Integration Of Energy Storage Systems Research Articles

Solution for Post-Mining Sites: Thermo-Economic Analysis of a Large-Scale Integrated Energy Storage System

The intensive development of renewable energy sources and the decreasing efficiency of conventional energy sources are reducing the flexibility of the electric power system. It becomes necessary to develop energy storage systems that allow reducing the differences between generation and energy demand. This article presents a multivariant analysis of an adiabatic compressed air energy storage system. The system uses a post-mining shaft as a reservoir of compressed air and also as a location for the development of a heat storage tank. Consideration was given to the length of the discharge stage, which directly affects the capital expenditure and operating schedule of the system. The basis for the analyses was the in-house numerical model, which takes into account the variability of air parameters during system operation. The numerical model also includes calculations of Thermal Energy Storage’s transient performance. The energy efficiency of the system operating on a daily cycle varies from 67.9% to 70.3%. Various mechanisms for economic support of energy storage systems were analyzed. The levelized cost of storage varies, depending on the variant, from 75.86 EUR/MWh for the most favorable case to 223.24 EUR/MWh for the least favorable case.

A novel multi-port high-gain bidirectional DC–DC converter for energy storage system integration with DC microgrids

Bidirectional converters have often been used in numerous applications like DC microgrids, renewable energy, hybrid energy storage systems, electric vehicles, etc. The paper proposes a novel multi-port high-gain (NMPHG) bidirectional DC–DC converter that supports DC microgrid (DC-MG) applications. The main contributions of the proposed converter are high step-up/step-down conversion gain, multiple input ports, lower switch voltage stress, and lower component count owing to the single converter with multiple input ports for DC microgrid applications. The detailed operational principle, analysis, and design considerations of proposed NMPHG bidirectional DC–DC converters are discussed. Furthermore, the loss analysis, detailed comparison with similar works, and efficiency analysis with non-modalities during forward power flow (LV to HV) and reverse power flow (HV to LV) modes are presented. The efficiency of the proposed converter is found to be 93.8% in forward power flow and 92.9% in reverse power flow modes at rated power. Finally, a hardware prototype of the proposed NMPHG bidirectional DC–DC converters is implemented with 100 W in FPF mode and 200 W in RPF mode with a TMS320F28335 processor and validated with theoretical counterparts.

INTEGRATION OF GRID SCALE BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AND APPLICATION SCENARIOS

Integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into the grid has profoundly gained a lot of attention in the energy domain, coupled with an ever-changing generation profile and dependency on weather conditions, RESs are commonly known to pose security of supply challenges and in case they are not monitored they can cause techno-economic losses and even lead to catastrophic failure of the electrical grids. However, their availability and negligible generation cost make them environmentally friendly when compared to conventional energy sources. For seamless connection of renewables to the grid network, battery energy storage system (BESS) has been suggested in literature, the technology has come to the fore recently, and has found application cases in the utility grid with enhanced functions to participate in both reserve and wholesale electricity markets such as day-ahead and intra-day markets. This technical brief presents various energy storage systems (ESSs) potentially used in large-scale grid networks, which are investigated, and their individual properties are compared, where necessary application areas with examples enabled by constituting material properties are outlined, in the same context their general advantages and disadvantages are given in reference to the specific application cases. In addition, the application of large-scale BESS is explained together with the integration solutions such as use of Virtual Power Plant (VPP) and microgrid.

Feasibility Study of Three-Phase Modular Converter for Dual-Purpose Application in DC and AC Microgrids

The modern concept of a universal converter is intended as a power converter suitable for application in both dc or ac grids using the same external connectors. This novel family was recently proposed to allow an easier integration of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems, interfacing with dc/ac grids and/or loads with a minimum redundancy of power switches and passive elements. This kind of solution and applications are expected to be a reality in the nearest decade, as ac and dc low voltage distribution networks will coexist. Nevertheless, the initial solutions proposed as universal converter were focused on ac single-phase power conversion systems. In this sense, this article proposes and describes a new member of the universal converter family suitable for dc to dc and dc to ac power conversion (both in three-phase three-wire and in three-phase four-wire). The proposed power topology is derived as a modular extension from the single buck-boost bidirectional cell. Its main operation modes (buck and boost) are discussed, and a pulse-width-modulation technique is developed to generate the corresponding switching patterns. The proposed solution is successfully validated in open-loop mode both in simulation and experimentally with a laboratory prototype. The measured efficiency of the power converter was above 97% in the dc to ac mode and around 99% in the dc to dc mode.

Optimal Operation and Market Integration of a Hybrid Farm with Green Hydrogen and Energy Storage: A Stochastic Approach Considering Wind and Electricity Price Uncertainties

In recent years, growing interest has emerged in investigating the integration of energy storage and green hydrogen production systems with renewable energy generators. These integrated systems address uncertainties related to renewable resource availability and electricity prices, mitigating profit loss caused by forecasting errors. This paper focuses on the operation of a hybrid farm (HF), combining an alkaline electrolyzer (AEL) and a battery energy storage system (BESS) with a wind turbine to form a comprehensive HF. The HF operates in both hydrogen and day-ahead electricity markets. A linear mathematical model is proposed to optimize energy management, considering electrolyzer operation at partial loads and accounting for degradation costs while maintaining a straightforward formulation for power system optimization. Day-ahead market scheduling and real-time operation are formulated as a progressive mixed-integer linear program (MILP), extended to address uncertainties in wind speed and electricity prices through a two-stage stochastic optimization model. A bootstrap sampling strategy is introduced to enhance the stochastic model’s performance using the same sampled data. Results demonstrate how the strategies outperform traditional Monte Carlo and deterministic approaches in handling uncertainties, increasing profits up to 4% per year. Additionally, a simulation framework has been developed for validating this approach and conducting different case studies.

Optimal configuration of energy storage system capacity in traction power supply system considering photovoltaic consumption

In order to achieve energy savings and promote on-site integration of photovoltaic energy in electrified railways, a topology structure is proposed for the integration of photovoltaic (PV) and the energy storage system (ESS) into the traction power supply system (TPSS) based on a railway power conditioner (RPC). This paper analyzes the composition and operation principles of this structure. To assess the economic benefits brought by the integration of photovoltaic and energy storage systems, a bilevel optimization model is established, with the objectives of optimizing energy storage capacity configuration and photovoltaic energy integration. The KKT (Karush–Kuhn–Tucker) method is employed to transform the model into a single-layer mixed-integer linear programming model, which is then solved using the CPLEX solver in MATLAB. The research findings indicate that, with the configuration of the ESS, the optimal PV consumption rate achieved is 96.8749%. Compared to a 100% PV consumption rate, the ESS capacity configuration is reduced by 13.14%, and the overall operational cost of the TPSS is at its lowest. The study suggests that the proposed bilevel optimization algorithm can more effectively consider PV consumption, leading to enhanced economic performance of the TPSS operation.

Effect of MXene Nanosheet Sticking on Supercapacitor Device Performance

Supercapacitors have garnered significant interest in recent years due to their high power density, rapid charge/discharge rates, and long cycle life. MXenes, a family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides/nitrides, have emerged as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, one major challenge associated with incorporating MXenes in supercapacitor structures is the occurrence of sticking, wherein individual MXene flakes agglomerate, leading to reduced electrode performance. This review paper discusses various causes of sticking and approaches to preventing it, offering insights into the design and development of high-performance MXene-based supercapacitors. The morphology and size of MXene flakes, flake surface chemistry, thickness, surface area/volume ratio, electrode processing techniques (including solvent selection, additives incorporation, and deposition technology), and environmental factors were shown to be the basic factors resulting in sticking of MXene sheets. Among the strategies to mitigate this challenge, surface functionalization and passivation, integration with polymer matrices or carbon nanomaterials, and electrode processing optimization were considered. Possible paths for optimization and future directions of study, such as novel MXene compositions, understanding of interfaces and electrode–electrolyte interactions, development of advanced electrode architectures, and integration of energy storage systems, were assumed.

Fast Frequency Response for Future Low-Carbon Indian Power System: Challenges and Solutions

India has transitioned from being an energy-deficient nation to an energy-surplus nation. As of July 2023, India’s power system has seen a rapid transformation, with renewable energy, including large hydro, accounting for 40% of the total installed capacity at 177 GW. The ongoing energy transition has not only changed the country’s energy mix but also brought new challenges for system operators. The primary challenge is frequency instability due to the reduction of system inertia and governor-based primary frequency response (PFR) availability by large-scale integration of uncertain renewable energy resources (RES) such as wind and solar photovoltaic generators. Furthermore, the absence of frequency control ancillary services market, inadequate penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and uncertainty of RES generation enhance the complexity of the frequency response services in the Indian power system. In this context, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the frequency response challenges of the future low-carbon Indian power system and underlines the new potential fast frequency response (FFR) services from advanced energy storage and renewable generation technologies. Such FFR services can be swiftly deployed in low-inertia grids through the integration of energy storage systems and inverter-based resources in a shorter span. Modeling of FFR services in security constraint unit commitment (SCUC) can enhance grid resiliency and facilitate high penetration of RES in the Indian power system without loss of frequency stability.

Battery Energy Storage Systems: A Review of Energy Management Systems and Health Metrics

With increasing concerns about climate change, there is a transition from high-carbon-emitting fuels to green energy resources in various applications including household, commercial, transportation, and electric grid applications. Even though renewable energy resources are receiving traction for being carbon-neutral, their availability is intermittent. To address this issue to achieve extensive application, the integration of energy storage systems in conjunction with these resources is becoming a recommended practice. Additionally, in the transportation sector, the increased demand for EVs requires the development of energy storage systems that can deliver energy for rigorous driving cycles, with lithium-ion-based batteries emerging as the superior choice for energy storage due to their high power and energy densities, length of their life cycle, low self-discharge rates, and reasonable cost. As a result, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are becoming a primary energy storage system. The high-performance demand on these BESS can have severe negative effects on their internal operations such as heating and catching on fire when operating in overcharge or undercharge states. Reduced efficiency and poor charge storage result in the battery operating at higher temperatures. To mitigate early battery degradation, battery management systems (BMSs) have been devised to enhance battery life and ensure normal operation under safe operating conditions. Some BMSs are capable of determining precise state estimations to ensure safe battery operation and reduce hazards. Precise estimation of battery health is computed by evaluating several metrics and is a central factor in effective battery management systems. In this scenario, the accurate estimation of the health indicators (HIs) of the battery becomes even more important within the framework of a BMS. This paper provides a comprehensive review and discussion of battery management systems and different health indicators for BESSs, with suitable classification based on key characteristics.

A Hybrid Energy Storage System Integrated with a Wave Energy Converter: Data-Driven Stochastic Power Management for Output Power Smoothing

Beyond solar and wind energy, wave energy is gaining great interest due to its very high theoretical potential, although its stochastic nature causes intermittent and fluctuating power production. Energy storage system (ESS) integration to wave energy converter (WEC) plants represents a promising solution to mitigate this issue. To overcome the technological limits of the single storage devices, the hybridization of complementary ESSs represents an effective solution, extending the operating range over different timeframes. This paper analyzes the benefits of Li-ion battery–supercapacitor hybrid ESS integration into a grid-connected WEC, aiming at smoothing the produced power oscillations. The hybridization concept involves coupling a power-intensive technology, such as a supercapacitor devoted to managing fluctuations at higher frequency, with a battery technology exploited to manage power variations over longer timeframes to mitigate degradation issues. In this study, a multi-objective data-driven power management strategy, based on the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) algorithm, is implemented to minimize power fluctuations in terms of power ramp (representing the power variation between two consecutive values with a 1 s time step), both at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and the Li-ion battery terminals, thanks to the supercapacitor peak-shaving function. The SPSA management strategy, together with a suitable sizing procedure, allows a reduction of more than 70% in the power oscillations at the PCC with respect to those at the WEC terminals, while decreasing battery stress by more than 25% if compared to a non-hybrid ESS consisting of a Li-ion battery. This shows how supercapacitor features can extend battery lifespan when integrated in a hybrid ESS.

Dual-level design for cost-effective sizing and power management of hybrid energy storage in photovoltaic systems

Integration of hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) into photovoltaic (PV) applications has been a hot topic due to their versatility. However, the proper allocation and power management schemes of HESS are challenges under diverse mission profiles. In this paper, a cost-effectiveness-oriented two-level scheme is proposed as a guideline for the PV-HESS system (i.e., PV, Li-ion battery and supercapacitor), to size the system configuration and extend battery lifespan while considering the power ramp-rate constraint. On the first level, a sizing methodology is proposed to balance the self-sufficiency and the energy throughput between the PV system and the grid to achieve the most cost-effectiveness. On the second level, an improved adaptive ramp-rate control strategy is implemented that dynamically distributes the power between the battery and supercapacitor to reduce the battery cycles. The case study presents the whole two-level design process in detail, and verifies the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, where the results show that the battery cycles are reduced by up to 13% over one year without affecting the self-sufficiency of the PV system.

Role of Renewables in Energy Storage Economic Viability in the Western Balkans

Given the growing shares of renewable energy sources in the grids, the interest in energy storage systems has increased. The role of pumped hydro energy storage systems as flexible solutions for managing peak and off-peak prices from nuclear and fossil power plants in previous systems is now revitalized in the liberalized systems, with a volatile generation of wind and solar energy. Thus, understanding of the patterns behind the economics of energy storage is crucial for the further integration of energy storage in the grids. In this paper, the factors that impact the economic viability of energy storage in electricity markets are analyzed. The method of approach used in this study considers the electricity market price distribution, full load hours, the total costs of energy storage, and linear regression analysis. Using revenues from arbitraging a 10-megawatt (MW) pumped hydro storage system in the Western Balkans, resulting from the electricity market price distribution and the analysis of the total costs of storage, an econometric model is created. This model shows the impacting factors of energy storage development in the context of the rising renewables sector. Research shows that the previous hypothesis about the integration of energy storage systems in proportion to the increase in shares of renewables in the grids is incorrect. There is a significant correlation between energy storage revenues, the dependent variable, and the independent variables of hydro, wind, and solar generation. The conducted analysis indicates the future arbitraging opportunities of pumped hydro energy storage systems and provides useful insights for energy storage investors and policymakers. During the transitional period, until the deployment of renewables changes the effects of fossil power plants, energy storage price arbitrage is profitable and desirable for 500, 1000, and 2000 full load hours in the Western Balkan region. Despite the need for flexibility, with more renewables in the grids, large-scale energy storage systems will not be economically viable in the long run because of “revenue cannibalization”.

Optimization of the Fast Frequency Regulation Strategy for Energy Storage-Assisted Photovoltaic Power Stations

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is characterized by randomness and intermittency, resulting in unpredictable fluctuations in output power. This presents a significant challenge to the stable operation of the grid. To address this issue, the integration of energy storage systems provides a solution to mitigate the volatility of PV output, ensuring stability and precise control. In this study, we propose an ASS-Elman-based equivalent droop control strategy for PV power stations participating in grid frequency regulation. Furthermore, a joint PV-energy storage frequency regulation system is developed. For energy storage power stations actively engaged in grid frequency regulation, we employ an adaptive droop control strategy to enhance the traditional droop control method by incorporating additional frequency control strategies. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies through simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results demonstrate that these strategies maximize the potential of energy storage and PV systems to comprehensively regulate frequency and significantly improve primary frequency regulation performance.

Design and performance evaluation of thermal energy storage system with hybrid heat sources integrated within a coal-fired power plant

The operational flexibility of coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) should be effectively enhanced to accommodate large-scale photovoltaic and wind power within the power grid. The integration of thermal energy storage (TES) systems is a potential way to enlarge the load-cycling range of CFPPs. To achieve high operational flexibility of CFPPs and high round-trip efficiency of TES systems, TES systems with hybrid heat sources including the heat converted from power by power-to-heat (P2H) devices and transferred from the reheat steam integrated into CFPP were proposed. Then, simulation and thermo-economic analysis models were developed, and the system design procedure was provided. Results show the minimum power load ratio is decreased from 30 % to about 16 % by storing heat from the reheat steam within the TES system, and then to zero by converting electricity to heat with P2H devices. The mode P-basic constitutes two double-tank molten salt TES systems, which are charged by the heat converted from power by P2H devices and the heat transferred from the reheat steam, respectively. It is discharged by releasing the heat to water/steam cycle of CFPP, and the highest equivalent round-trip efficiency of mode P-basic is up to 62.97 %. Moreover, mode P-basic exhibits the largest total cost of the equipment and storage materials at $58.26 million while it has the largest net present value at $103.79 million and the corresponding payback period is 5 years.

Integration of Energy Storage Systems in Radial Distribution Networks for Enhanced Reliability and Efficiency

Integration of Energy Storage Systems in Radial Distribution Networks for Enhanced Reliability and Efficiency

Аспекти інтеграції відновлюваної розподіленої генерації в систему енергозабезпечення України

The paper examines the strategic and practical aspects of integrating renewable distributed generation into the energy supply system of Ukraine, which faces challenges related to increasing the reliability, safety, and efficiency of the energy system in the context of global decarbonization trends and military threats. The key role of distributed renewable energy generation in increasing the stability of the energy system and reducing dependence on centralized energy sources has been established. An analysis of world experience has been carried out, which emphasizes the economic benefit and increased flexibility in the management of energy resources due to the implementation of distributed generation. Examples of successful implementation of distributed renewable energy generation projects in different countries and analysis of the potential for the development of renewable energy sources in Ukraine, in particular, solar, wind and small hydropower, are given. The completed review allows to draw a conclusion about the need for an integrated approach to the development of distributed renewable energy generation. Special attention is paid to the study of technical, economic, legal and regulatory aspects that determine opportunities and limitations for attracting investments in distributed renewable energy. Emphasis is also placed on the need to develop and implement innovative management systems and the latest technological solutions that will allow maximum use of the potential of distributed generation to ensure reliable, safe and efficient operation of the power system. Aspects of integration of energy storage systems are taken into account, allowing to smooth out peak loads and ensure the stability of system operation. It was concluded that it is necessary to improve financial support mechanisms that stimulate the development of small producers of electricity from renewable energy sources. Particular attention is paid to the study of international experience and its adaptation to Ukrainian realities, which allows to take into account the specifics of the national energy market and maximizing the effectiveness of the introduction of the latest technologies.

PV and Energy Storage Systems Management for EV Charging Optimization in Residential Parks

With the rapid advancements in electric vehicle technology, there is expected to be a significant increase in the number of Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations in the years to come. Residential parking is deemed to be the most appropriate solution to meet the charging demands of EVs. However, the charging process will present a significant challenge for the utility grid. This paper aims to optimize the charging of EVs in residential parking areas through the integration of energy storage systems (ESS) and photovoltaic (PV) systems. To achieve the objective, a smart charging management system has been developed that formulates the optimization of EV charging as a cost minimization problem and applies the particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve it. The proposed energy management scheme is evaluated through simulation case studies, and the resulting data is compared with uncoordinated charging. The data is then analyzed and discussed. The proposed algorithm has improved the utilization of the microgrid’s power sources, resulting in a 129% reduction in electricity costs compared to the predefined rules algorithm. Furthermore, the proposed strategy has alleviated strain on the power grid by reducing the peak load by 40%.

Scheduling Model for a Trigeneration System With Energy Storage Unit: A Hospital Application

Over the last three COVID-19 effective years, it was evident that healthcare has been the most sensitive sector to electricity failures. Therefore, if well developed and implemented, a microgrid system with an integrated energy storage system (ESS) installed in hospitals has great potential to provide an uninterrupted and low-energy cost solution. In this article, we target to show the importance of the installed ESS against the problems that will arise from power outages and energy quality problems in hospitals. Besides, it aims to construct an energy management system (EMS) based on the scheduling model to meet the lowest cost of a system containing solar panels, microturbine, gas boiler, and energy storage units that are repurposed lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles and thermal storage tank. EMS is a mixed-integer linear program to meet the hospital's electricity, heating, and cooling demands with the lowest cost for every hour. The established scheduling model is run for a hospital in Antioch, Türkiye, with 197 beds, 4 operating rooms, 2 resuscitation units, and 9 intensive care units for every hour based on the data in 2019. With the EMS, approximately 25% savings were achieved compared to the previous energy cost. Furthermore, as the result of the net present value calculation, the payback period of the proposed system is estimated to be approximately seven years.

High-Efficiency Partial Power Converter for Integration of Second-Life Battery Energy Storage Systems in DC Microgrids

High-Efficiency Partial Power Converter for Integration of Second-Life Battery Energy Storage Systems in DC Microgrids

Optimal Energy Management in Autonomous Power Systems With Probabilistic Security Constraints and Adaptive Frequency Control

The decarbonization of many heavy power-consuming industries is dependent on the integration of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems in isolated autonomous power systems. The optimal energy management in such schemes becomes harder due to the increased complexity and stability requirements, the rapidly varying operating conditions and uncertainty of renewable sources, the conflicting objectives across different timescales, the limited amount of reliable power sources and energy storage. The state of charge management when energy storage is used for multiple services, such as optimal scheduling and frequency support, is one of the most notorious problems in this context. To address this issue, an optimal energy management system is proposed in this paper. It co-optimizes the primary frequency control layer and the dispatch schedule of conventional generators and energy storage by taking advantage of an algorithm that provides adaptive active power demand uncertainty quantification, theoretical guarantees for frequency stability, and bounds for the reserves for frequency support assigned to the energy storage system. A pattern-based reformulation of the frequency stability constraints is derived enabling the efficient solution of the involved optimization problem, being a test case of an isolated offshore oil and gas platform presented for validation.