Energy Efficiency Indicators Research Articles

Nitsa is a new spring common wheat variety of ural breeding

The purpose of the current study was to characterize the spring common wheat variety ‘Nitsa’ of Ural breeding by its economically useful traits and properties in comparison with the standard variety and varieties of domestic and foreign breeding. The study was conducted at the Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the RAS in a specialized breeding crop rotation, the fields of which present the main range of soils in the Middle Urals region in 2020–2023. The variety ‘Nitsa’, developed by the method of intraspecific hybridization between the parents ‘Ekaterina’ (mother) and ‘Krasnoufimskaya 100’ (father), has been included in the State List of Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka and East Siberian regions of the Russian Federation since 2024. The mean productivity of the variety over the years of competitive variety testing was 3.82 t/ha, which is higher than that of the standard variety (‘Ekaterina’) by 0.36 t/ha or 10.4 %. In the environmental testing at the Krasnoufimsk Breeding Center (2021–2023), the mean productivity of ‘Nitsa’ was 3.40 t/ha, or 0.42 t/ha (14.1 %) higher than that of ‘Ekaterina’, there was identified an excess over the early-maturing varieties ‘Ekstra’ and ‘Iren’ (5.0–32.8 %), the middle-early varieties ‘Tyumenskaya rannyaya’, ‘Svecha’ and ‘Novosibirskaya 31’ (13.7–17.6 %). It was determined that the new variety formed the same productivity as the middle- maturing varieties ‘Ekada 70’, ‘Dariya’, ‘Omskaya 36’. It was established that stress resistance of ‘Nitsa’ was equal to ‘Iren’ and ‘Ekaterina’ and surpassed all the studied middle-early and middle-maturing varieties. The trait ‘breeding value of a variety genotype’ has shown that ‘Nitsa’ forms a high productivity combined with stability. There has been proven a variety’s advantage according to all energy efficiency indicators. There was established weak susceptibility of the variety ‘Nitsa’ against infectious background to loose and kernel smut, root rots. There was identified that baking properties of the new variety belonged to valuable wheat, and to the third class according to the standards for harvested grain. The research results have shown that wheat can be used in breeding as a source of high productivity, stability, disease resistance and improvement of the baking properties of grain.

МЕТОДИКА ОБОСНОВАНИЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ТЕПЛОИЗОЛЯЦИОННОГО МАТЕРИАЛА В СОСТАВЕ ОГРАЖДАЮЩЕЙ КОНСТРУКЦИИ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СРЕДСТВ КВАДРАТИЧНОГО ПРОГРАММИРОВАНИЯ

Abstract: Relevance of the research is connected to the importance of the problems related to the determination of the characteristics for structural solutions used in the construction or reconstruction of buildings and structures (taking into account the indicators of energy and economic efficiency), as well as the relatively low practical significance of the relevant scientific developments. Problem statement. It is necessary to determine the most preferred variant (model) of heat-insulating material used as an additional layer in the wall structure on the basis of the criteria related to the provided heat transfer resistance and the payback period of the corresponding design solution. Research aim. Development of tools for determination of the characteristics for thermal insulation material as part of wall structure within a residential building. Research tasks are the following: 1. Review and comparative analysis of scientific developments in the field of research. 2. Development of the procedure for determination of the characteristics for the heat-insulating material as part of the wall structure with the use of quadratic optimization tools. 3. Implementation of the developed procedure on a practical example. Results. Procedure for determination of the characteristics for the heat-insulating material as part of the wall structure with the use of quadratic optimization tools has been developed. The procedure has been implemented using a practical example, and the received results have been analyzed. Findings. The results of the procedure’s implementation on a practical example confirm the high practical significance of the developed tool. Thus, quadratic optimization tools can be effectively used to solve the problem related to the determination of the characteristics for heat-insulating material as part of an wall structure.

Оценка энергоэффективности скоростного и высокоскоростного железнодорожного транспорта

analysis and definition of energy efficiency criteria for high-speed and high-speed rail transport. Methods: development of a comprehensive system of indicators for assessing the efficiency of production in rail transport, taking into account the specifics of various types of transportation and technological processes, in particular the energy efficiency of high-speed and high-speed rolling stock, focused on the practical significance and economic feasibility of the results. Results: the efficiency of high-speed rolling stock is indicated, the energy efficiency of high-speed rolling stock is assessed, the indicators of energy efficiency of rail transportation are considered, the differences between a high-speed train and a conventional train are analyzed, the system for assessing the energy efficiency of high-speed rail transportation is considered, the energy efficiency of high-speed transportation is considered in relation to increasing travel speeds. Practical significance: the use of absolute energy consumption indicators for a more accurate assessment of the efficiency of rail transportation does not allow for an adequate assessment of the scale of production activities. Specific indicators, such as energy intensity per net ton-kilometer, although more informative, do not take into account the diversity of technological processes and rolling stock in the railway industry. This article will allow us to revise the existing assessment of the energy consumption of high-speed trains, and will allow us to consider the use of this indicator in assessing the efficiency of energy consumption of highspeed trains in Russia.

Energy Assessment in Rabi Sunflower under Varying Drip Irrigation Regimes and Fertigation Levels

Efficient Irrigation and Nutrient Management Strategies are Important for Sustainability of Agriculture. In order to elucidate the above hypothesis, an on-farm experiment was carried out at Water Technology Centre, PJTSAU, Hyderabad to study the effect of different combinations of drip irrigation regimes and fertigation levels on energy dynamics under Rabi sunflower. The experimental design was split-plot design and contained three replications for DRSH-1 sunflower variety. Three treatments of drip irrigation were compared as main plots (0.8 Epan, 1.0 Epan and 1.2 Epan base values of the Epan pan) and four levels of fertigation at the sub-plots (60%, 80%, 100% and 120% of the recommended dose). 75:90:30 kg NPK ha-1 was set for the fertilizer recommendation. Energy parameters: energy output, energy efficiency, net energy gain, energy profit, and energy intensity were assessed across treatment combinations. The findings indicated that peak energy consumption transpired under settings integrating 1.2 Epan irrigation with a 120% recommended dosage of N and K₂O fertigation. The optimal irrigation level was 1.0 Epan, which produced enhanced outcomes in energy output (102.6 GJ ha-1), use efficiency (5.02), and nett energy gains (90.1 GJ ha-1) relative to lower irrigation levels. The application of the full prescribed dose in fertigation treatments proved to be excellent, exhibiting exceptional performance across all energy metrics: output (105.6 GJ ha-1), usage efficiency (8.1), nett energy (92.5 GJ ha-1), profitability (0.223), and intensiveness (0.0022). Statistical study revealed no significant interaction between irrigation and fertigation treatments, indicating that these parameters independently affect energy efficiency indicators.

Energy efficiency of waste gasification plants in the national municipal waste management system

To achieve high levels of municipal waste recovery through a system employing mechanical-biological waste processing technologies, effective management of the over-sieve fraction of mixed municipal waste (preRDF) is crucial. This preRDF cannot be landfilled due to its combustion heat exceeding 6 MJ/kg. Therefore, thermal treatment of waste and subsequent energy recovery become pivotal in the national waste management system, particularly amidst energy crises and fluctuating energy prices. Waste-derived energy can serve as a valuable renewable energy source. To ascertain the true efficiency of the plant in terms of energy, environmental impact, and economics, it is vital to organize the concepts of energy efficiency for thermal waste treatment plants. The energy efficiency of a waste gasification plant should be comprehensively assessed from three standpoints: energy efficiency of thermal waste treatment (i.e., energy efficiency index), energy efficiency of recovering chemical energy contained in waste (actual energy efficiency of the plant), and the efficiency of renewable energy production. A thermal waste processing plant qualifies as a renewable energy source, when it generates electricity and heat from the biodegradable fraction of waste. This article endeavours to determine the potential contribution of chemical energy from the biodegradable waste fraction, relying on preRDF fraction test results..

Computer investigation of voltage fluctuations on the power busbars of an arc steel-melting furnace

The intensification of production and the development of electrical technologies result in increased energy intensity and concentration of electrical loads. There is a growing number of nonlinear, phase-asymmetric, and rapidly changing dynamic electricity consumers. Typical representatives of such consumers are arc steel-melting furnaces (ASF). Their operation negatively impacts the quality indicators of electrical energy in distribution networks, necessitating the development of solutions to bring their values within regulatory standards. Traditionally, developed solutions are generally aimed at mitigating the consequences of their operation by increasing the power capacity of the energy system and implementing dynamic reactive power compensation installations. This article proposes a two-loop structure for an automatic control system (ACS) of the electrical regime of ASF. Unlike the aforementioned traditional approach, the solutions proposed in this study are primarily aimed at suppressing disturbances within the power electrical circuits of the ASF itself, significantly reducing the negative impact of their operation on the quality indicators of electrical energy, particularly on voltage fluctuations on the power busbars of the ASF. This is achieved through a substantial increase in responsiveness, phase-wise autonomy in disturbance control, and the expansion of the functional capabilities of the ACS for the electrical regime of the ASF to implement adaptive multi-criteria optimal control strategies. These properties are additionally provided to the control system by the inclusion of a high-speed electrical current control loop in its structure, which functionally enables the formation and rapid implementation of desired artificial external characteristics of the arc furnace. The effectiveness of the proposed solutions was examined using a created computer model of the ACS for the ASF DSP-200, which incorporated the proposed solutions. In the article, a comparative analysis was conducted through computer modeling of the dynamics, electromagnetic compatibility, and energy efficiency indicators of the proposed two-loop ACS and the serial power controller ARDM-T-12 for the ASF DSP-200 arc furnace. The obtained research results confirmed an increase in the dynamic accuracy of stabilizing the coordinates of the electrical regime and a reduction in voltage fluctuations and deviations in the electrical network. Specifically, the current dispersion of the arcs at different technological stages of melting decreased by 4.5-7 times, the electrical network voltage by 3-4 times, and the reactive power by 5-7.5 times.7.5.

Optimization of marine hybrid power energy consumption

Abstract The energy and power system of the ship is the core of the ship, and the composite energy storage plays a great role in reducing the load power fluctuation of the ship, which effectively optimizes the energy efficiency index and reliability of the ship. [Objective] To better optimize the ship energy management system, a control model is established according to the characteristics of the energy system of hybrid electric ships. [Method] Energy consumption optimization is carried out by using a rule-based energy control strategy and energy control strategy based on equivalent fuel consumption minimum (ECMS). The dynamic control and strategy of the hybrid ship were optimized, and the data simulation and real ship application were carried out on the hybrid experiment platform. [Results] According to the data and results of the real ship application, the following results were shown: The daily fuel saving rate of the ECMS strategy is 14.6% in normal operating conditions and 13.3% in cruise operating conditions. [Conclusion] It has a great effect on the improvement of ship energy efficiency.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЕЛЕКТРОСПОЖИВАННЯ НА ГІРНИЧОРУДНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ВИКИДІВ

The question of the efficiency of electricity consumption arises acutely at mining enterprises, since in modern conditions the extraction of minerals is largely determined by increased electricity consumption. Therefore, the value of the power consumption fluctuation indicator, which is not taken into account at such enterprises, should naturally be considered as emissions that lead to additional economic losses, that is, to a decrease in the efficien-cy of power consumption. Given that electricity consumption at mining enterprises is usually higher than the specified level, it is advisable to study the corresponding efficiency in the paradigm of the theory of random processes with the determination of emissions. The essence of the problems related to the study of electricity consumption involves the expediency of determining both the actual values of the relevant indicators and some of their normative values. To evaluate electricity consumption by industrial enterprises in general and mining enterprises separately, the "energy efficiency index" is used, which evaluates the loss of energy reserves. The indicator of energy efficiency can be measured through a coefficient, as a ratio of output results to input re-sources, or through the volume of production, its range. The purpose of the article is a statistical analysis of the efficiency of electricity consumption at mining enterprises, taking into account emissions. The research method-ology involves the use of mathematical methods, in particular the theory of probabilities, statistical methods. The content consists in the defined values of the intersection of indicators of electricity consumption by mining en-terprises corresponding to the given (planned) level. Emissions that disrupt the uninterrupted operation of the enterprise are analyzed in order to make appropriate management decisions. The scientific novelty consists in the application of statistical methods in the study of emissions in relation to electricity consumption as a random process. The practical value is in ensuring the possibility of increasing the efficiency of electricity consumption at mining enterprises based on the processing of the values of emission indicators.

Methods of reducing fuel consumption by seagoing vessels in order to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere

The aim of the paper is to draw attention to the emissions of toxic compounds into the atmosphere problem by seagoing ships. Annex VI of the MARPOL Convention, which came into force in 2005, concern the prevention of air pollution from ships, forced shipowners to use solutions aimed at limiting the emission of these harmful substances into the atmosphere. One of the instruments enabling the implementation of these guidelines is the design energy efficiency index EEDI, introduced obligatorily for designed and newly built ships. In turn from 2013, the regulations also oblige shipowners to maintain an effective energy management plan during ship's operation, SEEMP (Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan). The paper presents factors that influence the reduction of fuel consumption by ships, leading to a reduction in emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and thus achieving the required EEDI and other indicators. These are factors related to the ship's hull, the main propulsion engine and the propeller-rudder system. The influence of each of these factors on the level of fuel consumption by the ship was indicated. The work highlights the methods of reducing fuel consumption by seagoing ships aimed at reducing emissions of toxic compounds into the atmosphere, which are currently the most popular and effective, and relate mainly to the hull and main propulsion engines.

SHORT INTRODUCTION ON PRESENT DESIGN AND TRENDS REGARDING

This paper covers some aspects regarding present technology used in large crude oil carriers design and operation, as well as requirements regarding energy management on board. Obviously, due to complexity of such subject, there cannot be an exhaustive presentation. It is intended as a mere starting point for further discussion and research regarding possibilities to improve vessel’s general energy efficiency, including ways of using non-conventional and renewable energy, with due regard to specific trading routes involving large oil tankers. Some practical figures achieved typically on a Very Large Crude Oil Carriers engaged in international voyages are presented. A brief explanation on Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) and Carbon Conversion Factors (CF), as accepted by IMO, is also included. Work may be continued with further theoretical research in energy efficiency improvement on board such vessels. The article is structured in five parts: Introduction, Main Particulars of Large Tankers, Oil Tankers Outfitting, Energy Management Plan and Conclusion.

A dynamic migration route planning optimization strategy based on real-time energy state observation considering flexibility and energy efficiency of thermal power unit

New energy resources compromising intermittent and fluctuating natures have been integrated into the power grid on a large scale, and thermal power units are obliged to promote the depth of deep peak shaving and flexible response-ability to cope with this new scenario. The safety, flexibility, and high efficiency of coal-fired units are the ultimate goals of its transformation, and there is a mutual influence and mutual restriction relationship among these indicators. To exploit the flexibility of thermal power units, take into account efficiency and safety, and play a supporting role in the new power system, a control strategy that weighs various indicators needs to be developed. Based on heat flow model and dynamic state space model, and updated matrix in real time, the key process parameters affecting the flexibility of heat transfer can be fully characterized. By using the observed state and calculation, the load response index and the energy efficiency index are optimized under the boundary constraint. The results show that the multi-objective optimization methods can avoid over regulation, reduce the flue gas flow by 3.23%–3.59%, and reduce the fluctuation of state quantity under the premise of satisfying the load response rate, about 2.32%–2.52% away from the safety boundary of the design temperature parameter to achieve the flexibility of frequency modulation, high efficiency of energy transmission and operation safety.

Developing correction factors for weather’s influence on the energy efficiency indicators of container ships using model-based machine learning

The International Maritime Organization employs technical and operational indicators to assess ship energy efficiency. Weather conditions significantly impact ship fuel consumption during voyages, necessitating the consideration of this influence in energy efficiency calculations. This study aims to design models for estimating the impact of weather components on fuel consumption and develop correction factors to cope with the weather effect on the fuel consumption of container ships for different sea states. Using model-based machine learning, the study analyzes noon reports and hindcasted weather data from two sister container ships. It quantifies weather-induced fuel consumption across various sea states, ranging from 2% to 20%, with an average of 7%–13% depending on the model used. Correction factors specific to each sea state are derived, and different approaches for their integration into energy efficiency indicators are proposed. This study advocates tailored weather correction factors for energy efficiency metrics tied to specific sea states, emphasizing the need for standardized weather impact assessments. Prior to any formal policy application, future work is needed to address the limitations of the present study and extend this approach to various ship types and sizes and different geographical regions.

Effects of sowing date and nitrogen applications on the energy efficiency of facultative wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a Pannonian environment

Energy efficiency analysis provides a deeper understanding of non-renewable energy dependent cropping systems. In this study, we examined the crop yield and energy efficiency of facultative rainfed wheat (WW – winter wheat, WS – spring wheat) and mineral nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) in two growing seasons 2019/20 and 2020/21 in Central Europe. WW out performed WS significantly overall (2019/20: +30.3 to +47.9 %; 2020/21: +18.9 to +37.3 %) in terms of energy efficiency indicators. The impact of N fertilization on energy efficiency was minimal, largely due to one dose application of mineral N fertilizer. The highest estimated net-energy output (NEO) was observed at 160.2 kg N ha−1, which may not sustainable for this pedo-climatic region due to potential N emissions risks. Zero N fertilization showed best performance in terms of energy use efficiency (EUE), energy intensity (EI), and energy productivity (EP). The ERG z-score, which combines NEO and EUE into a single bi-dimensional indicator, indicated an optimal N fertilization level of 72.0 kg N ha−1.

Energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions: A panel ARDL model of top five emitters in Africa

The Paris Agreement has mandated drastic decarbonization by developed and developing economies. Many of the top African emitters are now exploring drastic restructuring of the production processes in a way that promotes energy utilization efficiency. This is critical for ensuring an environmentally benign growth process. This study presents a unique addition to the body of existing knowledge by analysing the effect of some indicators of energy efficiency on three indicators of environmental quality among the top five emitters of GHG in Africa. The data were from the World Development Indicators (WDI), covering the 1990–2020 periods for South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Algeria, and Libya. The panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used for data analysis. The results showed that all the included series were stationary at first difference. The optimum lag lengths were determined independently in STATA 17 software, and the most frequent lags across the countries were selected. The Hausman test revealed that the pooled mean group (PMG) estimation was preferred to other estimators. The results showed that in the long-run, particulate emission damages, CO2 intensity, and energy use intensity positively impacted GHG emissions, while GDP per capita and renewable energy utilization produced mixed results. In the short run, the error correction mechanism parameters were all significant (p < 0.01) in Libya for all emission indicators, while Algeria showed significance (p < 0.01) in total GHG and CO2 per capita models. The coefficient of particulate emission damages significantly reduced (p < 0.01) total GHG emissions in Libya and Nigeria and renewable energy significantly increased (p < 0.01) GHG emissions in South Africa but reduced them in Nigeria. Also, CO2 emission intensity significantly (p < 0.01) and positively impacted GHG emissions in South Africa, Egypt, Libya, and Nigeria, while electricity power transmission losses increased total emissions and CO2 emissions in Libya and Algeria. It was concluded that initiatives to reduce GHG emissions should focus on developing countries’ sensitivity to emission damages, and promotion of initiatives for using renewable energies. Also, promotion of energy efficiency across industries offers a prospect for ensuring environmental sustainability.

A benchmark study on the energy efficiency and environmental impacts of alternative fuels in gulet-type sailing yachts

Gulet-type yachts are one of the symbols of maritime culture with their unique hull forms and schooner or ketch-type riggings. In parallel with the targets aiming for decarbonization in the maritime industry, energy efficiency and emission control are on the agenda for these types of yachts. Driven by this motivation, a novel benchmark study for the gulet-type yachts is conducted to evaluate the energy efficiency and environmental impacts associated with the adoption of LNG or methanol as primary fuel alternatives to MDO. The benchmark study is constructed in two steps: Presenting the design and propulsion characteristics of existing gulets, followed by a detailed analysis of the energy efficiency and environmental impacts of using alternative fuels. Therefore, 57 gulets with round and transom sterns whose hull forms are analyzed, modeled and general characteristics are presented. After modeling, the resistance and effective power of hull forms are predicted using the Holtrop-Mennen method and CFD. The flow characteristics around the hulls are obtained and the results are validated using the previous experimental studies in the first step. Then, installed and computed engine capacities are compared, and the Annual Emission Ratio and Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) are calculated for environmental impact assessments. Finally, the applicability of using LNG or MeOH-fueled propulsion systems for gulet-type yachts is discussed considering energy efficiency and design. According to the results, transitioning to alternative fuels can increase the Energy Efficiency Index of gulet-type yachts by over 20%.

Experimental comparison investigation on the performance analysis of desert crystal sand roses and sand grain as natural effective heat storage materials in conical solar distillers: 4E and sustainability analyses

Conical solar distillers represent one of the most important technologies for producing low-cost freshwater in remote areas. However, its drawback is its limited freshwater production due to heat loss, so the present study aims to use natural effective heat energy storage materials to reduce heat loss, improve productivity, and avoid the higher cost of producing freshwater. To achieve this goal, comparison investigations on the performance analysis of Desert Crystal Sand Roses and Sand Grain as natural effective heat storage materials in conical solar distillers to improve freshwater productivity and at the same time avoid the high cost of producing freshwater. To achieve this goal experimentally, three identical conical solar distillers were built and tested in El Oued, Algeria. The first is the classical conical solar distiller (CCSD). The second is the conical solar distiller with the Natural Desert Crystal Sand Roses (CSD-SR). The third is a conical solar distiller with the Natural Desert Sand Grain (CSD-SG). The experimental results demonstrated that incorporating the Desert Crystal Sand Roses as natural storage materials in the distiller basin represents an innovative design that is characterized by serving as corrugated surfaces to enhance the absorbed rates of solar rays and interface surface area with the basin water, in addition to representing effective heat energy storage materials. Where using the Desert Crystal Sand Roses (CSD-SR) increases the cumulative productivity to 9.29 L/m2 per day with an improvement of 95.58 % compared to CCSD. Also, the use of Desert Crystal Sand Roses (CSD-SR) improved the energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and sustainability index by 94.45, 227.45, and 2.9 % compared to CCSD. Also, the exergo-economic analysis indicated that the annual energy and exergy outlets were 94.48 and 227.42 %, respectively. Additionally, the cost per liter of produced freshwater from CSD-SR was reduced by 48.61 % compared to CCSD.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF A GAS COMPANY

Currently, the use of energy-saving technologies that reduce costs and improve the production process is the most important factor in the development of the gas industry. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that in order to resolve issues related to reducing energy costs in the gas sector of the Russian economy, optimal use of non-renewable energy resources, and reducing technological losses, an integrated approach to assessing energy efficiency is required, as well as a methodology for assessing the impact of energy efficiency indicators on the financial performance of a company. The purpose of this article is to develop a methodological approach to assessing the impact of the level of energy efficiency on the financial performance of a gas company. The research methodology is based on correlation and regression analysis tools. As part of the study, a system of energy efficiency indicators for a gas company's activities has been formed and, using correlation and regression analysis tools, a methodology for assessing the impact of the level of energy efficiency on the financial performance of a gas company is proposed. An algorithm for correlation and regression analysis is presented, which makes it possible to formalize a step-by-step assessment of the impact of the level of energy efficiency on the financial performance of a gas company. The proposed methodological approach allows us to identify correlation-regression dependencies between the company’s key performance indicators (sales revenue and net profit) and the proposed energy efficiency indicators, determine the most significant indicators that affect the company’s performance indicators and determine the equation for the relationship between the company’s performance and energy efficiency indicators. Testing of the proposed approach using the example of the gas company PJSC Gazprom made it possible to quantify how changes in the energy intensity of gas production and the energy intensity of gas transportation will affect changes in sales revenue and net profit of the company. It has been established that the energy efficiency indicator such as the specific energy intensity of gas transportation has the greatest impact on the financial performance of the company. Regression equations have been established to describe the nature of the relationship between energy efficiency indicators and sales revenue and net profit of a gas company.

Spatiotemporal trajectory of energy efficiency in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and implications on the route of economic transformation.

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has attracted attention for its extraordinary pace of economic development and is considered to be leading the way in China's transformation from a manufacturing to an innovation cluster. However, due to rapid economic expansion and rapid urbanization, the Great Bay Area still struggles with low energy efficiency and environmental degradation, which has slowed down the pace of development. Therefore, in order to alleviate energy pressure, promote the country's sustainable development and gain a competitive advantage in the global market, researching energy efficiency and improving energy utilization efficiency is crucial. In this study, macro-level energy efficiency indicators are constructed using energy consumption data from various cities in the Greater Bay Area for the period from 2000 to 2020, and the spatio-temporal evolution of energy efficiency is analysed. The results show that all cities in the Greater Bay Area experienced an increasing trend in energy efficiency from 2000 to 2019, with significant variation in growth rates and magnitudes between cities. Compared to the nine cities in Guangdong province, Hong Kong and Macao exhibited significantly superior energy efficiency, with Foshan recording the highest growth rate of 14%. In 2020, most cities experienced a decline in energy efficiency due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with Macao experiencing the greatest decrease at 57%. Hong Kong and Macao are both in the "low consumption and high efficiency" target region, while Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Zhuhai are consistently in the "both high" region. Changes in the industrial upgrading index correspond significantly with changes in energy efficiency trajectories, with the transition from primary to secondary and tertiary industries playing a more substantial role. There is no significant association found between the strength of environmental regulation and changes in energy efficiency. The study's findings indicate that the most effective way to achieve economic transformation in the majority of China's regions is to combine adequate environmental legislation with industrial structural adjustment.

Investigating thermal performance and energy efficiency in under-floor air distribution data centers: A case study

This study conducted on-site measurements of air temperature and airflow velocity at the cold aisle outlet, combined with infrared imaging, to derive optimized layouts for rack servers. It was found that installing blind plates effectively improves the uniformity of cold air distribution within the racks, as indicated by the temperature and airflow velocity at the server inlet and outlet under both blind and non-blind plate conditions. Finally, thermal performance indicators (i.e., SHI, β, RHI, RCI) and Reynolds number were used to assess the thermal performance of the data center, while energy efficiency indicators (i.e., PUE, WUE, CUE) were employed to evaluate its energy efficiency. The results revealed that the cold aisle has less air distribution at both ends and is more concentrated in the middle. It is advisable to position high-power servers in the middle racks and place racks with relatively lower power at the front and rear ends to ensure effective heat dissipation of the servers. The installation of blind plates can effectively enhance the uniformity of airflow within the racks and improve server cooling. Among the tested racks, 16 out of 17 exhibited low temperatures (RCILO) below 90%, indicating heat loss and energy waste. The PUE value of the data center is 1.19, and the CUE value is 0.77.

Application of energy sustainability model based on optical sensing technology in intelligent warehousing performance management in green manufacturing industry

As the global focus on sustainable development continues to grow, green manufacturing, as a way to optimize resource use and reduce environmental impact, needs to be combined with advanced technologies to improve its efficiency. This study aims to explore the application of energy sustainability model based on optical sensing technology in smart storage of green manufacturing industry, evaluate its impact on storage performance management, and further promote the development of green manufacturing industry. In this paper, an optical sensing system is constructed to monitor and analyze the energy consumption in storage environment in real time. In this study, a green manufacturing enterprise was selected as an example, and the optical sensor was used to monitor energy consumption, inventory status and environmental parameters in real time to ensure the real-time and accuracy of data. The collected data is analyzed to identify patterns and anomalies in energy use to optimize inventory management and logistics scheduling. Evaluate the energy efficiency of storage systems by setting energy efficiency indicators and compare them with traditional models to quantify improvements. On the basis of monitoring and analysis, the energy management strategy is continuously adjusted to enhance the adaptability and flexibility of the intelligent storage system. The research results show that the application of optical sensing technology can significantly improve the energy management performance in warehousing, through real-time monitoring and intelligent optimization, enterprises can achieve more efficient energy use, further promote the implementation of green manufacturing, and provide strong support for the realization of environmental and economic benefits.