Instantaneous frequency (IF) time-varying closely spaced and severe background noise can introduce fake components into the time-frequency representation (TFR) of most time-frequency analysis (TFA) methods, especially for the vibration signals of variable-speed planetary gearboxes. These fake components lead to a decrease in the readability of the TFR, making it difficult to extract the true IF. To address this issue, a new TFA method called Synchronous Match-Reassigning Transform (SMRT) is proposed. Firstly, a polynomial chirp rate with a single parameter adjustment is constructed to achieve precise matching of the IF. Secondly, a frequency reassignment operator is constructed for the fine refinement of the IF ridge of Synchronous Match-Reassigning Operator (SMRO). Finally, SMRO is combined with VKF to achieve adaptive reconstruction of the true IF and to remove fake components. The TFR of SMRT has high readability and low energy leakage. The superiority and effectiveness of this method have been verified through synthetic signals and actual signals.