Engine Vehicles Research Articles

Study of an LLC Converter for Thermoelectric Waste Heat Recovery Integration in Shipboard Microgrids

Static waste heat recovery, by means of thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules, constitutes a fast-growing energy harvesting technology on the way towards greener transportation. Many commercial solutions are already available for small internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, whereas further development and cost reductions of TEG devices expand their applicability at higher-power transportation means (i.e., ships and aircrafts). In this light, the integration of waste heat recovery based on TEG modules in a shipboard distribution network is studied in this work. Several voltage step-up techniques are considered, whereas the most suitable ones are assessed via the LTspice simulation platform. The design procedure of the selected LLC resonant converter is presented and analyzed in detail. Furthermore, a flexible control strategy is proposed, capable of either output voltage regulation (constant voltage) or maximum power point tracking (MPPT), according to the application demands. Finally, both simulations and experiments (on a suitable laboratory testbench) are performed. The obtained measurements indicate the high efficiency that can be achieved with the LLC converter for a wide operating area as well as the functionality and adequate performance of the control scheme in both operating conditions.

Islamic religious education learning innovations in strengthening character education in the Industrial Revolution Era 4.0

<p>This research is based on the role of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) subjects in strengthening student character in the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Bantul. In connection with this, this research aims to determine Islamic religious education (PAI) learning innovations in strengthening the character of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Bantul. This research uses qualitative research methods, which are delivered descriptively. Sources of information in this research include school principals, teachers, education staff, and students who participate in learning activities in class XI of the Automotive Light Vehicle Engineering Skills Program (TKRO) at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Bantul. The primary data source is in the form of the words and actions of the subject, which is the focus of the research; the rest is in the form of additional data such as documents, photos, and others. This research concluded that the "Kaizen" method, which originates from Japanese, the Japanese concept of Continuous Incremental Improvement, can strengthen character education and become a PAI learning innovation in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. The "Kaizen" method includes five stages with the prefix "S": Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu, and Shitsuke.</p>

RETROFITTED HYBRID ELECTRIC BIKE

At the mention of global warming, the first thing that comes to mind is an increasing number of vehicles in traffic, as well as exhaust gasses these vehicles emit. To control the emissions caused by gasoline vehicles, we aim to offer a cost-effective and more environmentally friendly way to travel. So, this project describes a modified procedure for a conversion of a specific IC engine vehicle into an electric-powered vehicle. In this project, instead of making a normal electric vehicle, we are converting the existing traditional petrol vehicle into an electric vehicle by using the concept of retrofitting. We are using the chassis of the traditional vehicle and with the help of the BLDC Hub motor, battery set, and controller we are using the set of batteries as an energy source. KEYWORDS: Electrical Vehicles, IC Engine, Retrofitting, Chassis, BLDC Hub Motor, Controller And Batteries.

Thermal management system for stable EV battery operation with composite phase change materials

Li-ion battery has been one of the cornerstone of the mobile era especially given the burst sales of Electrical vehicles (EV) which have eclipsed that of internal combustion engine vehicles over last decade. While extensive advances in smart production and technologies make it booming to the development of EV, there have been frequently reported fatal fire incidents originated from excessive thermal hazards of Li-ion batteries. In this paper, we developed a new Li-ion battery thermal management system, by making use of porous Aluminum structure as skeleton and Phase Change Materials (PCMs) as filler, to maintain its optimal operating temperature below 35 °C within a small tolerance range of ± 1 °C fluctuation by continuous heat absorption and heat release during the phase changes of the PCM. The thermal stress and energy consumption in the internal battery pack caused by temperature fluctuations can thus be reduced, ultimately sustaining the overall functional life span of the battery. We envision that our work will advance the operation of EV battery and incubate a versatile framework ranging from thermal management to battery assembly.

Electric transport as one of the ways to achieve climate neutrality in Europe: Problems of development and legal regulation in Ukraine

The study of ways to improve the regulatory framework for the use of green technologies is becoming increasingly important due to the exacerbating climate crisis, which is prompting a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the gaps in the current legislation on the development of electric transport, as well as to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed changes in this area, which are intended to reduce the adverse impact of transport on the environment. The methodology of the study included formal logical, formal legal, comparative legal, as well as other general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition, a review of the current laws of Ukraine and draft laws submitted to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine aimed at improving the current legislation on electric transport, including the regulation of the use of personal light electric transport. An analysis of current legislation and draft laws submitted for consideration revealed that some laws contain provisions that hinder the development of electric transport, and the adoption of a series of draft laws could negatively affect the economic viability and ease of use of such transport. The study provided recommendations, based on the approaches of EU countries, to promote and motivate drivers to change their internal combustion engine vehicles to electric ones. The study resulted in a series of proposals to address the identified problems and shortcomings of the current legislation. Specifically, the study suggested ways to encourage drivers to change their internal combustion engine vehicle to an electric one, analysed the ways of developing and popularising personal electric vehicles, examined the current state of development of green infrastructure and availability of electric vehicle charging points, and proposed approaches to solving the issue of recycling electric vehicle batteries. The practical value of this study lies in the possibility of further use of the research findings and conclusions drawn therein to address the gaps in current legislation by submitting a draft law with the proposed relevant amendments

RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ACOUSTIC STRAIN GAUGING OF SPLIT JOINTS OF LIQUID ROCKET ENGINES FOR SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES

A review of the results of research, development and implementation of methods and technologies of acoustic strain measurement of split joints of liquid rocket engines for space launch vehicles is presented. A brief description of methods for measuring the incremental time of propagation of ultrasonic longitudinal waves and the ratio of longitudinal and shear wave velocities is given. The description of the developed and enacted GOST R 52889‒2007 “Non-destructive testing. Acoustic method of control of tightening force of threaded joints. General requirements”. Acoustic strain gauges, including those in regular operation at NPO Energomash, are described. A brief description of the specialized program “Acoustic Tensometer” is given, as well as a set of standard samples for performance control and preliminary adjustment of devices and calibration bench. The method of acoustic tensometry based on the ratio of longitudinal and shear wave velocities proposed by the specialists of NPO “Energomash” is described. The application of the method of acoustic strain gauge tightening of detachable joints, along with the improvement of the LPRD production technology, made it possible to completely eliminate leakage and leakage failure.

Predictive sustainability analysis applied to an automotive design case study.

The paper deals with a predictive sustainability analysis applied to the design of automotive components in lightweight perspective. The analysis is conducted through the integration of the traditional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology with tailored forecasting algorithms able to provide a predictive evaluation of Climate Change (CC) by elaboration data contained in commercial environmental datasets. The comparison is referred to the entire Life Cycle (LC) of the system (including production, use and End-of-Life) according to a “from cradle to grave approach”.A medium-class car rear crash management system is used as case study, assessing the potential benefits related to the substitution of conventional steel with 6000/7000 series aluminium alloys, along with other minor design changes. Particularly, the study compares the environmental profile of the two solutions based on the CC impact category in application to both an Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV) and a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV).The results show the potentiality of the proposed methodology, highlighting possible improvements/worsenings: new materials and manufacturing technologies adopted in the lightweight rear crash management system entail contrasting environmental effects depending on LC phases, that is, increased CO2eq in production (around 125% - mainly due to the strong energy intensity of aluminium supply chain) and reduced burdens in use and EoL (primarily provided by component mass reduction). That said, the influence of different boundary conditions on the predictive models is significant only for the electricity produced to energize the BEV configuration, leading to an overall variability of comparison results ranging within 3-30% for the BEV case study.

Clean energy synergy with electric vehicles: Insights into carbon footprint

This study empirically examines the impact of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and clean energy adoption on carbon footprints. With growing concerns over climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the transition to electric vehicles and clean energy sources has gained significant attention as potential solutions. This research investigates the relationship between the adoption of EVs and clean energy technologies and their subsequent effect on carbon footprints. The study applied the Generalised Method Moments (GMM) on the data sourced from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the World Development Indicators (WDI) for the period 2011–2021 covering 27 countries. The findings reveal a strong correlation between the adoption of EVs and reductions in carbon footprints. It shows that a 1 % increase in renewable electricity output would result in a 0.5 % decline in carbon footprints. This implies that, as EV sales increase, the overall carbon emissions from the transportation sector decrease, primarily due to the lower emissions associated with electric vehicles compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Additionally, the study finds that the integration of clean energy sources into the electricity grid further contributes to carbon footprint reductions. The use of renewable energy in charging EVs minimizes the indirect emissions associated with electricity generation. The research concludes that the widespread adoption of EVs and clean energy sources has the potential to significantly reduce carbon footprints and mitigate the impact of climate change. However, it emphasizes the importance of continued technological advancements, increased availability of charging infrastructure, and supportive government policies to accelerate the transition towards a low-carbon transportation and energy system. Therefore, the study highlights the need for collaborative efforts among governments, industry stakeholders, and individuals to foster sustainable practices and achieve a more environmentally friendly future.

Analysis of the impact of exhaust gas emissions on diesel fueled vehicles in view from the year of manufacture (Case study on the Mitsubishi L 300 vehicle)

Air pollution is a condition caused by exhaust gas from motor vehicles operating on the highway. To minimize greater air pollution, the government is making preventive efforts by carrying out regular vehicle emission tests which are currently being carried out targeting transport vehicles. This is triggered by the increasing development of the automotive industry so that every year manufacturers produce these vehicles to meet the vehicle market, especially transport vehicle. With the increase in the number of vehicles every year, this is one of the causes of air pollution, so it needs to be controlled. This research aims to determine the effect of vehicle exhaust emissions on the year of vehicle production, in diesel fueled vehicles. The method used is an experiment using two-way Anova analysis on the results of tests carried out on Mitsubhisi L 300 vehicles with a total of 30 test samples, by testing vehicles produced in 2017 - 2022. The results of the research show that older vehicles will produce gas emissions. tall one. This is in accordance with the results of the ANOVA test which accepts the statement that there is at least one vehicle age that has a significant effect on smoke concentration, so it can be concluded that vehicles with an old age, in this case 2017, have the potential to produce high emission gases, therefore preventive efforts need to be taken. to vehicle engines

A Green Vehicle Adoptions and Its Impediments: A Bibliometric Review

The green vehicle is responsible for considerably lower emissions than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and is one of the important components of meeting global commitments on climate change. However, the consumers’ adoption is far beyond expectations. To this end, this paper contributes to the extant literature on green vehicle adoption and its impediments by assessing the publication trends and network visualization leveraging the bibliometric analysis method. Meanwhile, key research clusters are outlined and visualized to analyse the underlying knowledge structure. The 347 articles collected from the Scopus database were later analysed using bibliometric tools, VOSviewer, and Harzing’s Publish or Perish. The results presented in this paper assist researchers with a structured understanding and knowledge of green vehicle adoption research and its impediments.

Review of Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicles

This paper presents an overview of the status and future prospects of fuel-cell electric vehicles (FC-EVs). As global concerns about emissions escalate, FC-EVs have emerged as a promising substitute for traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. This paper discusses the fundamentals of fuel-cell technology considering the major types of fuel cells that have been researched and delves into the most suitable fuel cells for FC-EV applications, including comparisons with mainstream vehicle technologies. The present state of FC-EVs, ongoing research, and the challenges and opportunities that need to be accounted for are discussed. Furthermore, the comparison between promising proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technologies used in EVs provides valuable insights into their respective strengths and challenges. By synthesizing these aspects, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and facilitate decision-making for future advancements in sustainable FC-EV transportation, thereby contributing to the realization of a cleaner, greener, and more environmentally friendly future.

Fire Risk Mitigation Strategies for Electric and Hydrogen Vehicle Car Parks

As the use of eco-friendly vehicles, such as electric and hydrogen vehicles, is rapidly increasing, the related infrastructure is also expanding, and they have become common in parking areas. The fire safety design of a car park is based on the existing data of internal combustion engine vehicles; therefore, the characteristics of eco-friendly vehicles must be reflected. This study investigated the heat release rate of internal combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles, and hydrogen vehicles using real-scale fire test data and analyzed the effects of curb weight and battery capacity. The fire growth rate and maximum heat release rate of electric and hydrogen vehicles were similar to those of internal combustion engine vehicles, except for the batteries and hydrogen gas, which are the energy sources of electric and hydrogen vehicles, respectively. When ignited from the battery of an electric vehicle, the fire grew rapidly. When the thermally activated pressure relief device was activated in the storage vessel of a hydrogen vehicle, the heat release rate instantaneously increased to 14.5 MW. To improve fire safety in car parks, the curb weight and fire resistance structure must be designed to reflect the increase in plastic interior materials and battery capacity of vehicles, and firefighting facilities must be installed based on vehicles with greater fire severity.

DROWSINESS AND ALCOHOL DETECTION USING ARDUINO

Accidents on road ways are increasing in our day to day lives. These accidents pose significant threats to human safety and well-being. There are several ways for reduction of accidents. Some of them are Drowsiness detection and Alcoholic detection. By using sensors, communication devices and algorithms, the system aims to identify potential hazards. This abstract presents a comprehensive approach to accident reduction using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Drowsiness Detection System aims to mitigate the risks of drowsy driving and enhance road safety. By utilizing an Arduino microcontroller and various sensors, this system continuously monitors the driver’s vital signs and facial expressions. It analyzes parameters such as eye blink patterns, head movements, and heart rate to accurately identify signs of drowsiness. Upon detecting drowsiness, the system promptly alerts the driver through alarms or visual cues, prompting them to take necessary actions to prevent accidents. This project serves as a vital tool in reducing road accidents caused by driver drowsiness, ensuring safer journeys for all. This project presents the design and implementation of an Alcohol Detection with Engine Locking for cars using Arduino UNO as the MCU (Master Control Unit). The system will continuously monitor level of alcohol concentration in alcohol detection sensor and thus turn off the engine of vehicle if the alcohol concentration is above threshold level. The model will also send the message of whereabouts of the vehicle through SIM900A. The project provides an efficient solution to control accidents due to drunk driving Key Words: Arduino UNO, Sensor Fusion, Real time monitoring, MQ-3 sensor, GPS module, GSM module, Telematics.

Effect of Parameter Modification on Torque Ripple in Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

Electric motors are electromechanical machines commonly used in industry and automotive products. Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) is a synchronous electric motor with a permanent magnet that is often used on electric vehicle engines. However, one of the characteristics of an electric motor with permanent magnet is the existence of torque ripples. The presence of torque ripples in electric motors can cause vibrations in the machine which affect efficiency, structural durability and operating speed. Therefore, it is necessary to make improvements or changes to the motor design to overcome this problem. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of a modification of the electric motor parameter on the torque value in the existing design. Modifications are applied to the existing design with an initial condition of torque ripples of 42.58%. This study modified the air gap, magnet angles, magnet thickness, and opening slot width. Modifications are carried out through a finite element method-based software simulation with the Taguchi method to reduce experimental configurations of design factors from 625 to 25 experiments. Through this research on parameter modification, the results of the analysis show that each modification of the design factor has an influence on the value of torque ripples. From the process of Analysis of Mean (ANOM), it can be seen that wider air gap and slot opening, the smaller torque ripples. Then, the greater magnet rib and thicker magnet cause the greater torque ripples.

Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Electric, Hybrid, and Conventional Vehicles in Bangladesh: A Comparative Analysis

The automobile industry is shifting from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) or electric vehicles (EVs) extremely fast. Our calculation regarding the most popular private car brand in Bangladesh, Toyota, shows that the life cycle cost (LCC) of a Toyota BZ3 (EV), USD 43,409, is more expensive than a Toyota Aqua (HEV) and Toyota Prius (HEV), but cheaper than a Toyota Axio (ICEV) and Toyota Allion (ICEV). It has been found that about a 25% reduction in the acquisition cost of a Toyota BZ3 would lower its LCC to below others. EVs can be a good choice for those who travel a lot. Changes in electricity prices have little effect upon the LCC of EVs. With the expected decline in the annual price for batteries, which is between 6 and 9%, and the improvement of their capacities, EVs will be more competitive with other vehicles by 2030 or even earlier. EVs will dominate the market since demand for alternative fuel-powered vehicles is growing due to their environmental and economic advantages.

Accessing quasi-static impact process by 3D-NPR corrugated metamaterials

The conventional impact process is a quintessential impulse process that causes substantial damage due to the high initial impact force. However, the impact effect can be significantly diminished by making the impulse process quasi-statically by using a three-dimensional negative Poisson's ratio corrugated metamaterial (3D-NPRCM) structure. This paper proposes a novel 3D-NPRCM obtained by folding the 2D-NPRCM. This study examines the crashworthiness properties and impact force of 3D-NPRCM subjected to impact using the finite element method (FEM). The results reveal that the sequential matrix structure has the ability to make impact impulse processes quasi-statically. The effects of various folding angles, arrangements, and geometrical parameters on the properties are also explored. Finally, the 3D-NPRCM is employed in an automobile crash box design. Through axial quasi-static compression simulation, the peak crushing force of the 3D-NPRCM crash box is reduced by 25.374 % from 211.652 kN to 157.946 kN, and the energy absorbed is increased by 23.830 % from 11.259 kJ to 13.942 kJ, compared to the conventional crash box. Through cart lateral impact simulation, the peak crushing force of the 3D-NPRCM crash box is reduced by 18.076 % from 206.9 kN to 169.5 kN, and the compressive displacement is decreased by 9.457 % from 235.8 mm to 213.5 mm. This work presents a novel design proposition for a crash box in vehicle engineering and demonstrates a fresh approach to expand the design of three-dimensional mechanical metamaterials.

Assessment of recent UK fire safety guidance for covered car parks and electric vehicles

Guidance issued by organisations such as fire and rescue services, insurers and governmental bodies across the UK for the fire safety design of covered car parks is changing in response to the projected rapid growth in electric vehicle (EV) use. This new guidance is impacting the provision of parking bays, particularly in residential and mixed-use buildings. This paper considers whether EVs in covered car parks pose a greater fire risk than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) using recent data on the ignition frequency and the burning characteristics of EVs. The recommended mitigating fire safety measures within the new guidance are assessed with a focus on detection, smoke ventilation, sprinkler systems and structural performance as these have the potential to have the greatest impact on a building fire safety design. The paper indicates that the recommendations may not align with available evidence which challenges a balanced approach to fire safety requirements to prevent over-specification that could affect the feasibility of building designs. This paper summarises recent fire safety guidance in the UK on the use of electric vehicles (EVs) in covered car parks. Factors that contribute to the risk posed by EVs are investigated and practical design values for heat release and fire growth are suggested. Key recommended fire safety measures proposed in the guidance have been assessed against existing evidence. The findings are useful to stakeholders involved in the design of covered car parks to allow a balanced approach to their fire safety requirements.

Systematic literature review of urban charging infrastructure planning over time

The transition from Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles to Electric Vehicles (EVs) is imperative to achieve the goal of reducing transport-related greenhouse gas emissions by 90 % in 2050. As urbanization intensifies, vehicle miles in urban environments increase and cities already consume 75 % of global energy, there is a pressing need for efficient charging infrastructure (CI) placement tailored to urban environments. Accordingly, this paper conducts a systematic literature review to outline prevailing research and derive requirements for a future CI model adaptable to urban environments. Analysis of N = 57 studies underscores the necessity for agent-based demand models to capture the intricate behaviors of EV drivers, which are currently underrepresented due to their data-heavy nature (n = 28 flow-based; n = 18 node-based). Furthermore, with a projected surge of 800 % in CI installations in Europe by 2030, strategic placement according to demand and urban-specific requirements is paramount. Still, multi-periodicity considerations are largely absent in current literature (n = 50). Geometric segmentation is presented as a solution to mitigate partial coverage issues. Ultimately, agent-based models, coupled with geometric segmentation, emerge as pivotal requirements for future CI models in urban environments, facilitating the transition to EVs, aligning with emission reduction targets, ensuring resource efficiency, and fostering urban sustainability.

Effect of Amino Silicone Oil-Phosphorylation Hybrid Modification on the Properties of Microcellulose Fibers.

Microcellulose materials are increasingly considered multifunctional candidates for emerging energy applications. Microcellulose fibers (MCF) are a kind of bio-based reinforcement in composites, and their hydrophilic character hinders their wide application in industry. Thus, in the present work, MCF was hybrid-modified by amino silicone oil-phosphorylated to fabricate hydrophobic, thermal stability, and flame-retardant microcellulose fibers for potential application in vehicle engineering. The results showed that the amino silicone oil-phosphorylated (ASOP) hybrid modification could transform the surface property of microcellulose from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and improve the compatibility between MCF and resin matrix. Meanwhile, the ASOP treatment led to the formation of an amino silicone oil film layer on the surface of the microcellulose, which improved the thermal stability of the MCF. Furthermore, the ASOP hybrid modification microcellulose fibers paper (100% microcellulose fibers paper) was transformed from flammable to flame-retardant and showed self-extinguishing behavior after burning under flame for 2 s. The flame-retardant mechanism was attributed to the formation of the char layer in the condensed phase and the production of non-combustible gases in the gaseous phase.

Design and optimization of energy supplying system for electric vehicles by mobile charge stations

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been recommended worldwide as an alternative to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. However, it will be difficult to supply enough energy to EVs using existing fixed charging stations (FCSs) and thus a mobile charging station (MCS) is proposed which has the advantage of being able to quickly and inexpensively provide charging services at any time and place. In this study, an energy supply system using MCS has been designed to verify a business model for South Korea. First, the entire country was divided into eight areas, and the population density center of each district was calculated. Second, BCS candidate sites were selected based on the population density center and EV numbers in each district. Third, by designing a business model, optimization was performed to maximize the overall profit. The result was calculated to meet the constraints such as meeting the local electricity demand and generate an annual profit of 224 million dollars. It is also predicted that this revenue could increase by 1959% by 2035 as the number of EVs increases. These results show that MCS can generate sufficient profits as a business and contribute to reduce carbon emissions.