Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Research Articles

Enhanced Hybrid Routing Protocol for Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing in Manets

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) pose challenges in managing dynamic energy consumption and optimizing network lifetime. This study proposes an improved hybrid routing protocol by integrating situation-adaptive routing and energy-efficient multipath routing strategies. We identified two promising routing protocols, FF-AOMDV and STFDR. While FF-AOMDV minimizes energy consumption, it ignores loss of power, resulting in link failures and reduced MANET lifetime. To address this, we introduce PLA-AOMDV, which efficiently manages power loss and outperforms FF-AOMDV in experimental results. However, PLA-AOMDV needs enhancements in addressing link breakage and utilization. Thus, we propose ELA-AOMDV to maximize energy efficiency and load balancing, refining route selection for better outcomes. Experimental findings demonstrate ELA-AOMDV's superiority over PLA-AOMDV in throughput, packet dropping rate, energy consumption, and network lifetime. Additionally, we present an Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP), which combines DMR, AOMDV, OLSR, and AODV. Leveraging the strengths of these protocols, IHRP exhibits superior performance compared to AOMDV, ZRP, AODV, and OLSR. It proposed enhanced hybrid routing protocol effectively addresses the challenges of dynamic energy consumption and efficient multipath routing in MANETs, improving network performance and lifetime.

Energy efficient multipath routing in space division multiplexed elastic optical networks

This paper introduces a novel dynamic multipath routing, modulation level, spatial and spectrum assignment algorithm for space division multiplexing (SDM) enabled elastic optical networks (EON) with the aim of minimizing the blocking probability and the energy consumed by bandwidth variable transponders (BVTs). The adopted multipath routing strategy allows the splitting of the demand into several sublightpaths using different fiber cores but ensuring that all of them utilize the same set of fibers in order to avoid differential delay. The method also imposes continuity constraints in both spectrum and core location in order to use cost-effective SDM Reconfigurable Optical Add and Drop Multiplexers (ROADMs) without lane change support. The complete usage of multi-core fibers (MCFs) in this kind of networks is restricted due to inter-core crosstalk (XT), which can reduce the quality of received signals. Therefore, the method besides using the most effective modulation format, also ensures that the XT of the lightpaths (or sublightpaths) does not exceed the threshold for each modulation format. A simulation study comparing our method with another similar proposal from the literature is presented for different types of topologies in terms of link distances. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed multipath routing algorithm in networks including links close to or beyond 1000 km significantly boost the dynamic performance in terms of blocking probability, energy consumption, and latency.

An Accuracy-Aware Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing Algorithm for WSNs.

In the fields of industrial production or safety monitoring, wireless sensor networks are often content with unreliable and time-varying channels that are susceptible to interference. Consequently, ensuring both transmission reliability and data accuracy has garnered substantial attention in recent years. Although multipath routing-based schemes can provide transmission reliability for wireless sensor networks, achieving high data accuracy simultaneously remains challenging. To address this issue, an Energy-efficient Multipath Routing algorithm balancing data Accuracy and transmission Reliability (EMRAR) is proposed to balance the reliability and accuracy of data transmission. The multipath routing problem is formulated into a multi-objective programming problem aimed at optimizing both reliability and power consumption while adhering to data accuracy constraints. To obtain the solution of the multi-objective programming, an adaptive artificial immune algorithm is employed, in which the antibody initialization method, antibody incentive calculation method, and immune operation are improved, especially for the multipath routing scheme. Simulation results show that the EMRAR algorithm effectively balances data accuracy and transmission reliability while also saving energy when compared to existing algorithms.

Privacy preservation in wireless sensor network using energy efficient multipath routing for healthcare data

Every day, WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) based healthcare systems is witnessing improvement in providing advice to the health condition and living habits of people. Healthcare applications based on WSNs face crucial problems of security and are vulnerable to assaults. In this study, a privacy-preserving method using the multipath routing and principles of secret keys are suggested for healthcare applications based on WSNs. Multiple paths to the sink will be computed using ECSO (Enhanced Cuckoo Search Optimization). The proposed algorithm utilizes distance and also the traffic rate of paths in the form of a parameter for discovering the optimum paths utilizing ECSO. Among these chosen paths, just one ideal path is chosen based on node energy using BO (Butterfly Optimization) that helps in decreasing the energy demands of the network. Encrypted data will be sent to the sink using the selected path. It is found from the results that the secret key merged with multipath routing is helpful in achieving security of privacy in healthcare systems based on WSNs. The results of simulation performance metrics are throughput, End to End delay, PDR, Energy Consumption, encryption time.

A multipath routing protocol for secure energy efficient communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is comprised of a number of sensor nodes (SNs) that are randomly placed in an open, harsh environment for many applications. Due to the resource-constrained nature of SNs and hostile deployment environments, energy efficiency and security are considered two key factors in designing WSN routing protocols. This paper proposes an Energy Efficient Secure Multipath (EESM) routing protocol to securely construct efficient routes and transmit data packets between SNs and the base station (BS). EESM achieves energy efficiency through minimal task allocation among SNs whereas all computation-intensive tasks such as network information collection, routing table generation, and network maintenance are performed by the BS. The proposed protocol incorporates lightweight security mechanisms including a one-way hash chain, message authentication code, encryption, and clique-based coordinator selection and monitoring schemes to defend against numerous security attacks. Simulation results show that EESM can successfully detect and protect the network against various security attacks such as replay attacks, sybil attacks, sinkhole attacks, spoofing attacks, compromised node attacks, and so on. In terms of energy efficiency, the proposed protocol achieves an up to 37% increase in network lifetime and a 6% increase in throughput over Secure and Energy Efficient Multipath (SEEM) routing, Secure and Reliable Multipath Routing (SRMR), and Reliable and Multipath Encounter Routing (RMER) protocols. The paper implements the protocol in a real environment using Arduino motes to analyze security overheads and network setup time.

Quality of service aware energy efficient multipath routing protocol for internet of things using hybrid optimization algorithm

Quality of service aware energy efficient multipath routing protocol for internet of things using hybrid optimization algorithm

Multipath Routing in Wireless Body Area Sensor Network for Healthcare Monitoring.

Mobility and low energy consumption are considered the main requirements for wireless body area sensor networks (WBASN) used in healthcare monitoring systems (HMS). In HMS, battery-powered sensor nodes with limited energy are used to obtain vital statistics about the body. Hence, energy-efficient schemes are desired to maintain long-term and steady connectivity of the sensor nodes. A sheer amount of energy is consumed in activities such as idle listening, excessive transmission and reception of control messages, packet collisions and retransmission of packets, and poor path selection, that may lead to more energy consumption. A combination of adaptive scheduling with an energy-efficient protocol can help select an appropriate path at a suitable time to minimize the control overhead, energy consumption, packet collision, and excessive idle listening. This paper proposes a region-based energy-efficient multipath routing (REMR) approach that divides the entire sensor network into clusters with preferably multiple candidates to represent each cluster. The cluster representatives (CRs) route packets through various clusters. For routing, the energy requirement of each route is considered, and the path with minimum energy requirements is selected. Similarly, end-to-end delay, higher throughput, and packet-delivery ratio are considered for packet routing.

Energy efficient multipath routing protocol for MANET for enhancing QoS and QoE in multimedia applications

In mobile ad hoc network (MANET) the devices are interconnected by wireless manner that are able to ubiquitously retrieve contents such as video and audio streams, still images, and scalar sensor data from the environment. MANET provides low power in hazardous environment where replacement of fault evaluation in the MANET is impossible. Hence, development of an energy efficient network is essential in MANET, where the cost of network depends on the energy consumption of each mobile node. Overutilization of energy by a mobile node cannot contribute to the utility or the network as a whole. Hence to optimize the utilization of energy at each node, we propose an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for MANET for enhancing QoS and QoE metrics (EMRP-QQ), which can eventually minimize the data loss and hence there liability of the mobile nodes and the overall network. In our proposed approach an energy efficient clustering is performed using particle swarm optimization (PSO), where all the nodes are clustered without any residual nodes left in the system. Using the appropriate selection of CH and SCH the overall networks overhead utilization is reduced and hence the QoS of the network is enhanced. The result obtained through NS-2 simulation shows that the proposed algorithm performs better than FQ-MP-OLSR approach in terms of reduced energy consumption of each node without affecting QoS and QoE metrics.

An energy efficient multipath routing protocol for MANET

Energy consumption is a critical consideration in mobile ad hoc networks because the majority of mobile nodes run on low battery resources. A hectic problem was the minimization of energy, which was solved by the use of multipath routing protocols. This article proposes an energy-efficient multi-path routing protocol supported by the MANET optimization algorithm. The energy efficiency within the MANET is efficiently achieved by the use of cluster head selection with fuzzy clustering and fuzz NB. Multipath routing can be achieved by integrating the bird swarm optimization algorithm (BSA) with the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), which is called the Bird Swarm-Whale Optimization Algorithm (BSWOA). Optimal route selection is predicated on fitness variables like connectivity between the nodes, energy consumption, the maximum trust value of the route, and throughput. In comparison to existing methods, the suggested BSWOA obtained a minimum energy consumption of 8.72 J, a minimum delay of 0.00333 msec, and a maximum throughput of 0.912 bps.

An Intelligent Clustering-Based Routing Protocol (CRP-GR) for 5G-Based Smart Healthcare Using Game Theory and Reinforcement Learning

With advantages such as short and long transmission ranges, D2D communication, low latency, and high node density, the 5G communication standard is a strong contender for smart healthcare. Smart healthcare networks based on 5G are expected to have heterogeneous energy and mobility, requiring them to adapt to the connected environment. As a result, in 5G-based smart healthcare, building a routing protocol that optimizes energy consumption, reduces transmission delay, and extends network lifetime remains a challenge. This paper presents a clustering-based routing protocol to improve the Quality of services (QoS) and energy optimization in 5G-based smart healthcare. QoS and energy optimization are achieved by selecting an energy-efficient clustering head (CH) with the help of game theory (GT) and best multipath route selection with reinforcement learning (RL). The cluster head selection is modeled as a clustering game with a mixed strategy considering various attributes to find equilibrium conditions. The parameters such as distance between nodes, the distance between nodes and base station, the remaining energy and speed of mobility of the nodes were used for cluster head (CH) selection probability. An energy-efficient multipath routing based on reinforcement learning (RL) having (Q-learning) is proposed. The simulation result shows that our proposed clustering-based routing approach improves the QoS and energy optimization compared to existing approaches. The average performances of the proposed schemes CRP-GR and CRP-G are 78% and 71%, respectively, while the existing schemes, such as FBCFP, TEEN and LEACH have average performances of 63%, 48% and 35% accordingly.

Multi‐objective lion optimization for energy‐efficient multi‐path routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

SummaryWireless Sensor Network (WSNs) is a collection of sensor nodes with a base station for data transmission. Mostly the network has various paths with the unbalanced nodes; therefore, energy consumption is always high. This causes the letdown of quality of service (QoS) routing metrics such as delay, inefficient throughput in WSNs. This paper concentrates on this problem and proposes an energy‐efficient multipath routing (EEMR) protocol for WSNs. EEMR protocol computes the optimal path using the multi‐objective lion optimization algorithm with less energy consumption. The main aim of EEMR protocol is to achieve an efficient path among multiple paths to satisfy quality requirements such as delay, throughput, energy consumption, delivery ratio, loss ratio, and latency. Thus, the proposed EEMR protocol is designed with a multi‐objective function using an optimization algorithm and implemented in MATLAB. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed protocol is very efficient in comparison to state of the art.

Designing a Energy Efficient Node Disjoint Multipath Routing technique to achieve energy efficiency in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks which comprise of mobile nodes with limited energy resources. Every node cooperates to perform routing and expends energy on a frequent basis. Nodes are mobile thus link breakages are common and new routes need to be established quickly. Traditional routing protocols tend to find shortest routes to destination providing best-effort delivery service. However due to limited energy and bandwidth resources shortest path routes may not suffice and may usually degrade the performance of the network. In this paper an Energy aware Node Disjoint routing technique END-AODV is proposed that is based on the traditional AODV protocol. The technique designed is based on the argument that node disjoint multipath routing can conserve energy more efficiently as compared to link disjoint routing. Link Disjoint routing leads to overuse of a subset of nodes thus decreasing the overall network lifetime. The technique proposed incorporates energy drain rate metric to establish energy aware routes which are node disjoint in nature. Simulation results with ns2.34 simulator show efficiency of the proposed technique in terms of packet delivery ratio, average energy consumption per data bit delivered, network lifetime and average end to end delay.

Energy Efficient Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol Using Simulated Annealing in MANET

Existing energy efficient multi path routing protocol in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) are not spatially disjoint and did not consider link availability and queuing delay. Hence an energy efficient disjoint multipath routing protocol using Simulated Annealing technique is proposed in this paper. In this protocol, routing will be performed based on the path cost and link cost metric, which in turn is dependent on the network and node characteristics like link availability, network load, battery drain rate, etc. Thus, the nodes selected for routing will be appropriate and will ensure successful data delivery at the destination. Since this technique takes into consideration all the minute network and node features, it can be assured that most of the network failure situations can be avoided, and thus guaranteeing efficient network operation.

Enhancing MANET by Balanced and Energy Efficient Multipath Routing with Robust Transmission Mechanism with Using FF-AOMDV

Networking is one of the major areas in which technology is running. Networking plays a vital role in communications for the past few decades. Nodes are the important connections in the network. One of the main parameters considered in the node is power. Power is limited for the nodes in MANET, which is used for some operations where the node energy is not exhausted. Power obligations always affect the systems which ultimately affects the connectivity in the network. Mobility and congestion of nodes are also affected by power problems which simultaneously have some effects like link failures, packet losses which lead some problems in QoS performance of the protocol. This research combines BEMRT (Balanced and Energy Efficient Multipath Routing) with Robust Transmission in MANET. This combination will help the network to survive the problems discussed above which depend on the route discovery mechanism FF-AOMDV. The proposed algorithm will increase the connectivity from end to end and also minimizes the errors at all. Neighbor node selection method is considered with efficient energy which generates multiple paths from source to destination. A stable path is found by the node with effective load balancing. The mechanism is simulated and the protocol FF-AOMDV is compared with AOMDV and AOMRLM with concerning PDR (packet delivery ratios), routing overhead, delay, energy consumption, network lifetime, and throughput.

Energy efficient multipath ant colony based routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks

This paper describes the novel wireless routing protocol made for mobile ad hoc networks or wireless sensor networks using the bio-inspired technique. Bio-inspired algorithms include the routing capabilities taken from the social behavior of ant colonies, bird flocking, honey bee dancing, etc and promises to be capable of catering to the challenges posed by wireless sensors. Some of the challenges of wireless sensor networks are limited bandwidth, limited battery life, low memory, etc. An energy-efficient multipath routing algorithm based on the foraging nature of ants is proposed including many meta-heuristic impact factors to provide good robust paths from source to destination to overcome the challenges faced by resource-constrained sensors. Analysis of individual impact factor is represented which justifies their importance in routing performance. The multi-path routing feature is claimed by showing energy analysis as well as statistical analysis in-depth to the readers. The proposed routing algorithm is analyzed by considering various performance metrics such as throughput, delay, packet loss, network lifetime, etc. Finally, the comparison is done against AODV routing protocol by considering performance metrics where the proposed routing algorithm shows a 49% improvement in network lifetime.

Adaptive-atom whale optimization algorithm using autonomous mobile ad hoc network for energy-efficient multipath routing

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of a group of self-operated mobile nodes that form a network without considering predefined infrastructure. In the network, each node poses less energy due to battery-operated sensor nodes. Numerous methods are devised for routing, but each method suffered from the energy constraint. This paper proposes an energy-efficient multipath routing protocol for exploiting different routes between source and destination to mitigate energy constraints. The key idea is to determine the optimal path from a set of paths available between the source and the target node. To improve the security in routing protocol, the factors, like energy, trust, and mobility are considered as major components. Here, the trust is modeled by considering trust factors, like average encounter rate (AER), successful cooperation frequency (SCF), direct trust, integrity factor, and forwarding rate factor. Moreover, secure routing is performed between the nodes using the proposed Adaptive-Atom Whale Optimization algorithm (Adaptive-AWOA). The proposed Adaptive-AWOA) is designed by incorporating the Adaptive concept in the Atom Whale Optimization algorithm (AWOA). The fitness function is newly modeled considering mobility, energy, and trust factors. The proposed Adaptive-AWOA outperformed the other methods with a minimal end-to-end delay of 0.009, maximal throughput of 85.802% and maximal packet delivery ratio (PDR) of 97.391%, respectively.

A Comparative Analysis of Energy Efficient Multipath Routing in MANET

A Comparative Analysis of Energy Efficient Multipath Routing in MANET

Cluster based Energy Efficient multipath Routing in WSN

A wireless sensor network (WSNs) is made out of a huge gathering of sensor nodes with restricted assets as far as battery supplied energy. Consequently, the plan of an energy-efficient and extensible routing protocol is a critical worry for WSN applications. In this paper, we propose a novel improved Cluster based energy efficient multipath routing protocol (ICEEMRP) is utilized for energy efficient selection and reselection of CH for multipath routing to transfer the data from source to destination efficiently and simultaneously improving network lifetime. The proposed work take up an improved multipath structure scheme in order to accomplish the balance of the network energy utilization. The proposed plan also plays out the aggressive calculations for parameters, like, packet delivery ratio, energy utilization, network lifetime, and network overhead. The results shows that there is an enormous amount of energy saved in the network and hence improved network lifetime compared to conventional routing techniques.

Energy-efficient multipath routing in networking aid of clustering with OGFSO algorithm

Networking is made out of remote mobile nodes; these nodes progressively structure a network with no centralized controller. Due to this dynamic nature, the nodes act as routers to keep up routing and sending data bundles. Be that as it may, the mobile nodes do not have changeless power supply and need to depend on batteries; in this way, they consume more energy and lessen network lifetime. The proposed work considers the issue of energy consumption in MANET, and it is overwhelmed by the optimization of energy constraint. At first, the mobile nodes in MANET are grouped by the proposed K-medoid clustering algorithm, which can lessen the cost of the routing of data in huge and dense networks. From each cluster, the limited energy consumption-based multipath routing is accomplished by utilizing the opposition genetic-based fish swarm optimization algorithm. The exhibition of the proposed system will be evaluated as far as data transmission, service cost, network lifetime, etc., are concerned. Simulation results revealed that the energy efficiency and network lifetime of our recommended work are improved than those of existing work.

IMPROVE THE LIFE OF NETWORK IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING CLUSTER BASED EEEMR PROTOCOL

Ponte Academic JournalDec 2020, Volume 76, Issue 12 IMPROVE THE LIFE OF NETWORK IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING CLUSTER BASED EEEMR PROTOCOL Author(s): K. Hari Krishna ,Tapas Kumar, Y. Suresh BabuJ. Ponte - Dec 2020 - Volume 76 - Issue 12 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2020.12.11 Abstract:Energy efficient routing is a one of the major trusted area in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The wireless sensor network composed of a large number of sensor nodes which has limited energy resource. The sensor nodes are working through the battery, energy saving becomes more vital issue in WSNs. The routing algorithms assure that the concept of energy saving without affecting the Quality of Service (QoS). Parameters like Throughput, End to End Delay, Overhead and Packet Delivery Ratio in the existing algorithm in EEEMR Protocol. The development of cluster based sensor networks have recently shown to decrease the system delay, overhead and increase the system throughput and packet delivery ratio. Simulation is performed using NS2 and results shows that the proposed system is better than the system the Enhanced Energy Efficient Multipath Routing (EEEMR) Protocol is implemented. The EEEMR Protocol is modification of AOMDV Protocol. In this paper, we are implementing Clustering existing system. The proposed system energy consumption is decreased by 13% compared to the existing system. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password