Energy Spectrum Of Hydrogen Research Articles

Galactic Cosmic-Ray Hydrogen Spectra in the 40–250 MeV Range Measured by the High-energy Particle Detector (HEPD) on board the CSES-01 Satellite between 2018 and 2020

Abstract The High-energy Particle Detector (HEPD) on board the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01)—launched on 2018 February 2—is a light and compact payload suitable for measuring electrons (3–100 MeV), protons (30–250 MeV), and light nuclei (up to a few hundreds of MeV). The Sun-synchronous orbit and large acceptance allow HEPD to measure cosmic-ray particles near the ±65° latitude limit for a fair amount of time per day. In this work, three semiannual galactic hydrogen energy spectra between ∼40 and 250 MeV are presented, including a comparison with theoretical spectra from HelMod, a 2D Monte Carlo model developed to simulate the solar modulation of cosmic rays throughout the heliosphere. To our knowledge, these are the first hydrogen energy spectra below 250 MeV measured at 1 au between 2018 and 2020.

Development of an in-air ERDA system for hydrogen analysis

An elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) system in air for hydrogen analysis was developed in the Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center. This system uses a thin silicon–nitride window to separate the air and vacuum regions, and the beam is irradiated through the window. Elements scattered by the beam enter the vacuum region through the same window, and are detected by an ERDA detector located there. The hydrogen sensitivity of the system was investigated by analyzing high molecular films. We used a helium beam and a stopper foil in front of the ERDA detector to ensure that only hydrogen was detected. Hydrogen energy spectra for the high molecular films and background were obtained.

Laboratory-based limits on the Carroll-Field-Jackiw Lorentz-violating electrodynamics

The CPT-odd and Lorentz-violating Carroll-Field-Jackiw modification of electrodynamics is discussed and we study its effects on the energy spectrum of hydrogen, as well as in the generation of a momentum-dependent electric dipole moment for charged leptons. We also briefly comment on the possibility of the detection of Lorentz violation in measurements of vacuum birefringence in resonant cavities. The bounds found are based on local laboratory experimental limits and are not competitive with the ones coming from astrophysical considerations.

Monodromy and the structure of the energy spectrum of hydrogen in near perpendicular electric and magnetic fields

We examine the energy spectrum of hydrogen in weak near-perpendicular electric and magnetic fields using quantum computations and semiclassical analysis. The spectral structure is displayed in a lattice constructed by plotting the difference between total energy and first order energy versus first order energy, for all states of a given principal quantum number $n$. We have used classical perturbation theory to derive three approximate constants of the motion. Quantization of the resulting approximate actions produces a corresponding lattice in agreement with our quantum calculations. For some field arrangements, one of the actions is an intrinsically multivalued function of the constants of the motion. This produces defects in the lattices and signifies the presence of a classical phenomenon called monodromy. The presence of monodromy in the case of exactly perpendicular fields was previously predicted by Sadovski\'{\i} and Cushman. Our quantum calculations and independent semiclassical analysis confirm their prediction, and show that the presence of monodromy not only persists into near-perpendicular fields, but also assumes other manifestations over a wider range of field strength ratios. We find that in near-perpendicular fields the structure of the spectrum is divided into six distinct parameter regions, which we characterize by the presence and type of lattice defect.

The relativistic energy spectrum of hydrogen

The relativistic energy spectrum of hydrogen

The relativistic energy spectrum of hydrogen

The method originally used by Dirac to derive his equation for a single electron is here applied to the two-particle system electron plus proton, considered as an elementary fermion, to obtain a relativistic two-particle Dirac-Breit-type Hamiltonian for the hydrogen atom. This problem can be solved exactly. Thus the relativistic energy levels of the hydrogen atom as a system bound by the static Coulomb force are obtained. The radial part of the resulting Hamiltonian operates in a four-dimensional space describing particles, respectively antiparticles, i. e. electron and positron as well as proton and antiproton. The spin of a particle is described by the normal two-component Pauli spinor, and therefore standard theoretical tools for dealing with angular-momentum coupling can be exploited. The classical energy states of the hydrogen atom are retained in the appropriate non-relativistic limit, in particular the energy levels resulting from Schrodinger's equation. The exact energy spectrum shows the expected dependence on the reduced mass of the two-particle system, and thus describes the recoil of the core properly. The fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum arises from a dependence of the energy levels upon the quantum number of the total angular momentum.

The relativistic energy spectrum of hydrogen

AbstractThe method originally used by Dirac to derive his equation for a single electron is here applied to the two‐particle system electron plus proton, considered as an elementary fermion, to obtain a relativistic two‐particle Dirac‐Breit‐type Hamiltonian for the hydrogen atom. This problem can be solved exactly. Thus the relativistic energy levels of the hydrogen atom as a system bound by the static Coulomb force are obtained. The radial part of the resulting Hamiltonian operates in a four‐dimensional space describing particles, respectively antiparticles, i. e. electron and positron as well as proton and antiproton. The spin of a particle is described by the normal two‐component Pauli spinor, and therefore standard theoretical tools for dealing with angular‐momentum coupling can be exploited. The classical energy states of the hydrogen atom are retained in the appropriate non‐relativistic limit, in particular the energy levels resulting from Schrödinger's equation. The exact energy spectrum shows the expected dependence on the reduced mass of the two‐particle system, and thus describes the recoil of the core properly. The fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum arises from a dependence of the energy levels upon the quantum number of the total angular momentum.

Determination of Hydrogen Activation Energy Spectrum in Amorphous Solids from Internal Frictions

It is shown that the activation energy spectrum of hydrogen in amorphous materials can be determined from the temperature distribution of internal friction observed in anelastic relaxation measurements by using the deconvolution method of Fourier transform.

Quantification of hydrogen in surfaces and thin films using a non-destructive forward scattering technique

The effectiveness of a forward scattering method for non-destructively detecting surface hydrogen has been enhanced and applied. A collimated 2.5 MeV 4He beam is used to profile the hydrogen content in thin films and the surface of materials. The 4He beam is directed on the sample at a glancing angle of 15° to the surface and the scattered hydrogen atoms are detected at an angle of 30° to the beam direction. The loss of energy by the 4He ion as it traverses the material and the subsequent energy transferred to the hydrogen atom defines the hydrogen profile in the measured energy spectrum. The atomic concentration of hydrogen is obtained from comparisons with hydrogen energy spectra collected from silicon wafers implanted with controlled dosages of hydrogen. The method can be used to detect surface hydrogen at a sensitivity of approximately 0.01 at.% to depths of 1.0 μm. Results obtained using this method on a number of test samples are presented.

Analysis of charge-exchange spectra during ICRF heating in the JFT-2 tokamak

Deuterium and hydrogen energy spectra during ICRF heating as well as nH/nD were measured with the E‖B type mass-separated neutral particle energy analyser. High-energy tails of deuterium and hydrogen were observed in the dilute-minority case. From Fokker-Planck calculations of the charge-exchange spectrum and power-balance analysis it is shown that second-harmonic cyclotron damping by the majority deuterium is the dominant mechanism of ion heating in the dilute-minority case.

On the scaling properties of the energy spectrum of hydrogen in a uniform magnetic field

The magnetic-field scaling relation between the coordinates, momenta and the energy in the Hamiltonian for the Kepler motion in a uniform magnetic field, i.e. H( gamma -13/p, gamma 23/r; gamma 13/m, gamma =1)= gamma -23/H(p,r; m, gamma ), where gamma =B/B0 is the normalised field strength and m the constant value of the angular moment,um B-parallel component is shown to ensure a representation of the semiclassical energy spectrum: E=(n+1/2)-2f( gamma 13/(n+1/2), gamma 13/m), m=0, +or-1, ...; n=0, 1, .... The authors discuss how the function f, in the two-dimensional approximation (z=pz=0, z//B), can be constructed.

Energy Spectrum of Hydrogen-Like Atoms in a Strong Magnetic Field

view Abstract Citations (51) References (2) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Energy Spectrum of Hydrogen-Like Atoms in a Strong Magnetic Field Surmelian, G. L. ; O'Conner, R. F. Abstract An expression for the energy spectrum of hydrogen-like atoms in strong magnetic fields is derived in terms of the energy spectrum of hydrogen. The development of a parametric expression for the latter is thus motivated. We present such an expression for the ground-state energy of hydrogen in magnetic fields B gauss, obtained by least-squares fittings of numerical results obtained previously from a variational calculation. Subject headings: magnetic fields - Zeeman effect Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: June 1974 DOI: 10.1086/152934 Bibcode: 1974ApJ...190..741S full text sources ADS | Related Materials (1) Erratum: 1976ApJ...204..311S