English Phrases Research Articles

Speech kinematic variability in adults who stutter is influenced by treatment and speaking style

AimWe tested whether completion of the Comprehensive Stuttering Program (CSP) is associated with a reduction in speech kinematic variability relative to pre-treatment when adults who stutter (AWS) use a casual speaking manner or fluency skills. RationalKinematic variability is higher in AWS suggesting a sensorimotor vulnerability; however, it is not clear whether high variability is a trait related to the underlying disorder or reflects the mutable state of stuttering. Speech restructuring intervention such as the CSP could support more consistent articulatory control and stable movement patterns. MethodologyThirteen AWS were tested before and after completing the CSP while 11 adults who do not stutter (AWNS) completed a single session. Participants were instructed to use a casual manner of speaking in the first post-treatment session. In the second post-treatment condition, the AWS employed their fluency skills at a control speaking rate. An optical tracking system captured lower lip movements while participants spoke two English phrases and a complex nonword. Across-utterance kinematic variability was measured using the spatiotemporal index (STI) and within-utterance variability was measured with recurrence quantification analysis (RQA). ResultsThere was a positive treatment outcome based on significant reductions in percentage syllables stuttered (%SS) during speaking and reading, decreases in stuttering severity and improved perceptions of stuttering and communication confidence. The STI of the AWS decreased significantly after treatment for both speaking styles. The RQA variables indicated that AWS used a less stereotyped and more flexible manner of speaking in the casual condition after treatment, but speech movement regularity increased when using fluency skills. ConclusionsThe AWS showed a significant decrease in labial kinematic variability alongside a successful treatment outcome involving speech restructuring and cognitive behavioral techniques. These changes in across-utterance and within-utterance kinematic indices demonstrate that effective stuttering treatment can promote speech motor stability along with fluent speech.

International Trade English Phrases and Grammar Translation

With the frequent occurrence of international trade communication, in order to improve the quality of communication, this paper proposes a study on the translation of international trade English phrases and grammar. First, with the help of a rectangular window function, the composition principle of international trade English phrases is determined. Then, the horizontal feature aggregation point method is introduced to build a mathematical model of the characteristic identification of the English phrases. Finally, the sparse matrix representation of the source phrase is constructed to complete the extraction and preprocessing of the English phrase features. The input English sentence is converted into the output sentence, the form and POS factors of the English semantic translation are extracted, and a lemma is introduced to obtain the surface form of international trade English language factors. According to the international trade grammar analysis method, this paper decomposes the translation model, decomposes English sentences into small phrases for translation, and completes the research on international trade English phrase and grammar translation. The experimental results show that this method has high accuracy in the feature extraction of international trade English phrases, and the error rate is low, which is feasible.

An Analysis of Translation Shift of Adjective Phrases in the Subtitle of 2019 Movie “Jumanji: The Next Level”

The research aims to identify the translation shift and describe the equivalence of adjective phrases found in the Jumanji: The Next Level movie and its subtitling. To get the analysis result, translation shift proposed by Catford (1965) and degree of equivalence proposed by Bell (1991) are used in this research. The research is conducted by using descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the data and total sampling technique. The data of this research are 104 English adjective phrases taken from Jumanji: The Next Level movie and their subtitles in Indonesia that is translated by Pein Akatsuki. The results of this research for the types of translation shift are 2 level shift, 59 structure shift, 19 class shift, 22 unit shift, and 2 intra system shift. Meanwhile, the result for the equivalence are 64 complete meaning, 3 increased meaning, 26 decreased meaning, and 11 non equivalent meaning in the category of different meaning. This current research explores adjective phrase that has not been much discussed by other scholars.

Using Muted-Video Enactments to Develop Sociolinguistic Awareness

Silent films have long been shown during language classes to ease contextual and pragmatic acquisition. Equally empowering, muted videos are commonly used to help students to learn culture-laden and fixed expressions. They report to appreciate and enjoy using visual cues to understand and then appropriately use unfamiliar language ,and especially to cope with novel situations such as job interviews. This study analyses students’ voiceover responses to a series of muted videos shown during their participation in an oral communication skills course intended to develop their sociolinguistic awareness. The researchers wanted to know the extent to which students benefited from the muted video task. A mixed method design was used to identify the most common challenges learners face with when using culture-laden expressions. Both self-developed, online pre and post-test, and focus group interviews were used as data collection tools. The participants, selected according to the convenience sampling method, were students studying at an English-medium state university in Turkey and taking a compulsory oral communications-oriented English course. Afterwards, participants were seen to have developed sensitivity towards using context-bound fixed phrases. The research data was also useful in helping to pinpoint common challenges for learners when using contextually fixed phrases in English.

Syntactic Configuration of Code-Switching between Indonesian and English: Another Perspective on Code-Switching Phenomena

Code-switching, an alternation or mixing one language with another, has been an unmarked phenomenon for a multilingual society. In Indonesia, this phenomenon nowadays lives and thrives among the people. This study discusses the syntactic configuration of code-switching between Indonesian and English in terms of switched segments, points, and changing types. The study is descriptive qualitative in nature. The data comprise 25 recording hours of natural speech produced by 119 Indonesians in 4 types of interaction: seminars, meetings, TV dialogues, and chitchats conducted in six metropolitan cities—Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar. The sample drawn purposively comprises 550 switching discourses consisting of 666 switching corpora. It is found that nouns serving as subjects, predicators, objects of verbs, and prepositions to be the most dominant switched segments. A switch between Indonesian noun phrases and English noun phrases, Indonesian verbs or prepositions, and English objective noun phrases, Indonesian conjunctions, and English conjoined noun phrases or clauses is the most popular switched points, and intercausal switching including intraporal and interlexical switching is the most frequent switching type of code-switching between Indonesian and English. ANOVA Friedman’s test confirms that these patterns are the same among the four types of discourses, implying that such a syntactic configuration of Indonesia-English code-switching is universally applicable to any situation and type of interaction. In conclusion, the domination of nouns indicates that the syntactic configuration of Indonesian-English code-switching mainly occurs at minor constituents such as within a clause, phrase, and word boundaries. This demonstrates that code-switching between Indonesian and English is more likely to occur intrasentential rather than intersentential, which is the most popular anywhere in literature.

Developing Tourist Information Materials in the Course of Teaching a Foreign Language to Students Specializing in Tourism.

The issue of making the city of Zhytomyr attractive to visitors from Ukraine and abroad is directly related to the resources available for tourists. Despite the rich cultural heritage, having no tourist information office, the city cannot provide its visitors with information materials, tourist information and other resources required to promote the city. Therefore, there is a current need to teach and prepare future managers in the sphere of tourism who are capable of developing the materials for tourists and presenting them in the way to draw visitors to Zhytomyr and the region.
 The article is aimed at defining the scope of knowledge and skills to be acquired by students specializing in tourism management in order to develop information boards and materials for English-speaking tourists. For that purpose the author develops the project task that takes students through the stages of developing an information board for tourists; compiles the list of most common words and phrases in English to be used in the tourist product developed by the students; and develops the framework of local heritage knowledge to be internalized by students specializing in tourism management.
 The suggested project stages are as follows: 1) gathering and analyzing information on local heritage and logistics; 2) acquiring language material, analyzing English-speaking resources for tourists to ensure proper linguistic appeal of the final product; 3) developing information materials for tourists (selecting the subject matter, categorizing information, developing the textual matter and design); 4) Preparing and presenting the information board for tourists visiting Zhytomyr.

NLP-based Sign Gesture Identification for Disabled People

There are many methods for identifying signs, each of which generates a word for each one. It focuses on converting sign language into an appropriate English sentence. NLP techniques are also used in addition to sign recognition. The input is a framed and split video of sign language. This booklet teaches deaf and mute people sign language. It's tough for non-blind persons to engage with blind people due to communication difficulties. To address this issue, the article suggests and describes an effective method. Language technology methods such as POS tagging and the LALR parser are used to convert identified sign words into English phrases. A number of applications are currently on the industry that allow blind people to interact with the world. Combining technology will not be able to address the problem of mobile sign language translation in daily activities. A video interpreter can assist deaf or hearing-impaired people in a variety of situations. People with hearing impairments will be able to learn sign language and have films translated into sign language as a consequence of this research. The present work may be used as a communication interface for both speech-impaired and non-speech-impaired individuals. It will assist bridge the communication gap between speechimpaired people and the rest of the population by capturing and analyzing signals, as well as recognizing and displaying output in the form of comprehensible phrases.

Confounded Dwelling: Architectures of Association in W. G. Sebald’sAusterlitz

Confounded Dwelling: Architectures of Association in W. G. Sebald’s<i>Austerlitz</i>

The Analysis of Two Components English Statements with the Translated Morpheme КАРТ-

Abstract. Nowadays the technical students’ interest in linguistic studies during English language classes in general and concerning land management in particular is being actualized in the context of defining metacommunicative markers as utterance boundaries for the formation of a terminological compound nest.The purpose of this article is to describe the practical experience of analyzing the features of two-component phrases with translated morpheme “карт-“ (hereinafter – DSMK) being based on the analysis of foreign scientific sources on land management according to the defined algorithm. The results of the study are presented in seven conclusions. The first conclusion is the expediency of students' analysis of phrases on land management according to the defined algorithm: to review the sources for the presence of the most common morphemes with high derivation potential and to be convinced of the expediency of studying a certain selected morpheme, to write down existing Ukrainian phrases with the required morpheme, assigning a specific number, spread terminological foreign phrases by blocks by structural features, to analyze according to other related characteristics for further generalization-collection of information from each block (according to the reliability of translation, the presence of proper names and numerical values, in relation to the land management industry, by the correspondence of the number of components of the Ukrainian and English variants and by the frequency of use in the educational texts and own statements of future land managers). The second conclusion is the expediency of taking into consideration the phrases with the translated morpheme “карт-“, as 108 varieties of stable English clichés were found. The third conclusion is the assignment of two-component attributive-nominative English phrases without additional conjunctions or prepositions to those that have an extremely high derivational potential to attract the translated card morpheme - in 99 varieties with a parallel assignment of two-component clichés with an additional preposition of or in / on connectors to those that have low derivation potential in only 9 varieties. The fourth conclusion is the assertion that the majority of DSMK with a significant quantitative advantage deals with the narrow specialization in cartography in contrast to the indirect being used in general thematic texts. The fifth conclusion is that the DSMK is more prone to the expected translation (74:34 ratio), although more than a third of these clichés should be guided by official translation options. The sixth conclusion is to determine the very low relevance of DSMK to proper names and numerical values and to a slightly higher percentage of DSMK with different number of components in the Ukrainian and English versions of the translation. The seventh conclusion is the fixation of the presence of DSMK in the educational texts and own statements of future land managers in the ratio 27:81, which proves the sufficient frequency of use of the translated morpheme “ карт-“ in regular phrases in the professional speech of future land managers, but not decisive. The prospect of further research is to describe the experience of the analysis of multicomponent constant clichés with a translated morpheme “карт-“ according to the proposed abovenamed algorithm.

British-American Contrasts in the Use of the Past Perfect: Negotiating Ambiguity versus Redundancy?

AbstractThe present study provides an empirical analysis of British-American contrasts in the overall use of the past perfect as well as its functional distribution. Studies on variation according to national variety report a decline of the past perfect spearheaded by American English (cf. Elsness, J. 1997.The Perfect and Preterite in Contemporary and Earlier English(Topics in English Linguistics 21). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyte; Bowie, J., S. Wallis, and B. Aarts. 2013. “The Perfect in Spoken British English.” InThe Verb Phrase in English. Investigating Recent Language Change with Corpora, edited by B. Aarts, J. Close, G. Leech, and S. Wallis, 318–52. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 348; Yao, X., and P. Collins. 2013. “Recent Change in Non-present Perfect Constructions in British and American English.”Corpora8 (1): 115–35: 121f.). However, these findings still await an explanation as to possible motivations for the decline. The present study is able to provide novel insights by taking the semantic functions of past perfect structures into account (anteriority, backshifting in indirect speech, hypothetical past). A functional quantitative and qualitative analysis of newspaper corpora comprising 112 million words (27 million British English and 85 million American English) reveals that the overall decline results in a reduction of redundant information at the cost of potential ambiguity. Finally, our findings will be related to the four dichotomies of British-American differences outlined in Rohdenburg and Schlüter (2009 “New Departures.” InOne Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English(Studies in English Language), edited by G. Rohdenburg, and J. Schlüter, 364–423. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 421), i.e. progressiveness, formality, consistency and explicitness.

The usefulness of graphic illustrations in online dictionaries

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to investigate the usefulness of different illustration formats in online English learners’ dictionaries for the accuracy and speed of meaning comprehension as well as immediate and delayed retention. In a controlled online experiment, the meaning of selected English words and phrases had to be explained with the help of purpose-built monolingual dictionary entries. Four experimental conditions were created, which reflected the presence and format of illustrations in the entries: color pictures, greyscale pictures, line drawings, no illustrations. Meaning retention was checked immediately after exposure and two weeks later. The results show that it is worthwhile to include illustrations in online learners’ dictionaries and suggest the most beneficial illustration formats. Line drawings prove the most recommendable; they considerably improve meaning comprehension, reduce reception time, and stimulate the best immediate and delayed retention. Color pictures emerge as the second best. They produce results comparable with those for line drawings, except they do not help so much to remember meaning in the long run. Entries with greyscale pictures are the least recommendable. They do not contribute more to meaning comprehension and delayed retention. Yet, they even shorten reception time and help users to remember more words immediately after exposure.

Using Voice Recognition in E-Learning System to Reduce Educational Inequality During Covid-19

During the COVID -19 pandemic, educational institutions around the world faced problems that have to do with the frustration of students for whom traditional education has been replaced by the online format. Students are experiencing technical difficulties in the digitalization of education. International monitoring of education systems has shown that quite a few countries were ready to move to distance learning, both for technical and economic reasons. The covid pandemic has caused an increase in educational inequality. Elearning systems were expected to reduce inequality in education, but empirical research has shown that learning in this format not only does not reduce, but can increase inequality, increasing the gap in educational outcomes between students with different socioeconomic status. The article describes applications of using voice recognition technology based on artificial intelligence which, by our opinion, may reduce educational inequality during covid-19. We presented a comparative analysis of existing examples artificial intelligence in the educational process. Artificial intelligence uses in specialized software it makes educational process more convenient for both the students and the teachers. There is a description of an application “Academic phrase bank" developed by author. The application consists of two specialising actions for Google assistant. The application allows to increase academic vocabulary, train of creating grammatically correct academic expressions, and memorize templates of academic phrases. In active mode, this application helps to create correct phrases of academic English and improve the abilities of understanding English speech.

SOUNDS ELISION BY TAIWANESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN PRONOUNCING ENGLISH PHRASES

The study aims to figure out the phonological variations of sounds elision realized by Taiwanese university students in pronouncing several English phrases. Eight native Taiwanese students were chosen to support the analysis of the study. They consisted of 8 males and 8 females from the college of humanities and literature of Chung Chen University and from the faculty of foreign languages of Asia University, Taiwan. The study used a descriptive qualitative design. According to Ary, Jacob and Sorensen (2010), qualitative researchers seek to understand a phenomenon by focusing on the total picture rather than breaking it down into variables. The goal is a holistic picture and depth of understanding rather than a numeric analysis of data. After analyzing the data, it was found that the pronunciation of the elision of initial /h/, final /t/ and final /d/ sound realized by the Taiwanese university students were varied. Some still pronounced them and some elided them.

Engaging EFL Students in English Phrases of Academic Writing: How and Why?

Academic writing has played a significant role for academicians including EFL students in academic context. Indeed, it needs study and practice to upgrade this skill since academic writing is not really easy particularly for novice writers. This paper reports the importance of engaging EFL students in English phrases of academic writing to help them improve their academic works. Further, this study reports the EFL students’ responses to the practice of English academic phrases. This study anchors in a qualitative research. Data were garnered through in-depth interviews to ten students of English Department at Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus. Besides, a documentation was conducted to enhance their academic writing works. The results revealed that engaging EFL students in English phrases of academic writing has been beneficial for introducing work, referring to literature, describing methods, reporting results, discussing findings, and writing conclusions. Further, they become more familiar with a number of English phrases used in academic writing. Importantly, they become more encouraged to write academic papers and improve their publication.

Development of a Scale to Measure Infant Eating Behaviour Worldwide.

In order to create a short, internationally valid scale to assess eating behaviour (EB) in young children at risk of undernutrition, we refined 15 phrases describing avidity or food refusal (avoidance). In study one, 149 parents matched phrases in English, Urdu, Cantonese, Indonesian or Greek to videos showing avidity and avoidance; 82–100% showed perfect agreement for the avidity phrases and 73–91% for the avoidant phrases. In study two, 575 parents in the UK, Cyprus and Indonesia (healthy) and in Kenya, Pakistan and Guatemala (healthy and undernourished) rated their 6–24 months old children using the same phrases. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) was high for avidity (0.88) and moderate for avoidance (0.72). The best-performing 11 items were entered into a principal components analysis and the two scales loaded separately onto 2 factors with Eigen values > 1. The avidity score was positively associated with weight (r = 0.15 p = 0.001) and body mass index (BMI) Z scores (r = 0.16 p = 0.001). Both high and low avoidance were associated with lower weight and BMI Z scores. These scales are internationally valid, relate to nutritional status and can be used to inform causes and treatments of undernutrition worldwide.

Translation correction of English phrases based on optimized GLR algorithm

Abstract Basic syntactic analysis refers to sentence-level syntactic analysis. In the process of developing the Mat Link English–Chinese machine translation system, the Generalized Maximum Likelihood Ratio algorithm was improved, and a basic English syntax analyzer for English–Chinese translation was designed and implemented. The analyzer approves the structure of the analysis table with a variety of export products, introduces the character mapping function to realize the automatic recognition of the sentence boundary, uses the children of the same level to describe the grammatical structure of the sentence, and realizes the proverb from the original sentence to the target sentence stage conversion. Finally, through the analysis of example sentences, the design concept and working process of the basic grammar are explained.

Prepositional Phrases in English as Phases of the Weak Kind

A phase is an instance of derivation or “spell out’’ of a chunk or whole of a sentence construction. It is standardly assumed that only complementizer phrases and little v(erb) phrases are phases, and tense and verb phrases are not phases. Other categories such as determiner phrases and applicative phrases have been tested positive for phases. However, no claim is made about the status of prepositional phrases as phases. This paper investigated whether prepositional phrases in English can have the status of a phase as defined in phase theory. It was hypothesised that prepositional phrases are phases of the ‘weak’ kind. To determine the phase status of prepositional phrases, the method of standard phase diagnostics tests such as computational complexity, phonological independence, semantic independence, and case checking, and theta completeness were used. It was found out that computational complexity is not a valid test to test prepositional phrases for phasehood. While prepositional phrases bear very strong evidence to be labelled phases with respect to phonological independence, PPs fail to be phases in the case of semantic independence, and case checking and theta completeness. Given these findings, it was concluded that prepositional phrases in English are phases of the ‘weak’ kind. A sample of sentence constructions in English selected by the author and borrowed from the existing literature were used for the tests to draw conclusions. The study is expected to help better understand and analyze the cognitive processes involved in the acquisition and production of the English language specifically and any language in general.

English Borrowings in the Russian and Chinese Languages in the Sphere of Trade

The article examines the linguistic and cultural phenomenon of borrowing English words in the Chinese and Russian languages in the commercial sphere as a consequence of the growing influence of English in the context of globalization. Today English has become common in every country, and more and more people are beginning to speak English. Sometimes this interest is prompted by a desire to explore international culture and to travel. However, with increasing frequency, the knowledge of English is seen as necessary for professional work, because English has become a universal tool of communication in business, commerce, and international trade. This phenomenon of Anglicization is definitely present both in China and Russia, and the article looks at the vocabulary sphere which is especially vulnerable to bor-rowings: that of commercial and trade terminology. The article gives a review of phonetic borrowings from English into Chinese and Russian, focusing on the specific character of borrowings in Chinese in connection with peculiarities of the script and sounds. It also presents respective examples of borrowings in the sphere of trade, seeks to understand why English terms are borrowed into both languages, and introduces the classification by K. Palmgren which includes commercial borrowings. The author recognizes that both China and Russia are somewhat concerned about the impact of English on their languages, feeling that the increased influx of English words and phrases may pose a threat to their future development and even potentially slow it down. The influence of English on modern Chinese and Russian languages is undoubtedly significant, and, with current policy, aimed at integration into the world economy, this influence is only expected to grow. In the context of increasing commercial connections between the countries, Anglicisms continue to replace the Russian vocabulary. However, it primarily concerns the vocabulary of trade and commerce, while in daily communication English borrowings are used much more rarely. Thus, the author concludes that, although there is a tendency toward fully replacing Russian trade and commercial terms with those of English origin and, in all probability, this tendency will only be expanding, such penetration of Anglicisms into separate spheres doesn’t threaten the integrity of the language system as a whole.

&lt;em&gt;Hello, Ever After&lt;/em&gt;

&lt;em&gt;Hello, Ever After&lt;/em&gt;

Collocational frequency and context effects on idiom processing in advanced L2 speakers.

Multiword expressions have attracted attention recently following suggestions that they are acquired chunk-wise by children in the first language, while adults learning a second language may focus more on individual words within an expression. This is of particular interest for the acquisition of idioms, which are multiword expressions in which the literal meanings of the component words do not (always) directly contribute to overall phrasal meaning, resulting in a figurative interpretation. Figurative meaning access is speeded both by idiom-internal characteristics, like higher collocational frequency, and idiom-external characteristics, like supportive contexts. We examined the relationship between the collocational frequency of idioms' component words and the context in which an idiom is embedded. In a visual world eye-tracking study, advanced nonnative English speakers heard incomplete English phrases embedded within contexts that biased either literal or idiomatic continuations and saw images representing literal or figurative completions, or distractor images. Participants showed higher looks to figurative completions that were at odds with contextual bias, suggesting that integrating frequency information in context in adult L2 users may be overridden when a phrase is figurative. However, higher-proficiency participants showed more successful suppression of inappropriate figurative continuations. These results suggest that idiom conventionality when compared to literal phrases may be a stronger driver of predictive looks than collocational frequency or contextual bias alone, and that sensitivity to contextual fit when processing idioms may still be developing even among very advanced L2 users. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).