Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Research Articles

Quasi-dynamic Load Balanced Clustering Protocol for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks

Miscellaneous issues related to wireless sensor networks (WSN) like clustering of sensor nodes, load balancing amongst the cluster heads, energy efficient multipath routing, prevention of communication failures, storage of information etc. are receiving increasing interest now a days. Hence, addressing these issues with the restriction of computational constraint and limited power supply is a challenging task to be performed. In regard to this, design of energy efficient clustering and routing algorithms have gained proper attention over the last few years because of their contribution towards the appropriate utilization of available energy and extension of network lifetime. In this paper, we propose a quasi dynamic clustering algorithm with an objective to prolong the network lifetime by reducing energy consumption of sensor nodes. Entire set of sensor nodes has been divided into two sets depending upon their proximity to the nearest gateways. Nodes from the first set are assigned to the fixed set of gateways while those from the other set are associated dynamically on the basis of instantaneous network statistics. Performance of the proposed algorithm has been demonstrated by means of extensive simulation studies. It has finally been substantiated that the proposed clustering protocol shows comprehensive improvement with respect to existing algorithms in terms of number of active sensor nodes, network life time, energy consumption etc.

Roulette Wheel Based Load Balancing for Multipath Routing in MANETs

The Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are networks with unpredictable topology. The number of paths existing between a pair of nodes may change with time. Thus, discovered routes are not permanent in nature and are subject to change with movement of nodes. The constraints like limited energy life of nodes also influence the availability of paths. The flows of traffic or data load also influence the performance of network. Thus, load needs to be distributed among various possible paths. This can prevent overutilization of resources. Thus, a proper management of available resources is necessary for routing data packets efficiently in MANETs. In this paper, a Roulette wheel based load balancing approach has been presented. Further this approach has been applied to Ant colony based Energy Efficient Multipath Routing (ACBEEMR). The combined approach has been named as ACBEEMR-LB. The performance of ACBEEMR-LB has been evaluated and analyzed using the NS2 simulator. The results corresponding to the load balanced approach has been compared to the results of simple ACBEEMR and protocols like AOMDV. The results so obtained prove the benefits of using Load Balancing in case of multipath routing.

E 2 MR: energy‐efficient multipath routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

Exploration of underwater resources, oceanographic data collection, tactical surveillance and natural disaster prevention are some of the areas of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network(UWSN) applications. UWSN is different from traditional wireless sensor network. The later uses radio waves for communication between sensors while the former uses acoustic waves for data transmission. Communication through UWSN is more challenging because of the many challenges associated with acoustic channels such as low bandwidth, high transmission delay, usual path loss and intermittent connectivity. In UWSN, some algorithms were introduced to enhance the lifetime of networks, by using a smaller battery and other for critical data transmission. However, data packets flooding, path loss and low network lifetime are few challenges with immediate attention. This study proposes a novel routing scheme referred to as the energy-efficient multipath routing (E2MR) for UWSN, which is basically designed for long-term monitoring with higher energy efficiency and delivery ratio. The E2MR establishes a priority table, and the forward nodes are selected based on that priority table. Different experiments are carried out by simulating E2MR and compared with Depth-Based Routing (DBR), EEDBR and H2-DAB with respect to the number of live nodes, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and total energy consumption.

IEEMARP- a novel energy efficient multipath routing protocol based on ant Colony optimization (ACO) for dynamic sensor networks

In the past few years, research and development in Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs) have gained momentum due to its numerous applications in agriculture, industrial manufacturing, military surveillance, environmental monitoring, consumer electronics, medical & healthcare, disaster recovery operations etc. Dynamic WSNs offer a robust blend of distributed sensing, computing and communication. Dynamic sensor networks are characterized by large scale deployment, dynamic and unstructured topology, power limitations, less memory and limited computational capabilities. Sensor nodes deployed in real-time environment’s for sensing data have power-limitations which hampers the overall performance of WSNs. So, the only obvious solution is to propose an energy efficient routing protocol to optimize WSN real-time performance. Different specialists have proposed various directing conventions for WSNs dependent on Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithms, Meta-Heuristics, and other improvement strategies. However, every solution suggested till date has its advantages and limitations. In this paper, our primary objective is to utilize Swarm-Intelligence based approach i.e. “Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)”, for routing protocol development. Ant colony optimization (ACO) based approach gives optimal solution in terms of efficient routing path determination, energy efficiency and delivering high performance in terms of packet delivery and throughput. In this paper, we propose a novel energy efficient ACO based multipath routing protocol for WSN i.e. IEEMARP (Improvised Energy Efficient Multipath ACO based Routing Protocol). The proposed protocol works in three phases (Neighbor Discovery via Link Knowledge, Packet Transmission via exponentially weighted moving average method and ACKR packet delivery for assuring end-to-end delivery. To validate the performance of the protocol proposed, extensive simulations were conducted using NS-2.35-allinone simulator on diverse parameters like (PDR), throughput, routing overhead, energy consumption and end-to-end delay. In addition to this, the performance of protocol is compared with traditional routing protocols like Basic ACO, DSDV and DSR and other ACO based WSN protocols like ACEAMR, AntChain, EMCBR, IACR, AntHQSeN, FACOR and ANTALG. Simulation based results, clearly states that as compared to Basic ACO, DSDV and DSR, the performance of WSN network is improvised to around 10% in all performance metrics via IEEMARP routing protocol. And as compared to ACEAMR, AntChain, EMCBR and IACR, IEEMARP performs 20% better in overall functionality and almost 10–12% better as compared to AntHQSeN, FACOR, ANTLAG routing protocols in varied WSN scenarios. It is also observed that IEEMARP protocol is highly efficient in TCP packet transmission from source to destination node.

Detection of Optimized Intermediate Sensor Nodes Using Carrier Sensing Power and Genus Factor for Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Detection of Optimized Intermediate Sensor Nodes Using Carrier Sensing Power and Genus Factor for Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

A novel ant colony optimization (ACO) based energy efficient multipath routing protocol for sensor communications

A novel ant colony optimization (ACO) based energy efficient multipath routing protocol for sensor communications

Energy Efficient Hierarchical Multi-Path Routing Protocol to Alleviate Congestion in WSN

Congestion easily occurs in wireless sensor networks (WSN) due to it's centralized traffic pattern. In order to achieve high energy efficiency, network longevity, better fairness and quality of service, it is important to detect congestion in WSN in a timely manner. In this paper, an energy efficient hierarchical multi-path routing protocol to alleviate congestion and to balance energy is proposed. The algorithm is designed by partitioning the network into equal sized zones to achieve complete network connectivity and to reduce packet transmissions. The zone leaders selected are shifted on different nodes based on network dynamic conditions to avoid hotspots and to provide energy balancing. For an efficient data transmission, quicker and optimal multiple paths are established using merged zone and hierarchical network topology structure. The proposed algorithm detects the congestion by monitoring the path quality. The detected congestion is a result of overloaded links or nodes on the path. In addition, the algorithm proactively controls the congestion by dynamically shifting the transmission paths on their quality and alleviate it reactively using traffic splitting approach. The goal of this approach is to control resources instead of controlling the network load. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs better as compared to other congestion control algorithms in terms of throughput, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio in a resource constraint wireless sensor network.

Energy efficient hierarchical multi-path routing protocol to alleviate congestion in WSN

Energy efficient hierarchical multi-path routing protocol to alleviate congestion in WSN

ANALYSES OF DIFFERENT PROTOCOLS FOR MULTIPATH ROUTING IN WSN

Modern progress in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for instance observation, traffic observation as well as storeroom of probable applicable are planned to cherish the authentic planet. For these network severe necessities of quick, dependable protocol to convene the restraint that is latency, highest packet received ratio, good put as well as energy efficiency. In this article we have reviewed the several multi path routing protocols such as Energy Efficient Multi Path (EEMP) routing protocol, Secure and Energy efficient Multi Path (SEMP) routing protocol, Bandwidth Aware Multi Path (BAMP) routing protocol, Cooperative Multi Path (CMP) routing protocol as well as QoS Multi Path (QoSMP) routing protocol. The simulation of multi path routing is offered depend on packet received ratio, average delay as well as energy efficiency in WSN.

A State of Art on Energy Efficient Multipath Routing In Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network is the combination of sensor nodes where sensor nodes are distributed all over the network. There are some challenges that come into the wireless sensor network n context to energy efficiency, network lifetime, storage and battery backup. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed various routing techniques for WSN that increases the network lifetime and energy consumption.

Energy Efficient Cross Layer Multipath Routing for Image Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks

Owing to limited energy in wireless devices power saving is very critical to prolong the lifetime of the networks. In this regard, we designed a cross-layer optimization mechanism based on power control in which source node broadcasts a Route Request Packet (RREQ) containing information such as node id, image size, end to end bit error rate (BER) and residual battery energy to its neighbor nodes to initiate a multimedia session. Each intermediate node appends its remaining battery energy, link gain, node id and average noise power to the RREQ packet. Upon receiving the RREQ packets, the sink node finds node disjoint paths and calculates the optimal power vectors for each disjoint path using cross layer optimization algorithm. Sink based cross-layer maximal minimal residual energy (MMRE) algorithm finds the number of image packets that can be sent on each path and sends the Route Reply Packet (RREP) to the source on each disjoint path which contains the information such as optimal power vector, remaining battery energy vector and number of packets that can be sent on the path by the source. Simulation results indicate that considerable energy saving can be accomplished with the proposed cross layer power control algorithm

Collaboration of Trusted Node and QoS Based Energy Multi Path Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

In the recent past information transmission through the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) playing a vital role due to increase in accident statistics. There are numerous networking and VANET protocols helpful to control the trust while transmitting the data from source to destination nodes in traffic environment. In spite of many existing protocols for analyzing the trust in the network, the challenge of routing overhead, high energy consumption and malicious attacks issues still continue in the communication. This research introduces the trust collaboration nodes and Quality of Service (QoS) with energy multipath routing protocol for transmitting the information through VANET. Initially, the trusted nodes have been collected for analyzing the neighbouring nodes and the information are transmitted using the proposed QoS based energy efficient multipath routing protocol. During this transmission, the multi path protocol eliminates the intermediate attacks effectively when compared with the other existing protocols. The Proposed protocol maintains the QoS while routing the information from source to destination and further the efficiency has been analyzed through simulation experiments and Montgomery multiplier based Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) will be used in future for better security and privacy.

Hybrid energy-efficient multi-path routing for wireless sensor networks

The effectiveness of a wireless sensor network relies on the underlying routing protocol. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm which leverages both flat and hierarchical routing schemes for maximizing energy efficiency. It designates some desired number of nodes as cluster heads leading to cluster formation in the network. Inside clusters, nodes adopt multi-hop routing scheme to communicate with cluster head, which on reception of data packets from all cluster members, transmits the aggregated data along the precomputed path to the sink. Intra-cluster communication can happen in two modes viz., philanthropist—maximal residual energy neighbor node is selected, and selfish—nearest node is selected as next hop. Our approach refrain nodes from transmitting along long links, thus minimizing the energy consumption of the network. We simulated our algorithm against established protocols, and results indicate that it outperforms other protocols for network characteristics like energy minimization and scalability.

EMR-PL: Energy-efficient multipath routing based on link life prediction in ad hoc networks

In mobile ad-hoc networks, traditional multi-path routing techniques elect multiple good paths based on metrics like hop count, delay, or energy consumption, and are not suitable for multipath scenario, especially when the data transmission is supposed to take place simultaneously through all the selected paths. The present multi-path routing protocol EMR-PL estimates the life of routes depending upon the energy-oriented lifespan and velocity-oriented lifespan of links. Among all the discovered routes, the collection consuming minimum energy and having required lifespan is elected for communication. To the best of authors’ knowledge, the present article is the first one to focus on the single nodemulti-path problem and give solution to it. The data transfer is multi-track that is, all the routes belonging to the selected collection, simultaneously forward data packets. The protocol performance is evaluated in terms of data packet delivery ratio, message cost, average node lifetime, consumed energy and end-to-end delay.

Improving the Network Life Time of Wireless Sensor Network using EEEMR Protocol with Clustering Algorithm

Energy efficient routing is a one of the major trusted area in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The wireless sensor network composed of a large number of sensor nodes which has limited energy resource. The sensor nodes are working through the battery, energy saving becomes more vital issue in WSNs. The routing algorithms assure the concept of energy saving without affecting the Quality of Service (QoS) Parameters like Throughput, End to End Delay, Overhead and Packet Delivery Ratio. In the existing system the Enhanced Energy Efficient Multipath Routing (EEEMR) Protocol is implemented. The EEEMR Protocol is modification of AOMDV Protocol. In this paper, we are implementing Clustering algorithm in EEEMR Protocol. The development of cluster based sensor networks have recently shown to decrease the system delay, overhead and increase the system throughput and packet delivery ratio. Simulation is performed using NS2 and results shows that the proposed system is better than the existing system. The proposed system energy consumption is decreased by 13% compared to the existing system.

Enhancing trust in mobile ad-hoc network using trust and dynamic with energy efficient multipath routing protocol

Enhancing trust in mobile ad-hoc network using trust and dynamic with energy efficient multipath routing protocol

Survey on Single Path and Multipath Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are one of the most evolving technologies applicable in various fields where sensitive information is required. However, the constraints of limited resources and requirements for environment-dependent connectivity and life cycle have urged designers to seek more efficient WSN infrastructures. In this paper, we have discussed and compared the results of various single path protocols i.e. LEACH, PAGASIS and VGA. Performance analysis of energy efficient multipath routing protocols incorporating wireless interference has also been performed.

Enhancing trust in mobile ad-hoc network using trust and dynamic with energy efficient multipath routing protocol

Mobile ad-hoc network is one of the most effective self-configuring and infrastructure less based communication networks. During the communication process, trust between the networks is placed an important issue due to the intermediate attacks. Several types of research introduce the trust-based communication protocol for overcoming privacy issues but still, the efficiency of the trust is one of the major problems. So, this paper introduces the optimised trust and energy efficient multipath routing protocol based on the maintained energy of the node to overcome the issues. The intermediate attack in the network has been eliminated with the help of the trust and dynamic with energy efficient multipath routing protocol. The established trust has been used for a multipath routing protocol. Then, the efficiency of the system is analysed using the packet delivery ratio and security. The method ensures the trust in the network by applying the computation, aggregation, and propagation and prediction process.

Energy-aware and stable cluster-based multipath routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

Ad hoc networks are wireless networks that can operate without infrastructure and without centralised network management; they may contain nodes with limited battery power. Hence, energy conservation is a critical requirement in the design of routing protocols for ad hoc networks. Clustering has been proposed as a promising method for simplifying the routing process in mobile ad hoc networks when network size increases. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient multipath routing protocol, called energy aware and stable cluster-based multipath routing (ES-CMR protocol), which preserves the residual energy of nodes and increases the network lifetime. To achieve this goal, we use an objective model to select energy-efficient paths with stable links. The simulation results demonstrate that ES-CMR has better performance in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime and end-to-end delay.

End-to-End Link Reliable Energy Efficient Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Among the many multipath routing protocols, the AOMDV is widely used in highly dynamic ad hoc networks because of its generic feature. Since the communicating nodes in AOMDV are prone to link failures and route breaks due to the selection of multiple routes between any source and destination pair based on minimal hop count which does not ensure end-to-end reliable data transmission. To overcome such problems, we propose a novel node disjoint multipath routing protocol called End-to-End Link Reliable Energy Efficient Multipath Routing (E2E-LREEMR) protocol by extending AOMDV. The E2E-LREEMR finds multiple link reliable energy efficient paths between any source and destination pair for data transmission using two metrics such as Path-Link Quality Estimator and Path-Node Energy Estimator. We evaluate the performance of E2E-LREEMR protocol using NS 2.34 with varying network flows under random way-point mobility model and compare it with AOMDV routing protocol in terms of Quality of Service metrics. When there is a hike in network flows, the E2E-LREEMR reduces 30.43 % of average end-to-end delay, 29.44 % of routing overhead, 32.65 % of packet loss ratio, 18.79 % of normalized routing overhead and 12.87 % of energy consumption. It also increases rather 10.26 % of packet delivery ratio and 6.96 % of throughput than AOMDV routing protocol.