Abstract
Code-switching, an alternation or mixing one language with another, has been an unmarked phenomenon for a multilingual society. In Indonesia, this phenomenon nowadays lives and thrives among the people. This study discusses the syntactic configuration of code-switching between Indonesian and English in terms of switched segments, points, and changing types. The study is descriptive qualitative in nature. The data comprise 25 recording hours of natural speech produced by 119 Indonesians in 4 types of interaction: seminars, meetings, TV dialogues, and chitchats conducted in six metropolitan cities—Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar. The sample drawn purposively comprises 550 switching discourses consisting of 666 switching corpora. It is found that nouns serving as subjects, predicators, objects of verbs, and prepositions to be the most dominant switched segments. A switch between Indonesian noun phrases and English noun phrases, Indonesian verbs or prepositions, and English objective noun phrases, Indonesian conjunctions, and English conjoined noun phrases or clauses is the most popular switched points, and intercausal switching including intraporal and interlexical switching is the most frequent switching type of code-switching between Indonesian and English. ANOVA Friedman’s test confirms that these patterns are the same among the four types of discourses, implying that such a syntactic configuration of Indonesia-English code-switching is universally applicable to any situation and type of interaction. In conclusion, the domination of nouns indicates that the syntactic configuration of Indonesian-English code-switching mainly occurs at minor constituents such as within a clause, phrase, and word boundaries. This demonstrates that code-switching between Indonesian and English is more likely to occur intrasentential rather than intersentential, which is the most popular anywhere in literature.
Highlights
In a multilingual society, people are prone to employing more than one language in communication
It is even believed that almost no single country in the world can escape from this phenomenon. is is because the phenomenon covers an interlingual switch, a switch from one language to another, and it covers an intralingual switch, an alternation within one language, for example, from a standard register to a nonstandard one or vice versa or a shift from high-class variety to lower class one or vice versa. is latter case can be found in the Javanese language, a language primarily spoken in Java. is language recognizes three social class varieties: “Ngoko”, “Madya”, and “Krama”
Emilia and Widiadana in “ e Jakarta Post” (July 2, 2000) pointed out that Indonesian people starting from the President of Indonesia to business executives, celebrities, housewives, teenagers, and children are employing English phrases in their daily activities as follows: (i) Guetadi (I had just) LUNCH MEETINGsamabos(with boss)
Summary
People are prone to employing more than one language in communication. Gue mestiketemu (Good for you, I had to see)CLIENT, ada (there was) APPOINTMENT pagi-pagi (early in the morning) This phenomenon has provided sociolinguists with a new and challenging perspective for the study on code-switching in general and Indonesian-English codeswitching in particular. A significant number of studies on codeswitching have focused directly on the linguistic aspects, especially syntactical or grammatical aspects of codeswitching, for instance, to name only a few, Hasselmo [12, 13], Schiegg [14]; Gingras [15]; Amuzu [16]; Timm [17, 18], and Mokgwathi and Webb [19] Such progress has been of outstanding contribution to the studies of code-switching in the world. Indonesian and English. e writer found that studies on code-switching between Indonesian and English have not been extensively explored. us, apart from unpublished papers, there is not much literature on studies on codeswitching between Indonesian and English. erefore, the present study aimed to fulfill such a gap
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