Hybrid Energy Research Articles

Investment Feasibility Analysis of Rooftop Solar Power Plant for Spare Parts Supply Company

- A sustainable economic approach involves economic growth while preserving the environment. One solution that includes a green economy program that has received attention is the Solar Power Plant (PLTS), which utilizes sunlight as the main energy source to generate electricity. Increasing energy demand and concern for the environment, a spare parts supply company in Karawang, West Java, decided to do hybrid energy in the form of investment in renewable energy sources in the form of Solar Power Plant (PLTS) with an on-grid system installed on the roof of the factory. This study aims to evaluate the financial feasibility of the development of green economic efforts. The analysis includes various aspects, such as initial investment costs, operational costs, maintenance costs of the main plant materials (solar modules and inverters), potential savings in electricity costs, and projected return on investment within a certain period. The financial analysis methods used in this study include Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (DPP), and Profitability Index (PI) to assess the economic feasibility of the project. The results show that the DPP value is 2.43 years (less than 25 years), NPV is Rp 1,433,144,387.92 (greater than 1), IRR is 46.31% (greater than 5.75%), and PI is 1.95 (greater than 1). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the construction of a rooftop solar power plant with an on-grid system is a financially viable investment for a spare parts supply company in Karawang, West Java.

Analysis of Hybrid Energy Modelling (Grid and Inverter Based Resources) Using Grid Following Inverter for the Integration of Renewable Energy Generation

The energy dependency of the grid will cause its own problems because the energy generated comes from fossil fuels. On the other hand, centralized electrification using renewable energy has a high risk on frequency and voltage stability. Renewable energy depends entirely on climate conditions and has no inertia to maintain stability. Hybrid energy between grids and Inverter Based Resources (IBRs) are alternative solutions used. The research applies an inverter control scheme to IBRs to be penetrated the grid. The research will apply a zero-export load with electricity requirements to be charged to renewable power plants using grid distribution networks. The inertia less properties of renewable energy will cause interference when combined with the power grid (synchronous generator). It will also be analyzed on this study by applying the following inverter scheme by paying attention to the phase angle and synchronization against the voltage, current and frequency variables of the grid. The results obtained in this study; renewable energy can contribute 90% to the load. This is due to the Losses factor and efficiency system in the plant. Renewable energy generators feed active power to the grid as well as support grids with a Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) indicator of <10%. In the design of this hybrid power system, it is done on MATLAB software with installation configuration in accordance with IEEE standards so that it can be a reference for the installation of real-condition renewable energies with grid. Keywords—Renewable Energy, Grid Following, Green Electricity, Hybrid Energy

Hybrid Energy (Thermoelectric Generator-Archimedes Screw Turbine) Study and Experiment as a Green Energy Generator Based on the Internet of Things (IoT)

The heat energy from the hot water source of Mount Sinabung can be used as a source of electrical energy before being channeled as a source of hot water baths. The hot water flow has a fairly high temperature and a flow rate that can be converted into a source of electricity generation using a Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH) and Thermoelectric Generator (TEG). This data collection was simulated using a heat source designed in a reservoir and a cold water flow that is channeled into the PLTMH-TEG system space as a source of temperature delta. This paper aims to study the TEG series TEG1-199-1.4-0.5 and the Archimedes screw Turbine (PLTMH) as a Hybrid Generator (Green Energy). Data analysis was carried out to calculate the system power output, battery charging time, and efficiency of the TEG and PLTMH. Data analysis in this study applies the Internet of Things (IoT). Test data shows that the maximum output parameter of the PLTMH during testing, obtained a maximum voltage of 20.42 Vdc. The maximum current is 759.75 mA and the maximum water discharge is 2.31 m3/s. In the TEG system, the power generated by the TEG is 20.64 watts at a temperature difference of 70.5˚C. It is concluded that the higher the amount of discharge flowing into the Archimedes turbine system and the temperature difference absorbed by the TEG, the greater the power that will be generated and vice versa.

Seawater Desalination System Driven by Sustainable Energy: A Comprehensive Review

Seawater desalination is one of the most widely used technologies for freshwater production; however, its high energy consumption remains a pressing global challenge. Both the development and utilization of sustainable energy sources are anticipated to mitigate the energy shortages associated with seawater desalination while also effectively addressing the environmental issues linked to fossil fuel usage. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the classification and evolution of traditional desalination technologies, emphasizing the advancements, progress, and challenges associated with integrating various sustainable energy sources into the desalination process. Then, the cost, efficiency, and energy consumption of desalination systems driven by sustainable energy are discussed, and it is found that even the most widely used reverse osmosis (RO) technology driven by fossil fuels has CO2 emissions of 0.3–1.7 kgCO2/m3 and the lowest cost of desalinated water as high as 0.01 USD/m3, suggesting the necessity and urgency of applying sustainable energy. A comparison of different seawater desalination systems driven by different sustainable energy sources is also carried out. The results reveal that although the seawater desalination system driven by sustainable energy has a lower efficiency and a higher cost than the traditional system, it has more potential from the perspective of environmental protection and sustainable development. Furthermore, the efficiency and cost of desalination technology driven by a single sustainable energy source is lower than that driven by multi-sustainable energy sources, while the efficiency of desalination systems driven by multi-sustainable energy is lower than that driven by hybrid energy, and its cost is higher than that of desalination systems driven by hybrid energy. Considering factors such as cost, efficiency, consumption, economic scale, and environmental impact, the integration of various seawater desalination technologies and various energy sources is still the most effective strategy to solve water shortage, the energy crisis, and environmental pollution at present and in the future.

Технико-экономические показатели энергокомплекса при использовании ветроэнергетических установок для покрытия собственных нужд ТЭЦ

In accordance with the Russia Energy Strategy until 2035, within the framework of the implementation of energy-saving technologies in the power-generating sector, it is planned to use hybrid energy, which is one of the ways of transition from conventional generation to generation with a high share of renewable energy sources. However, to implement such complexes, it is necessary to conduct research that considers the natural and climatic characteristics of the region, its resource capabilities, as well as the mutual influence of conventional and renewable energy sources in the structure of generating equipment capacities. The wind potential at the construction site has been analyzed to assess the feasibility of incorporating wind turbines. Based on the technical characteristics of wind turbines and meteorological conditions, the model of wind turbines to be installed has been selected. Technical and economic indicators of the energy complex operation, providing for the use of wind power plants to partially cover the house load of CHPs have been obtained. The indicators are determined on an annual, monthly basis using the physical method of attributing the total fuel costs for heat and electricity output in case of their combined production. Operation of wind power plants as a part of the energy complex with CHP in winter has a positive effect on the process of thermal efficiency of combined heat and power generation, and in summer, on the contrary, leads to deterioration of the efficiency indicators. Relatively small fuel savings per year when using wind power plants as a part of the energy complex with CHP does not allow to consider the project cost-effective. The obtained results should be considered when making system-wide decisions on the development of renewable energy sources in parallel operation with fossil fuel power plants.

Tracing the EoL Tyre Management Chain in Togo with Focus on Implementing a Tyre Recycling Plant

As part of the “Waste2Energy: hybrid energy from waste as a sustainable solution for West-Africa” project, a tyre recycling plant is being constructed in Davié, north of Lomé, Togo. Understanding the tyre management chain is crucial for establishing the plant’s supply chain. This study aimed to highlight the gaps in and the importance of tyre recycling in Togo while assessing the potential of EoL tyres for the implementation of a tyre recycling plant. Togo’s vehicle fleet, predominantly concentrated in Lomé, is rapidly increasing at a rate of 6% per year, reaching an estimated 285,000 vehicles. Due to economic constraints and limited new tyre availability, most vehicle users opt for used tyres, which have a limited lifespan due to poor road conditions. An investigation of EoL tyre quantities and management chains in Togo was carried out. To evaluate the used and end-of-life tyre management chains, both direct observation and interviews with approximately 200 used-tyre dealers were conducted. The study revealed that, on average, drivers replace tyres every 7.4 months, generating between 30,525 t/a and 78,000 t/a of used tyres, 75% of which are replaced due to severe damage or wear. While the used tyre business is well organized, end-of-life tyre treatment is nearly non-existent, often involving dumping, open burning for metal recovery, or use in meat processing, causing environmental and health risks. To address these challenges, an 8 t/hr capacity tyre recycling plant is planned, based on estimated tyre availability and development opportunities for sustainable recycling in Togo.

Coordinated Grid-Forming Control Strategy for VSC-HVDC Integrating Offshore Wind Farms Based on Hybrid Energy

Coordinated Grid-Forming Control Strategy for VSC-HVDC Integrating Offshore Wind Farms Based on Hybrid Energy

METODOLOGÍA DE AUTOMATIZACIÓN DE UN PROCESO HÍBRIDO PARA LA ELABORACIÓN DE EMULSIONES

The methodology is developed for the automation of the emulsion manufacturing process using hybrid energy (Termo Solar). The above was developed for a sunscreen and cosmetics manufacturing company, which produces macroemulsions with the aim of making the process sustainable, increasing production efficiency, reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and thus reducing CO2 emissions. This methodology incorporates a Human Machine Interface (HMI) into the design using a programmable logic controller (PLC). The developed control system made it possible to standardize the production process and record data in real time. The emulsion manufacturing process was characterized, and the dynamics of the process were verified. With the methodology used, the emulsion manufacturing time was reduced by 20% compared to that carried out manually. The use of solar thermal energy reduced the use of fossil fuels by 40%. Keywords: Termo solar energy, Programmable Logic Controller, Instrumentation, Human-Machine Interface.

Optimization and monitoring of solar power plant as a hybrid energy for tea leaf dryer based on SCADA system

Previous research has discussed tea drying machines with energy sources from PLN. Tea drying machines with refrigerant systems require large electrical energy costs. The electrical energy produced by a tea drying machine is proportional to its performance and cost. This research designed a 400 WP solar cell (PLTS) as a power supply for drying tea leaves. PLTS was combined with a PLN electricity source. Hybrid energy from PLTS and PLN was designed to maximize the use of electrical energy used by drying tea leaves. PLC and SCADA were used to monitor input current, output voltage, and output power. PLC and SCADA can optimize load requirements. When the solar radiation received by the solar panels was not optimal, PLN was able to back up load requirements. The average voltage produced by hybrid energy was 232.4 V. Hybrid energy was able to save power usage of 108.92 W or 12.8% of the load power requirements

Overview of Opportunities and Challenges to Vehicle-to-Grid Integration and Bahrain Perspective

Transportation sector is among the largest consumers of fossil fuels, which also makes it a significant contributor to the greenhouse gas emissions. A great deal of effort has been made to reduce this reliance of transportation on fossil fuel for its operation. These efforts have resulted in innovations in vehicle technology which include vehicles operating on electric and hybrid energy. The advent of these technologies has showed the way towards new possibilities to further increase the efficiency of energy systems and their utilization. One such system utilizes the integration of electric vehicles with the national grid system, it is referred to as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. This technology provides a cost-effective and efficient solution to address the problems associated with the high demand and variable supply of renewable energy systems. This study provides a brief overview of the research conducted in this area, consequently identifying the opportunities and challenges related to this technology. Research shows that V2G integration has environmental benefits in the form of reducing CO2 emissions and reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. In spite of this, the economic feasibility of this technology requires efforts for standardization, infrastructure expansion and smart charging strategies. This paper is expected to provide future direction of work for all stakeholders, including academia, industry, and governmental bodies. There are collaborative efforts required to standardize the vehicle and grid technology and infrastructure expansion, while the research needs to focus on optimization strategies. In the end, discussion on the implementation of this technology in Bahrain is also presented. In this context, it was found that the major challenges are due to the current reliance on fossil fuel and the trend of increase in car ownership which must be addressed before taking steps towards V2G systems. Received: 1 September 2023 | Revised: 19 February 2024 | Accepted: 20 April 2024 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data sharing not applicable – no new data generated. Author Contribution Statement Uneb Gazder: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Resources, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization.

Ultra-low electrical loss superconducting cables for railway transportation: Technical, economic, and environmental analysis

Carbon emission from various transportations is one of the major factors towards global warming. With the increasing energy demand from railway transportation, the conventional copper cables with high electric currents and considerable amounts of resistances are facing challenges, e.g., electric loss and heat. This article proposed a novel ultra-low electrical loss hybrid-energy transmission scheme. A real cable sample was fabricated, and the experiment proved the high-current carrying capability. A cable model was built to study the loss and electromagnetic behaviours by different optimization strategies. A general design guideline was established to help those non-experts to easily design their own hybrid-energy superconducting cables. The technical, economic, and environmental analysis was performed for a 1.5 kV/10 kA superconducting cable to transmit hybrid energy in a railway traction system. Results showed that reducing losses by the proposed method can efficiently reduce annual operating costs, e.g., the loss from 0.9 W/m to 0.46 W/m, the annual operating cost from 16, 644, 000 CNY to 8,935,000 CNY and the annual CO2 emissions form 2518 ton to 1090 ton. Overall, the optimization successfully improved the cable performance, and the analysis validated the technical feasibility and economic/environmental benefits of the novel hybrid-energy transmission system to be used into railway systems.

Length-Dependent Magnetic Evolution of Anthenes on Au(111).

Nanographenes with zigzag edges, for example, anthenes, exhibit a unique nonbonding π-electron state, which can be described as a spin-polarized edge state that yields specific magnetic ground state. However, prior researches on the magnetism of anthenes with varying lengths on a surface is lacking. This study systematically fabricated anthenes with inherent zigzag carbon atoms of different lengths ranging from bisanthene to hexanthene. Their magnetic evolution on the Au(111) surface was analyzed through bond-resolved scanning probe techniques and density functional theory calculations. The analyses revealed a transition in magnetic properties associated with the length of the anthenes, arising from the imbalance between hybridization energy and the Coulomb repulsion between valence electrons. With the increasing length of the anthenes, the ground state transforms gradually from a closed-shell to an antiferromagnetic open-shell singlet, exhibiting a weak exchange coupling of 4 meV and a charge transfer-induced doublet. Therefore, this study formulated a chemically tunable platform to explore size-dependent π magnetism at the atomic scale, providing a framework for research in organic spintronics.

Length‐Dependent Magnetic Evolution of Anthenes on Au(111)

AbstractNanographenes with zigzag edges, for example, anthenes, exhibit a unique nonbonding π‐electron state, which can be described as a spin‐polarized edge state that yields specific magnetic ground state. However, prior researches on the magnetism of anthenes with varying lengths on a surface is lacking. This study systematically fabricated anthenes with inherent zigzag carbon atoms of different lengths ranging from bisanthene to hexanthene. Their magnetic evolution on the Au(111) surface was analyzed through bond‐resolved scanning probe techniques and density functional theory calculations. The analyses revealed a transition in magnetic properties associated with the length of the anthenes, arising from the imbalance between hybridization energy and the Coulomb repulsion between valence electrons. With the increasing length of the anthenes, the ground state transforms gradually from a closed‐shell to an antiferromagnetic open‐shell singlet, exhibiting a weak exchange coupling of 4 meV and a charge transfer‐induced doublet. Therefore, this study formulated a chemically tunable platform to explore size‐dependent π magnetism at the atomic scale, providing a framework for research in organic spintronics.

Incoherent nonadiabatic to coherent adiabatic transition of electron transfer in colloidal quantum dot molecules

Electron transfer is a fundamental process in chemistry, biology, and physics. One of the most intriguing questions concerns the realization of the transitions between nonadiabatic and adiabatic regimes of electron transfer. Using colloidal quantum dot molecules, we computationally demonstrate how the hybridization energy (electronic coupling) can be tuned by changing the neck dimensions and/or the quantum dot sizes. This provides a handle to tune the electron transfer from the incoherent nonadiabatic regime to the coherent adiabatic regime in a single system. We develop an atomistic model to account for several states and couplings to the lattice vibrations and utilize the mean-field mixed quantum-classical method to describe the charge transfer dynamics. Here, we show that charge transfer rates increase by several orders of magnitude as the system is driven to the coherent, adiabatic limit, even at elevated temperatures, and delineate the inter-dot and torsional acoustic modes that couple most strongly to the charge transfer dynamics.

Emergency Dispatch Approach for Power Systems with Hybrid Energy Considering Thermal Power Unit Ramping

Future power systems will face more extreme operating condition scenarios, and system emergency dispatch will face more severe challenges. The use of distributed control is a well-designed way to handle this. It enables multi-energy complementation by means of autonomous communication, which greatly improves the flexibility of the grid. First, in the context of global energy conservation and emission reduction, this paper adopts the energy usage method of “renewable energy is the main source of energy, supplemented by thermal power and energy storage” to reduce the system abandoned wind (light) rate while supplementing the energy storage capacity. Second, a consensus algorithm is added to the system while considering the coordination between thermal units and energy storage. An “interface” for autonomous communication between thermal units and energy storage is created using the incremental cost of each agent. To address the recurring issue of power imbalance during emergency dispatch of the system, the consensus algorithm is enhanced so that the communication interval varies with the unit rate. This is based on the climbing characteristics of each thermal power unit. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in an IEEE-30 bus system.

Hybrid energy and angle dispersive X-ray diffraction computed tomography.

Pixelated energy resolving detectors enable acquisition of X-ray diffraction (XRD) signals using a hybrid energy- and angle- dispersive technique, potentially paving the way for the development of novel benchtop XRD imaging or computed tomography (XRDCT) systems, utilising readily available polychromatic X-ray sources. In this work, a commercially available pixelated cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector, HEXITEC (High Energy X-ray Imaging Technology), was used to demonstrate such an XRDCT system. Specifically, a novel fly-scan technique was developed and compared to the established step-scan technique, reducing the total scan time by 42% while improving the spatial resolution, material contrast and therefore the material classification.

Cost and size optimization of hybrid solar and hydrogen subsystem using HomerPro software

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems have been considered as a suitable way to supply electricity. The hybrid energy (Solar-Wind-Storage-hydrogen-diesel) is increasingly used in various applications, especially at isolated sites. This study proposes the optimization and analysis of a stand-alone photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell/electrolyzer/hydrogen hybrid system (HS) to find out the optimal sizes and costs. In the first step, SAM software was used to estimate the global solar irradiance (GHI) for the studied area and to select the best PV, battery and fuel cell components. MATLAB software was handled to predict the power output of the renewable source (PV system) using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. Then, simulation, optimization and techno-economic analysis were carried out in the second step with HomerPro software. Four proposed configurations are optimized in this work and different comparisons have been made regarding the found results. The results of the cost optimization were found to be 50861.21 $ and 0.95657 $ for NCP and COE, respectively. Moreover, the same HS configurations are simulated and optimized under Moroccan climate.

Analysis of the Integrated Effect of Temporary Overvoltages, PV Transformer Connection and Overcurrent Protection in Hybrid PV-Wind Energy System

The integration of solar and wind energy in hybrid PV/Wind energy systems (HPWES) have allowed it to be more reliable renewable energy source. However, the overvoltage protection for HPWES is scarcely covered in literature. To fill this gap, an investigative analysis of the effect of temporary overvoltages (TOVs) in HPWES is presented in this paper. Sources of TOV considered were ground faults and load rejection events. The HPWES was simulated and tested for TOVs under different fault conditions. The results showed that the TOV response was dependent on three more elements; overcurrent protection relays (OCRs), surge protective devices (SPDs) and the type of the PV transformer connection. The analysis showed that an interactive effect between these three elements after the occurrence of TOVs. This interactive effect has affected the tripping time of the OCRs which in turn affected the TOV duration and the energy absorbed by SPDs. It was concluded that the impact of the type of transformer connection and OCR tripping settings upon SPD could be critical that in some cases could lead to SPD failure. Conclusions are presented to the designers of HPWES to consider them during the design phase to overcome possible failures of SPDs.

Smart Hybridized Routing Protocol for Animal Monitoring and Tracking Applications

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been exploited for {countless} application domains, most notably the surveillance of environments and habitats, which has already become a critical mission. As a result, WSNs have been implemented to monitor animal care and track their health status. However, excessive energy utilization and communication traffic on packet transmissions lead to system deterioration, especially whenever perceived information captured in the monitoring area is transferred to the access point over multiple dynamic sinks. Further to manage the energy and data transmission issue, the energy consumption and location aware routing protocol has been architected on the wireless Nano sensor nodes. In this article, a novel hybrid energy and location aware routing protocol to cloud enabled IoT based Wireless Sensor Network towards animal health monitoring and tracking has been proposed. However proposed data routing protocol incorporates the trace file for path selection for data transmission to base station using sink node. Trace file has been obtained on processing the cluster heads established in the network. Therefore, clustering of node in the network has to be achieved using LEACH protocol which enhances the network scalability and network lifetime by clustering the nodes with Metaheuristics constraints like location or node density comparability. The objective of the proposed model is to enhance the network scalability and energy consumption by establishing the multiple node clusters with high density cluster head through Metaheuristics Node Clustering optimization techniques. Metaheuristics based node clustering is been obtained using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization. Further it is employed to compute the optimal path for sensed data transmission to base station. Node clustering provides high energy consumption among the sensing nodes and to establish the high energy clusters towards sensed information dissemination to base station on dynamically reforming the nodes clusters with respect to Node density and node location. Simulation analysis of the proposed energy efficient routing protocol provides high performance in energy utilization, packet delivery ratio, packet loss and Average delay compared against the conventional protocols on propagation of the data through sink node to base station

Plant MicroRNA Potential in Targeting Sars-CoV-2 Genome Offering Efficient Antiviral MiRNA-Based Therapies.

In 2019, severe acute respiratory coronavirus II (or SARS-COV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, rapidly becoming a global pandemic. Coronavirus genus (Coronaviridae) has the largest single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome (~30 kb) among the human infected single-stranded RNA viruses. For the study of active therapeutic plant-derived miRNA(s), it may be possible to uptake the miRNAs and their biological role in the host cell. In this study, we bioinformatically searched plant miRNAs that can potentially interact with the Sars-CoV-2 genome within the 3'- UTR region and have prompt antiviral activity. We searched the plant miRNAs that target the 3'-UTR flanking region of the Sars-CoV-2 genome by employing the RNAHybrid, RNA22, and STarMir miRNA/target prediction tools. The RNAHybrid algorithm found 63 plant miRNAs having hybridization energy with less or equal to -25 kcal.mol-1. Besides, RNA22 and STarMir tools identified eight interactions between the plant miRNAs and the targeted RNA sequence. pvu-miR159a. 2 and sbi-miR5387b were predicted as the most effectively interacting miRNAs in targeting the 3'-UTR sequence, not only by the RNA22 tool but also by the STarMir tool at the same position. However, the GC content of the pvumiR159a. 2 is 55% instead of sbi-miR5387b, which is a GC enriched sequence (71.43%) that may activate TLR receptors. In our opinion, they are potent plant-derived miRNA candidates that have a great chance of targeting the Sars-CoV-2 genome in the 3'-UTR region in vitro. Therefore, we propose pvu-miR159a.2 for studying antiviral miRNA-based therapies without any essential side effects in vivo.