Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Research Articles

Joint cost and secured node disjoint energy efficient multipath routing in mobile ad hoc network

The severe resource constraints and deployment environments of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) pose challenges for the security and energy consumption during data transmission for these networks. Multipath routing and energy consumption are the important factors to be considered in mobile ad hoc network as it provides a powerful tool for studying security aspects during data transmission. Advances in MANET technology have provided the availability of energy efficient reliable and multi path routing for intrusion tolerance with capability of identifying reliable routes, determining the best redundancy level to increase the operational lifetime of the network. Identifying a secured and energy efficient multipath routing for MANET represents the basic challenge during data transmission. In order to overcome such limitation, a hybrid method called as joint cost and secured node disjoint energy-efficient multipath routing (NDE-MR) is designed for MANET to reduce the energy consumption and execution time during the multipath routing and to improve security during data transfer. Node initialization initializes the mobile nodes with energy efficient model by obtaining the neighbor node data. Next, cost-based multipath route discovery model identifies the path with the least transmission cost through which data forwarding is made. Finally, security is achieved through node disjoint path model by splitting the data packets into different segments. Simulation results show that the NDE-MR model is able to reduce energy consumption and execution time during multipath routing and to increases the security of the network.

Power Aware and Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Scheme for WSNs

Power Aware and Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Scheme for WSNs

Fault-tolerant multi-path routing protocol for WSN based on HEED

To solve the network performance deterioration caused by network nodes failure according to unexpected and unforeseen environmental changes in wireless sensor network WSN, a high fault-tolerant and energy-efficient multipath routing protocol based on the idea of hybrid, energy-efficient distributed HEED clustering protocol, called HEED fault tolerant HEED-FT is proposed in this paper. To improve the routing reliability and energy balance between cluster heads, the HEED-FT algorithm first introduces the non-probability waiting time, residue energy and centres to improve the cluster lifetime. Then multiple clustering parameters are applied with different hierarchy which can control the ideal topology distribution of the cluster heads. Finally, a multiple trees Gabriel graph MTGG model is put forward to get a reliable communication link with multiple clustering parameters which can ensure the nodes in an ideal cluster topology distribution. The simulation results show that HEED-FT has less energy consumption, higher reliability and longer network survival than the traditional algorithms.

A statistical distributed multipath routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks WSNs usually consist of many tiny sensor nodes and a sink. Problems and characteristics like resources' severe constraints, low reliability and fault tolerance, low throughput, and insecure operational environments, significantly degrade their overall performance. One significant solution against these problems is multipath routing. However, the existing multipath routing protocols have weaknesses like high overhead and algorithmic-computational complexity, security vulnerabilities, low scalability, and permanent usage of optimal paths and resources' severe exhaustion. As a result, this paper proposes a statistical distributed multipath routing protocol for homogeneous WSNs, called SDMR. It is different from other existing multipath routing protocols in terms of statistical-mathematical nature, criteria and procedure of routing score calculation, routes' selection process and traffic load distribution technique. The performance of SDMR is compared with the performance of secure and energy-efficient multipath routing protocol called SEEM; results of algorithmic-complexity and statistical-simulation analyses show that the SDMR is improved in terms of energy consumption, throughput, accuracy, average rate of packet loss, scalability and fault tolerance, average delay and routing overhead in the route discovery process.

Improved TEEN Routing Protocol with Multi Hop and Multi Path in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks are used in monitoring environment condition, safety and medical applications. The sensor nodes are usually randomly deployed in a specific region. All these sensor nodes collect their data and send it to the base station (BS) through some routing protocol. These nodes are not rechargeable nodes to keep them alive. These nodes may serve as long as possible without any external assistance, they must follow some protocol that ensure efficient use of their power. In energy consumption of each node a routing technique plays a key role. Many of the routing protocols use clustering as their routing technique. So clustering plays a key role in prolonging the stability period and network life time. The Cluster Heads (CHs) collects data from all the nodes in their cluster, perform aggregation on that and then finally send it to the BS. Sensor nodes must use a certain routing protocol to send their data efficiently to the BS. The objective of all routing protocols is to minimize the energy consumption so that the network lifetime and particularly the stability period of the network may be enhanced. By network lifetime we mean the time duration from the start of the network till the death of the last node whereas, stability period shows the time period from the start of the network till the death of the first node. This paper has an objective to develop an energy efficient increased lifetime threshold sensitive clustering algorithm by dynamic selection of cluster heads using multi-hops and multi-path, that leads to load balancing on different-different clusters. This results in the enhancement of cluster heads or normal nodes network lifetime and comparison of performance of the various proposed clustering protocol with TEEN. In this work we propose an energy efficient multipath routing algorithm in WSN. This protocol is designed to enhance the network life time and energy efficiency through discovering multiple paths from the source to the destination.

Interactive Multipath Routing Protocol for Improving the Routing Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks

Multipath routing technique is recognized as one of the effective approaches to improve the reliability of data forwarding. However, the traditional multipath routing focuses only on how many paths are needed to ensure a desired reliability. For this purpose, the protocols construct additional paths and thus cause significant energy consumption. These problems have motivated the study for the energy-efficient and reliable data forwarding. Thus, this paper proposes an energy-efficient concurrent multipath routing protocol with a small number of paths based on interaction between paths. The interaction between paths helps to reinforce the multipath reliability by making efficient use of resources. The protocol selects several nodes located in the radio overlapped area between a pair of paths as bridge nodes for the path-interaction. In order to operate the bridge node efficiently, when the transmission failure has detected by overhearing at each path, it performs recovery transmission to recover the path failure. Simulation results show that proposed protocol is superior to the existing multipath protocols in terms of energy consumption and delivery reliability.

Energy Efficient Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Energy consumption is a significant issue in ad hoc networks since mobile nodes are battery powered. In order to prolong the lifetime of ad hoc networks, it is the most critical issue to minimize the energy consumption of nodes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for choosing energy efficient path. This system also considers transmission power of nodes and residual energy as energy metrics in order to maximize the network lifetime and to reduce energy consumption of mobile nodes. The objective of our proposed system is to find an optimal route based on two energy metrics while choosing a route to transfer data packets. This system is implemented by using NS-2.34. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol with transmission power and residual energy control mode can extend the life-span of network and can achieve higher performance when compared to traditional ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol.

AQTR: The Ant Based Qos Aware Improved Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm for MANETs

Mobile ad hoc network is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links. Here the node acts as both router and host. The node moves unpredictably and randomly. Due to this nodal mobility routing in MANET is a very challenging issue. Routing is the act of moving information across the network from source to destination. In case of MANET it is very difficult due to dynamic topology, limited resources, limited energy of nodes, different QoS requirements. Providing QoS routing in MANET is an important task an also it is a challenging task to find paths which satisfies user's QoS requirements. In this paper we have developed AQTR, a new energy efficient ant colony optimization QoS aware on-demand multipath routing algorithm for MANETs. It is a modification of classical temporally ordered routing which reduces the control overhead and it has better route failure management technique.

A multipath energy-conserving routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks lifetime improvement

Ad hoc networks are wireless mobile networks that can operate without infrastructure and without centralized network management. Traditional techniques of routing are not well adapted. Indeed, their lack of reactivity with respect to the variability of network changes makes them difficult to use. Moreover, conserving energy is a critical concern in the design of routing protocols for ad hoc networks, because most mobile nodes operate with limited battery capacity, and the energy depletion of a node affects not only the node itself but also the overall network lifetime. In all proposed single-path routing schemes a new path-discovery process is required once a path failure is detected, and this process causes delay and wastage of node resources. A multipath routing scheme is an alternative to maximize the network lifetime. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient multipath routing protocol, called AOMR-LM (Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Routing with Lifetime Maximization), which preserves the residual energy of nodes and balances the consumed energy to increase the network lifetime. To achieve this goal, we used the residual energy of nodes for calculating the node energy level. The multipath selection mechanism uses this energy level to classify the paths. Two parameters are analyzed: the energy threshold beta and the coefficient alpha. These parameters are required to classify the nodes and to ensure the preservation of node energy. Our protocol improves the performance of mobile ad hoc networks by prolonging the lifetime of the network. This novel protocol has been compared with other protocols: AOMDV and ZD-AOMDV. The protocol performance has been evaluated in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay.

Interference aware energy efficient multipath routing in multihop wireless networks

Energy efficiency is considered as an important design issue in multihop wireless networks as the nodes are battery limited. Energy efficiency can be achieved by establishing multiple paths. Multipath routing explores multiple disjoint paths between sources–sink pair in order to improve energy consumption at nodes and thus, provide robustness against possible node failure. However, it remains a challenging task in wireless networks due to associated interference. Reducing interference lowers the energy consumption, improving the network lifetime. This paper proposes an interference aware energy efficient multipath routing protocol for a given source-sink pair by a combined route construction and power allocation method. After finding k-minimum weight node disjoint paths on a weighted communication graph, iterative power allocation is performed on the derived paths considering signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) model. The power allocation method minimizes the interference experienced by each node at an acceptable level so that multiple transmissions can take place simultaneously. By alternatively invoking multipath route construction and power allocation method on a weighted communication graph, the proposed algorithm optimizes the assignment of transmission power and thereby minimizes the total energy consumption on k-node disjoint multipath. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed scheme is better than existing multipath routing algorithms.

Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol with Guaranteed Data Delivery for Wireless Sensor Network

Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol with Guaranteed Data Delivery for Wireless Sensor Network

EERCM: Energy Efficient and Reliable Communication Model for Achieving QoS in Underwater Sensor Networks

Pervasive Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) establish the communication in underwater for various applications such as natural exploration, surveillance, resource management etc. The Energy and Reliability are the prime factors to achieve effective communication through acoustic channel of these networks. Many researches attempted to improve these two factors through various methods in UWSNS. This paper proposes a communication model called EERCM that utilizes the advantage of Enhanced Network Coding based Energy Efficient and Reliable Multi-path routing to improve reliability and energy efficiency in UWSN. This model reduces the energy consumption of acoustic nodes to achieve Energy efficiency by adopting the hop-by-hop transmission method to form multipath and each node maintains the paths information for local nodes to the next hop node without establishment of end-to-end paths and the neighbor nodes are diverged into groups during the hop node election and then the sensed information is sent to the next hop node that hop to lesser sink node. This redundant information provides reliable communication. This model is implemented and its performances are evaluated.

Interference-Aware Multipath Routing Protocol for QoS Improvement in Event-Driven Wireless Sensor Networks

The existing multipath routing protocols for wireless sensor networks demonstrate the efficacy of traffic distribution over multiple paths to fulfill the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of different applications. However, the performance of these protocols is highly affected by the characteristics of the wireless channel and may be even inferior to the performance of single-path approaches. Specifically, when multiple adjacent paths are being used concurrently, the broadcast nature of wireless channels results in interpath interference which significantly degrades end-to-end throughput. In this paper, we propose a Low-Interference Energy-efficient Multipath Routing protocol (LIEMRO) to improve the QoS requirements of event-driven applications. In addition, in order to optimize resource utilization over the established paths, LIEMRO employs a quality-based load balancing algorithm to regulate the amount of traffic injected into the paths. The performance gain of LIEMRO compared to the ETX-based single-path routing protocol is 85%, 80%, and 25% in terms of data delivery ratio, end-to-end throughput, and network lifetime, respectively. Furthermore, the end-to-end latency is improved more than 60%.

Erratum to: Energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor network considering wireless interference

Erratum to: Journal of Control Theory and Applications DOI 10.1007/s11768-011-0263-4 The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The birth year of Dr. Minghao TAN was incorrect in his biography. The corrected biography is given below. Minghao TAN was born in 1972. He received his Ph.D. from the Northeastern University, China, in 2004. He is an associate professor at the Shenyang University of Technology. His research interests include intelligence control and robust control.

Energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor network considering wireless interference

Due to the energy and resource constraints of a wireless sensor node in a wireless sensor network (WSN), design of energy-efficient multipath routing protocols is a crucial concern for WSN applications. To provide high-quality monitoring information, many WSN applications require high-rate data transmission. Multipath routing protocols are often used to increase the network transmission rate and throughput. Although large-scale WSN can be supported by high bandwidth backbone network, the WSN remains the bottleneck due to resource constraints of wireless sensors and the effects of wireless interference. In this paper, we propose a multipath energy-efficient routing protocol for WSN that considers wireless interference. In the proposed routing protocol, nodes in the interference zone of the discovered path are marked and not allowed to take part in the subsequent routing process. In this way, the quality of wireless communication is improved because the effects of wireless interference can be reduced as much as possible. The network load is distributed on multiple paths instead of concentrating on only one path, and node energy cost is more balanced for the entire wireless network. The routing protocol is simulated in NS2 software. Simulation result shows that the proposed routing protocol achieves lower energy cost and longer network lifetime than that in the literature.

Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol for WMSN’s

Routing in wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN's) is a demanding task. This demand has led to a number of routing protocols which efficiently utilize the limited resources available at the sensor nodes. To increase the efficiency this paper proposes a protocol referred to be an Energy Efficient Multi-path Routing Protocol for WMSN's. It takes a view that, always using the minimum energy path deprives the nodes energy quickly and the time taken to determine an alternate path increases. It uses multiple paths between source and the sink which is intended to provide a reliable transmission environment with low energy consumption, by efficiently utilizing the energy availability of the nodes to identify multiple routes to the destination. The scheme is simulated for testing its operation effectiveness in terms of path setup time, data transmission time, node energy consumption time, and life time of sensor network.

Synopsis diffusion for robust aggregation in sensor networks

Previous approaches for computing duplicate-sensitive aggregates in wireless sensor networks have used a tree topology, in order to conserve energy and to avoid double-counting sensor readings. However, a tree topology is not robust against node and communication failures, which are common in sensor networks. In this article, we present synopsis diffusion , a general framework for achieving significantly more accurate and reliable answers by combining energy-efficient multipath routing schemes with techniques that avoid double-counting. Synopsis diffusion avoids double-counting through the use of order- and duplicate-insensitive (ODI) synopses that compactly summarize intermediate results during in-network aggregation. We provide a surprisingly simple test that makes it easy to check the correctness of an ODI synopsis. We show that the properties of ODI synopses and synopsis diffusion create implicit acknowledgments of packet delivery. Such acknowledgments enable energy-efficient adaptation of message routes to dynamic message loss conditions, even in the presence of asymmetric links. Finally, we illustrate using extensive simulations the significant robustness, accuracy, and energy-efficiency improvements of synopsis diffusion over previous approaches.

Rate allocation strategies for energy-efficient multipath routing in Ad-hoc networks towards B3G

Wireless mobile Ad-hoc network is a special network that all nodes can self-organize and work together. It is flexible to form a network and extend the coverage area dynamically without infrastructure, so Ad-hoc network is envisioned as cornerstones of future generation networking technologies (B3G or 4G). However, the dynamic network topology makes the communication cost not only the energy of source/destination nodes, but also the relay nodes. Another problem of the Ad-hoc network is it is hard to provide a stable and persistent quality of service (QoS), which is strongly required by the beyond 3rd generation (B3G) system. In this article, the authors establish a scenario that contains B3G cellular base station and Ad-hoc mobile nodes, and propose two algorithms minimum incremental rate algorithm and power feed-back rate allocation algorithm in multipath routing. The algorithms can maintain a constant total transmission rate and bit error ratio (BER) to provide the QoS guarantee and reach the minimum power consumption of the relay nodes by adjusting the rate of each path in the multipath routing.

SEEM: Secure and energy-efficient multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of wireless sensor nodes forming a temporary network without the aid of any established infrastructure or centralized administration. In such an environment, due to the limited range of each node’s wireless transmissions, it may be necessary for one sensor node to ask for the aid of other sensor nodes in forwarding a packet to its destination, usually the base station. One important issue when designing wireless sensor network is the routing protocol that makes the best use of the severely limited resource presented by WSN, especially the energy limitation. Another import factor required attention from researchers is providing as much security to the application as possible. The proposed routing protocols in the literature focus either only on increasing lifetime of network or only on addressing security issues while consuming much power. None of them combine solutions to the two challenges. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol called SEEM: Secure and Energy-Efficient multipath Routing protocol. SEEM uses multipath alternately as the path for communicating between two nodes thus prolongs the lifetime of the network. On the other hand, SEEM is effectively resistive to some specific attacks that have the character of pulling all traffic through the malicious nodes by advertising an attractive route to the destination. The performance of our protocol is compared to the Directed Diffusion protocol. Simulation results show that our protocol surpasses the Directed Diffusion protocol in terms of throughput, control overhead and network lifetime.

Fault-tolerant and energy efficient cross-layer design for wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, fault-tolerant and energy efficiency are two important topics. Some link failure may happen during data transmission and some threat can come from compromised nodes, which might relay incorrect information (packet) to the next node during routing. In this paper, we propose a Fault-tolerant and Energy Efficient Multipath-routing (FEEM) scheme aided with channel coding and interleaver, which is a cross-layer design approach. For multipath selection, we propose an Energy and Mobility-aware Geographical Multipath Routing (EM-GMR) scheme, which is based on Fuzzy Logic System (FLS) considering the remaining battery capacity, mobility and distance to the destination node. Simulation results show that our EM-GMR scheme can extend the network lifetime longer than the original geographical routing scheme which only considers distance to the destination location and this scheme can reduce the frame loss rate and link failure rate since mobility is considered. We demonstrate that even if certain paths have failure or are compromised, our FEEM scheme is still able to recover the transmitted message from failure with very low Bit Error Rate (BER) and Frame Error Rate (FER).