvement may be achieved.

Strategic Alternatives Formation for Organizational and Economic Development of Enterprises in Socio-Cultural Sphere

Introduction. The relevance of the article is due to the current tendencies of rapid development of business processes and the search for universal and effective strategic mechanisms for more effective functioning of social-cultural sphere. Purpose and methods. The purpose of the article is to carry out a thorough theoretical analysis, systematization and generalization of scientific provisions on strategic management problems in order to find universal strategic solutions for enterprises in the context of tourism. Scientific analysis is carried out by methods of analysis and synthesis, situational, analytical, comparative and statistical. Results. The multifaceted views of scientists on the concept of “strategic alternatives” are considered. The statistical analysis of the dynamics of the development of the tourist services market in Ukraine is carried out. The role of strategic indicators in the activity of enterprises of the social-cultural sphere through the lens of tourism enterprise is investigated. The interdependence of strategic alternatives and strategic goals of enterprises is proved. Conclusions and discussion. Strategic indicators are one of the most important indicators of the activity of enterprises, the results of which most effectively demonstrate the effectiveness of implementing the current strategy or strategic alternatives. The criteria for selecting strategic indicators, which are universal and can be used by enterprises of different types in the social-cultural sphere, have been systematized. The scientific novelty lies in the argumentation of the interdependence of strategic alternatives and strategic goals on the example of the tourism industry enterprise and the modification of the multi criteria approach to the choice of strategic indicators of organizational and economic development of enterprises. The practical importance of the study in bringing in the level of specific methods and recommendations of a flexible, adaptive mechanism for the formation of strategic alternatives and their optimization.

ПІДХОДИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ СИСТЕМ ПІДТРИМКИ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ РІШЕНЬ ЯК КОМПОНЕНТИ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ В УМОВАХ РИНКОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

This article describes how to use decision support systems as components of an organization's information support in a market economy. The paper identifies a number of problems that can only be solved by sharing modern conceptual provisions of management theory and information technology.The article focuses on the need to create methodological support for the organization of a multilevel system of information flows aimed at supporting decision-making at the enterprise with use. It is necessary to build the scheme of organization of information flows inside the enterprise so that at all stages of decision making the manager could receive information from all contours of information flows inside the enterprise, and not only from the corporate database of the enterprise information system. The combination of existing theoretical and decision-making methods with the correct organization of information is proposed, when different information flows for the manager are formed from the same data set as a result of systematization, allowing to concentrate on finding the optimal alternative for decision-making. Emphasis is placed on the need to create methods for constructing the communication and information structure of decision-making mechanisms. The paper indicates the need to explore the potential potential knowledge that can be gained, to combine them with the existing typology of methods and models, by determining which class of tasks they belong to. The problem of developing methodological foundations for building structures that provide the flow of knowledge flows from data warehouses through KDD systems to the relevant decision support systems at decision points is updated. The key issues that underlie the methodological approach to research and build mechanisms for coordinated development of information resources and decision support systems based on these information resources are outlined. Approaches to solving the presented problems are offered and the requirements for the developed methods are substantiated. Using a methodological approach, specific methods, models and procedures can be developed for different types of enterprises and DSS.

ACCOUNTING LAW IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA - SITUATION, PROBLEMS AND DECISIONS

The scientific research examines the productions included in the new Accounting Law adopted in 2015 and their impact on reporting in the Republic of Bulgaria. To this end, the requirements for current accounting and accounting systems in enterprises, for accounting documents and accounting information, for inventory of assets and liabilities have been studied; to the storage of accounting information; to the application of the financial reporting base; to the content and preparation of the financial statements, the activity reports and the payment reports to the governments of the enterprises and groups of enterprises; to conducting the independent financial audit and the publicity of the financial statements, the activity reports and the payment reports to the governments of the enterprises and groups of enterprises, as well as to the heads of the different types of enterprises. In addition, the scope of the entities applying the requirements of the Accounting Act and the principles according to which they evaluate and recognize the positions presented in the financial statements have been analyzed. The positive aspects of the new Accountancy Act and its weaknesses are also outlined. On this basis, concrete solutions to the identified problems were proposed, signaling to the legislator the need for adequate timely legislative changes in the following more significant directions:First. To eliminate the identified gaps and to resolve the discussion issues in the texts of the Accounting Act in force, as well as in the whole accounting legislation in order to achieve a high degree of synchronization with the requirements of the applicable accounting standards and the European Union, as well as high quality accounting information created for management and external data users.Second. To regulate through appropriate legal texts the activity and its accounting treatment in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, which are the majority of the enterprises in the Republic of Bulgaria.Third. To carry out in-depth research in the field of accounting practices and standardization of accounting in other countries of the European Union and beyond, in order to select and apply in Bulgaria the best practices and experiences.Without claiming comprehensiveness and comprehensiveness, the present scientific work aims to draw attention to the outstanding issues in the current Accounting Act with a view to their faster effective resolution.

Does the government credit guarantee promote micro, small, and medium enterprises? Evidence from Indonesia

To address the well-known credit rationing problem for the micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), this article studies the effects of government credit guarantees (GCGs) on the growth of MSMEs in Indonesia. This article utilizes the latest MSMEs survey data over the period 2010–2013 reported by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics and applies the panel fixed effect regression model at both the industry aggregate and enterprise levels. The regression results reveal that GCGs are positively associated with the growth of MSMEs at the industry aggregate level, and such influence becomes stronger in the year following the loan receiving year. Among the different types of enterprises, GCGs are found to be positively and significantly associated with the value addition of the small and medium enterprises in comparison to the micro enterprises that have shown no relationship between GCGs and enterprise value added. Also, GCGs tend to provide significant benefits to the industries that have a higher dependency on external finance, and to the small enterprises, in particular. This article suggests that the GCGs can be considered as an alternative to collateral to unlock the desired level of finance to the small and medium enterprises. Also, it can be a powerful policy instrument to address the credit rationing and underinvestment problem recognized by Stiglitz and Weiss and Myers and Majluf in emerging economies.

Modern tendencies of the administrative accounting introduction using world experience

The article is devoted to the research of foreign experience of organization and management of accounting in enterprises. Today, significant changes in the conditions of the economy, which occur in the country’s economy, require improving the quality of information used to make managerial decisions. An important stage in the study of managerial accounting of enterprises is the study of world practice of its formation. The principal advantages and disadvantages of the main management accounting systems are analyzed and the most typical problems that arise in modern conditions when introducing management accounting in Ukrainian enterprises are shown. The ways of solving these problems, which are a prerequisite for successful work and survival of enterprises in conditions of free competition, as well as the growth of their economic potential, are proposed. The international experience in using managerial accounting in enterprises of different types of economic activity is studied and generalized in the system of the basic principles. The concept of integral information of managerial accounting is generalized and the model for obtaining it to make timely management decisions by the management of enterprises is created.

A Research on the Impact of the Social Security Payment Burden on the Survival Risk of Chinese Enterprises

For a long time, most enterprises in China’s market are facing a greater withdrawal risk, and their average life span is relatively short. The impact of the social security payment burden on the survival risk of enterprises has been a hot topic of social concern. Based on the theoretical analysis, this paper examines the impact of the social security payment burden on the survival risk of Chinese enterprises and its mechanism by using the method of propensity score matching and Cox proportional hazard model. The results show that under the condition of other factors unchanged, the increase in the social security payment burden will have a U”-type effect on the market exit risk rate of enterprises, which will be reduced first and then increased. This is due to the combined effect of social security contributions on the scale of labor investment in enterprises and the promotion effect on labor output. Specifically, in the low-burden stage, improving the level of social security contribution will help to promote the efficiency of labor output and reduce the risk of withdrawal; but when the social security burden of enterprises exceeds the optimal rate, if we continue to increase the social security burden, it will restrain the investment of enterprises in labor force, which will lead to the increase of the risk of withdrawal of enterprises. The optimal social security contribution rate (calculated by total corporate social security contributions/total wages payable”) is about 20.28% on average. Different types of enterprises have different tolerance to the social security burden. On average, small and medium-sized enterprises are less able to bear the social security burden than large enterprises; new enterprises are less able to bear the social security burden than long-term enterprises. Based on these findings, this paper argues that it is necessary to reduce the statutory social security premium rate of enterprises in China, because the statutory social security premium rate of enterprises in most regions is more than 25%. But at the same time, the implementation of the social security policy needs to be strengthened, because many enterprises in China have not paid social security fees in full, and the average actual social security premium rate is far lower than the statutory rate. In addition, this paper also puts forward other policy suggestions to help to reduce the survival risk of enterprises.