Enemy Objects Research Articles

Modeling and quickest detection of a rapidly approaching object

The problem of detecting the presence of a signal that can lead to a disaster is studied. A decision-maker collects data sequentially over time. At some point in time, called the change point, the distribution of data changes. This change in distribution could be due to an event or a sudden arrival of an enemy object. If not detected quickly, this change can potentially cause a major disaster. In space and military applications, the values of the measurements can stochastically grow with time as the enemy object moves closer to the target. A new class of stochastic processes called “exploding processes” is introduced to model stochastically growing data. An algorithm is proposed and shown to be asymptotically optimal as the mean time to a false alarm goes to infinity.

МЕТОДИЧНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ІМІТАЦІЙНОЇ МОДЕЛІ ОПИСУ ОПЕРАЦІЇ УГРУПОВАННЯ ВІЙСЬК (СИЛ) ШЛЯХОМ ОНОВЛЕННЯ ПОРЯДКУ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ БОЙОВИХ ДІЙ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ МЕХАНІЗОВАНИХ (ТАНКОВИХ) ВІЙСЬК

An analysis of the experience of conducting combat operations shows that a significant role in the operations of groupings of troops (forces) belongs to units of mechanized (tank) troops. The existing mathematical model of combat operations of units of mechanized (tank) troops in the simulation model of the operation of a grouping of troops (forces) makes it possible to model the tactical actions of units of mechanized (tank) troops, however, it is somewhat generalized and does not always meet the requirements. The article proposes a methodical approach to improving the mathematical model of combat operations of units of mechanized (tank) troops in a simulation model of an operation (combat operations), the main content of which is to use such an algorithm, which will allow more detailed modeling of the tactical actions of units mechanized (tank) troops. The novelty of the algorithm is the ability to: determine indicators of the priority of targets (enemy objects) on the battlefield during simulation, thereby affecting the order and sequence of fire damage; to simulate the actions of battalion tactical groups, which are widely used in the war; carry out fire maneuver and fire concentration during simulation; the ability to give orders for a fire defeat in manual mode, thereby simulating the target designation of the commander; etc. Keywords: simulation modeling, modeling of tactical actions of subunits, grouping, weapons and military equipment, counter-offensive operation, mechanized (tank) troops, effectiveness of combat operations, grouping of troops (forces) operation, fire engagement, target designation.

Исследование характеристик алгоритма корреляционно-экстремальной навигации для летательного аппарата

Correlation-extremal navigation and guidance systems are widely used in controlling the moving objects. The paper considers the aircraft correlation-extreme navigation algorithm designed for the aviation complexes. This algorithm provides radio identification and guidance for long-range detection of the enemy objects, as well as guidance of the destruction and interception weaponry against it. Classification of methods of the correlation-extreme navigation is presented, and each of the methods is being considered separately. Using the example of an airfield identified from the air, the error between the current and the reference images is determined as the distance between two points in the original image pixel coordinate system. When moving, the object image could be distorted by geometric, luminance and noise transformations. Using the found image, error dependencies on alterations in brightness, rotation angle and noise level of the image fragment, as well as the error dependencies on the selected navigation element, are investigated. Results are presented in the form of graphs. It is shown that the phase correlation method is more resistant to brightness and noise distortions of the image fragment, and the gradient correlation method is more resistant to the geometric transformations. It was found that navigation of heterogeneous and diverse navigation elements (cities) is better than the monotonous and homogeneous ones (roads and forests).

Non-Lethal Weapons as a Means of Expanding the Capabilities to Defeat the Enemy

The subject of the study is the impact on the enemy during armed conflicts of varying intensity, the object of the study is the features of the so-called "non-lethal" weapons used in this process. The author has studied in detail the process of influencing enemy objects during the conduct of military operations with the use of non-lethal weapons, analyzed the features of its use in local wars and armed conflicts. The relevance of the study is determined by the appearance in leading foreign countries of updated conceptual and combat documents defining the principles and conditions for the use of non-lethal weapons. When writing a review article, general scientific research methods – analysis and synthesis - were used. Based on the analysis of the features of the use of non-lethal weapons during local wars and armed conflicts of recent times, the particular consequences of its use are analyzed. Based on the results of the analysis, the author concludes that the purpose of using such weapons is not the humanization of conflicts stated in a number of conceptual documents, but to increase the effectiveness of defeating the enemy in difficult conditions of modern warfare. Thus, it is determined that the increasing role of non-lethal weapons in modern operations is determined by its physical properties, which make it possible to solve the tasks of defeating enemy objects and defending their objects in difficult background-target conditions characteristic of modern local wars and armed conflicts

Study of characteristics of the algorithm for aerial target acquisition and tracking using video imaging

The paper considers an algorithm for aerial targets acquisition and tracking using video imaging. This algorithm should be introduced in the radio acquisition and guidance aerial systems for long-range identification of the enemy objects, targeting weapons and interception thereof. Existing methods of tracking the objects by video imaging are presented. The most efficient tracking algorithm was determined, i. e. the MOSSE tracker, which is easy to implement, accurate and high-speed. Several aerial targets flight video sequences were found being different in various characteristics. The found video images were used to study characteristics of the aerial target tracking algorithm based on the MOSSE tracker. Study results are presented, and it is shown that the number of objects in the frame, poor lighting, object motion and rotation could interfere with tracking.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ВІЙСЬК РОЗВІДУВАЛЬНОЮ ІНФОРМАЦІЄЮ

This paper analyzes the features of providing troops with intelligence information, it is noted that for the successful conduct of a modern battle, it is necessary, first of all, to know the enemy, his forces, means and nature of actions. In order to provide commanders and staffs of all levels with this data, there is a type of combat support for military actions - intelligence and its most important component - intelligence and information work. The experience of conducting military operations shows that only where reconnaissance is conducted actively and purposefully, combat tasks are solved successfully and with the least losses. On the contrary, poorly organized intelligence has always been the main reason for the failure of combat missions. The modern combat experience of the troops shows that nowadays the volume of tasks solved by intelligence has grown significantly. On the other hand, the terms of their implementation have significantly shortened. The requirements for the time of data transmission and the accuracy of determining the coordinates of enemy objects have increased. It is noted in the work that intelligence and information work includes the organization, collection, processing of intelligence information, timely reporting to the commander, senior commander, and delivery of the necessary data to the heads of military branches and services, commanders (staffs) of subordinate, interacting units and neighbors. In order for unit commanders to make a decision on the conduct of hostilities, they need to have an intelligence report, which formulates conclusions based on the assessment of the modern enemy in real time. It was noted that today it is the organization of intelligence and information work that is becoming the most important component in the intelligence support of units in a modern battle, therefore primary-level scouts must have a high level of knowledge and skills of modern methods of organization of intelligence and information work in units. The analysis of hostilities in the East of Ukraine shows that success in battle is primarily influenced by the degree of accuracy and reliability of information about the enemy, as well as a timely report on the probabilities of his predicted actions.

ЩОДО РОЗПОДІЛУ ОДНОРІДНИХ ЗАСОБІВ УРАЖЕННЯ ЗА СУКУПНІСТЮ ОБ’ЄКТІВ ПРОТИВНИКА З УРАХУВАННЯМ РИЗИКІВ

Russian armed aggression against Ukraine has intensified research by Ukrainian scientists related to the development of weapons and military equipment and increasing the effectiveness of its combat use. The first months of the war showed that aviation and rocket troops and artillery are one of the key elements in the conduct of most large-scale operations in order to repulse the enemy and destroy his manpower and weapons and military equipment. In order to achieve the necessary results in carrying out various types of military operations, it becomes necessary to constantly make decisions on the use of certain troops (forces), means of destruction in order to destroy the enemy and inflict such losses on him, contributing to the achievement of the main goal of the operation. One of the important issues in the study of the problems of the optimal use of weapons is the solution of problems of target distribution of different content. For example, distribution over homogeneous or heterogeneous targets, protected or not protected, etc. The most relevant for research is the solution of the problem of distributing homogeneous means of attack over a set of objects of destruction, taking into account their degree of protection. Therefore, in the article, the authors propose one approach to the distribution of homogeneous weapons over the totality of enemy objects, taking into account the risks of hitting one's own weapons and the coefficients of importance of enemy objects in case of defeat. The proposed methodological approach is based on a mathematical model of decision-making on the defeat of enemy targets under conditions of risk, that is, their active countermeasures. Further prospects for research on the topic of the article include the need for practical implementation of the proposed approach in the form of calculation programs, as well as the search for the possibility of adapting it to the decision-making environment under conditions of uncertainty. Keywords: means of destruction, means of counteraction, mathematical programming, probability of defeat, weapons and military equipment, decision-making under risk.

GAME CONTROL OF A FILTER WITH A RANDOM JUMP STRUCTURE

The game problem of synthesis of information-control algorithms of filtering of two opposing sides is considered. The opponents’ control objects are described by multidimensional linear stochastic recurrent equations. Each side controls the covariance of the output signals of its object and the covariance of additive signals in the channels of the enemy object meters. Covariances of noise signals of an object characterize the power of disturbances, and covariances of noise signals of meters characterize the power of interference.The goal of each player’s management is to reduce the filtering error of their system and at the same time increase the filtering error of the opponent’s system. The criterion of optimal control of one player is the minimax, and the other is the maximin of the average value of the quality indicator for a finite period of time. Quality indicators consist of a linear combination of three particular indicators, the first of which is the probability of one of the two states of the Markov jump structure, and the other two are restrictions on the probabilities of transitions of the Markov chain. Observation systems consist of structure indicators and meters of one-time coordinates. Each information-control algorithm is a set of five interconnected blocks: a structure classifier, a structure indicator, a regulator, a dispersiometer and a filter. The obtained information-control algorithms are described by a closed system of recurrent equations. The algorithms are based on the methods of the theory of multistep antagonistic games, the theory of systems with a random jump structure, stochastic dynamic programming and Bayesian filtering. An example of the construction of game information-control algorithms of two unmanned aerial vehicles of the opposing sides, aimed at the objects of the opponents, is considered.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ВОГНЕВОЇ ПІДТРИМКИ БОЮ (ДІЙ) БАТАЛЬЙОНУ (для обговорення)

The article provides proposals for clarification of the terminology used in military publications (doctrinal documents) regarding the planning and support of the battalion’s battle (actions), fire impact on enemy objects, recommendations on the formation, competences and functioning of the combat planning and management body (actions) that are adapted to the standards and procedures of NATO Member States. The conducted study shows that fire damage is not a clear definition of the influence of units’ forces and means on the enemy. The definition of «damage» during the influence of fire means is not accurate and does not reflect the state of the target after the completion of the impact on the enemy’s objects. The issue of fire support for combat (actions), the body of its planning and implementation in military publications are not clearly defined. Thus, the meaningful meaning of what was originally laid in them is not disclosed. Instead of the concept of «enemy fire defeat», the authors propose to replace it with a more objective indicator – «fire influence on the enemy». Under the fire influence on the enemy, the authors propose to understand the impact on the enemy’s object (target) with various ammunition and/or means, according to the results of which it is guaranteed, conditionally guaranteed or not guaranteed to lose its ability to function normally (perform a combat mission). The result of influencing the enemy’s object (target) can be lethal or non-lethal. Instead of the concept of «enemy fire defeat», the authors propose to replace it with a more objective indicator – "fire influence on the enemy". Prospects for the implementation of the results of scientific research obtained at the Scientific Center of the Military Academy (Odessa) can be considered their inclusion after discussion in doctrinal (normative) documents on the combat use of military units and units of the Ground Forces, Assault Forces and Marines of the Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Keywords: fire support, fire damage, control group, artillery, aviation.

Method of controlling a group of unmanned aircraft for searching and destruction of objects using artificial intelligence elements

The article develops a method of controlling a group of unmanned aerial vehicles to search for and destroy enemy objects. The method is to recognize situations and adjust the actions of the group according to it. The basis of the method is the use of an intelligent decision support system. It provides situation recognition, using image recognition materials (intelligence materials), generalization of the obtained information and its comparison with the elements of the set of descriptions of typical situations. The method of controlling a group of unmanned aerial vehicles to search for and destroy enemy objects is built according to the concept of multi-agent systems – intelligent agents – UAVs. The information technology of processes of the method of control of a group of unmanned aerial vehicles according to the IDEF0 methodology is developed.

АНАЛІЗ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ АНАЛІТИЧНОЇ РОЗВІДКИ НАТО

For the successful conduct of a modern battle, according to the views of modern military scientists, it is necessary, first of all, to know the enemy, his forces, means and nature of actions. In order to provide commanders and staffs of all levels with this data, there is the most important type of combat support for military operations - intelligence. The experience of conducting military operations shows that only where reconnaissance is conducted actively and purposefully, combat tasks are solved successfully and with the least losses. On the contrary, poorly organized intelligence has always been the main cause of unsuccessful military operations. Nowadays, the volume of tasks solved by intelligence has grown significantly. Instead, the terms of their implementation were significantly reduced. The requirements for the time of data transmission and the accuracy of determining the coordinates of enemy objects (targets) have increased. Analytical intelligence is a component of intelligence activity, consisting of detection, assessment, forecasting of various social processes, events, activities based on information, mainly obtained from open sources, as well as obtained by intelligence of other types (agency, technical, etc.). Analytical intelligence is divided into operational (which serves current needs) and strategic (which forms stable insights). Proactively investigates short-term phenomena (occurring, recent or soon expected) to ensure appropriate immediate action. Strategic reveals what is extremely unobvious, does not come soon, changes slowly, requires long-term, large-scale measures. Aspects of analytical intelligence: collection and comparison of various information in order to identify trends, contradictions, misinformation, misinterpretation, manipulative measures, implicit events, hidden activities, as well as the formation of general ideas about various significant subjects and phenomena; assessment of subjects, events, actions, intentions; forecasting events, actions, intentions; planning of activities, events. Information provision of specific open and secret operations; participation in the development of strategies for ensuring national security, national development, and global development. Wide implementation of modern information technologies has become an urgent issue today, according to scientists, it is an absolute requirement of modern warfare.

ЗАВДАННЯ РОЗВІДУВАЛЬНО-УДАРНОГО БЕЗПІЛОТНОГО АВІАЦІЙНОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ «BAYRAKTAR TB2»

The article analyzes the world experience of using reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles in operations of recent decades, experience and conditions of use of reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles «Bayraktar TB2» in military conflicts. Based on the results of the analysis, conclusions were made on the compliance of reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles «Bayraktar TB2» with modern requirements. The conditions in which the reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicle complex «Bayraktar TB2» can be used are determined, the characteristics that can positively and negatively affect its use and the tasks it can perform are considered. The threats that should be taken into account when planning the combat use of reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles «Bayraktar TB2» are considered. The experience of using «Bayraktar TB2» reconnaissance and unmanned aerial vehicles in the armed conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic is analyzed. The peculiarities of the use of troops (forces) in the operational zone in eastern Ukraine are analyzed, the main tasks and possible goals of reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles during the operation of groups of troops (forces) in eastern Ukraine are determined. Possible options for involving «Bayraktar TB2» reconnaissance and unmanned aerial vehicles in reconnaissance and destruction of enemy objects (targets) at various stages of hostilities are considered. It was concluded that the importance and necessity of using reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles «Bayraktar TB2» in repelling the offensive of enemy strike groups. Keywords: reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, combat applications, fire damage, main tasks, objects of destruction.

ПРИЛАДНЕ ОСНАЩЕННЯ БАГАТОСПЕКТРАЛЬНОГО ДИСТАНЦІЙНОГО ГЕОМОНІТОРИНГУ

On the basis of the performed theoretical researches variants of practical realization of means of multispectral remote monitoring for special and general technical application at the level of structural schemes and the basic technical characteristics are considered. The method of maximum likelihood was further developed, which synthesized optimal algorithms for multispectral processing of location signals for all stages of remote geomonitoring - exposure of enemy objects, as well as the method of hardware-algorithmic complexation of partial channels of geomonitoring to the level of integration of spatial-temporal processing. implementation. An integrated radio thermal system, a block diagram of a two-spectrum ground object detector with adaptation to telephone contrast and a block diagram of an integrated artillery reconnaissance complex are proposed. It is noted that the further development of the practice of multispectral geomonitoring is the development of a system for determining the physical characteristics of enemy observation objects (targets) and a method for determining the thermophysical characteristics of objects (targets) in remote monitoring and a system for its implementation. The main physical characteristics of materials suitable for mono and multispectral fairings and qualitative assessment of parameters on a five-point scale (excluding specific gravity) are presented at the level of advantages and disadvantages. The analysis of variants of the optimal on the criterion of efficiency / cost of constructive execution of components of the equipment of space-time processing of geoinformation is executed. Keywords: geomonitoring; location monitoring, remote monitoring, radar channel; heat channel; complexation of observation channels, synchronization of observation channels, integration, detection (detection, recognition, identification) of objects (targets), telephone contrast; detector, antenna fairing.

OF CREATING REMOTELY CONTROLLED COMBAT MODULES FOR LIGHT ARMORED VEHICLES

The article substantiates the need to create a remotely controlled combat module to equip light armored vehicles (LAV) manufactured at domestic enterprises of the defense complex. The main purpose of LAV is to perform some of the tasks of combined-arms battle and its support, namely: the transportation of personnel, the elimination of enemy’s manpower out of the battle formation, patrolling on the second and third lines of defense of the Joint Forces Operation.
 NATO nations procure the following remotely controlled combat modules: United States - M151 Protector RWS and PROTECTOR CROWS II (manufactured by Kongsberg, Norway); United Kingdom - Enforcer (Selex Galilleo, UK) and Protector (Kongsberg, Norway); Germany - light and heavy modules FLW 100 and FLW 200 (manufactured by Krauss-Maffei, Germany).
 Remote controlled combat modules occupy a significant niche in the arsenal of modern ground forces. At present, the Armed Forces of Ukraine do not have remotely controlled combat modules that can be used on light armored vehicles. When developing requirements for the remotely controlled combat module, it is advisable to consider the ability to perform basic combat missions by the light armored vehicles and the characteristics of the weapons that will be integrated into the remotely controlled combat module. Weapons that a light armored vehicle is equipped with are used in close combat to solve a large number of different fire missions. The remotely controlled combat module mounted on light armored vehicles is generally used to defeat the line-of-sight targets.
 The characteristics of weapons that may be integrated into the remotely controlled combat module and the proposed ammunition load are considered.
 In order to simplify design decisions when installing the remotely controlled combat modules on light armored vehicles and for the purpose of performing the task effectively, it is necessary to solve the problem of creating remotely controlled combat modules with a much smaller weight than existing models.
 Integration of the aforementioned remotely controlled combat modules into light armored vehicles will allow carrying out tasks on reinforcement of checkpoints, force protection of troops, сonvoy and patrol, destruction of fortified enemy objects, reconnaissance, as well as interception and destruction of manpower and armored vehicles, outside of the battle formations. The bulk delivery of light armored vehicles to the troops will further enhance the mobility of the warfare. Light armored vehicles can be used extensively by air assault troops, mountain assault and motorized infantry formations, territorial defense units.

ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ВАЖЛИВОСТІ ОБ’ЄКТІВ ПРОТИВНИКА В ХОДІ ПЛАНУВАННЯ РЕЙДОВИХ ДІЙ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ МЕТОДУ АНАЛІЗУ ІЄРАРХІЙ

The experience of modern armed conflicts and exercises shows the need for a detailed assessment of enemy targets, especially during the planning and conduct of raids. The article considers approaches to assessing the importance of enemy objects, which are based on the calculation of combat potentials and determining the coefficients of operational and tactical importance of enemy objects. The authors identify one of the main problems - the lack of a common understanding of the order of determining the importance (priority) of enemy objects, especially when planning raids.The purpose of this article is to consider the application of the method of hierarchy analysis to determine the coefficients of operational and tactical importance of enemy objects during the planning and conduct of raids. The authors disclose the general provisions and algorithm of decision-making using this method. To better understand the procedure for applying the method of analysis of hierarchies, an example of forming a hierarchical image of the problem, the procedure for forming matrices of pairwise comparisons depending on the level of hierarchy and their completion, mathematical processing of results, the procedure for checking expert judgments and the whole hierarchy.It is noted that this technique is part of a mathematical model of target distribution of various types of fire on enemy targets. The application of the technique will allow to determine the possibilities of the raid detachment to destroy (disable) enemy objects.

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At present, there is an alarming and threatening trend of large-scale explosions at ammunition depots of the Armed Forces (AF) of Ukraine. The analysis of emergency situations at military ammunition depots shows the vulnerability of the existing system of protection and defense of these facilities. The ways of carrying out sabotage on military installations are: the use of reconnaissance weapons, explosions, arsons, cyber attacks, the use of chemical, bacteriological weapons, provoked technogenic accidents, etc. The peculiarity of their organization and carrying out is a high level of technological training and specialty of performers. The concept of the use of Special Operations Forces (SOF) by the leading countries of the world envisages sabotage on enemy objects. The most prepared ones are diversions that are disguised as man-made disasters, caused by natural phenomena, software failures, etc. Thus, in carrying out the intentions of organizing diversions at the arsenals, bases and depots of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, we will counteract the well-prepared enemy.A comprehensive approach to ensure the protection of arsenals, bases and depots of the Armed Forces of Ukraine against sabotage threats is to take them under the protection of units and subunits of the National Guard of Ukraine, improve the system of protection and defense of objects according NATO standards and apply tactics of anti-sabotage combat in areas of location of facilities. Taking into account the experience of local wars and armed conflicts of today, the most effective way of counteracting the tactics of sabotage units is the same tactics of special-purpose anti-sabotage forces. Thus, the involvement of special forces and intelligence units of the NSU in counteracting the sabotage threats of the arsenals, bases and ammutition depots of the Armed Forces of Ukraine significantly negates the advantages of the most trained enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups. Under the conditions of economic crisis, formation and reformation of the components of the security and defense sector, the transfer of arsenals, bases and depots of the Armed Forces of Ukraine under the protection of units and subunits of the National Guard of Ukraine is justified.

INTERACTION OF FORCES AND FACILITIES OF RECONNAISSANCE AND FIRE DEFEAT IN THE COMBAT

ABSTRACT The article discusses the prospects for the use of artillery reconnaissance and fire destruction as a single system of destruction in battle. The current stage of armament development is characterized by the creation of new types and models of high-precision weapons capable of reliably striking the most important objects of the enemy, does not matter what protective and mobile properties they are possessed and at whatever depth they are located. In this case, the operational disclosure (detection, recognition and determination of coordinates) of such objects and timely bringing intelligence data about them to the appropriate commanders (chiefs) and staffs is a decisive condition for effective fire defeat of enemy (FDE) in combat. Successful completion of such a task is impossible without the organization of a clear interaction of forces and means of reconnaissance and fire defeat in the framework of a unified system of reconnaissance and defeat (SRD) of military formation. The essence of such interaction is in the coordinated by the task, place and time continuous action of forces and means that conducting intelligence, that collect, process intelligence information and quickly bring it to the relevant bodies (points) of command of troops and weapons for making the most expedient decisions in the fire defeat and radio-electronic suppression of the enemy in battle. In the perspective of the SRD military formation, in our view, should be an organizational, information and technical complex of forces and means of reconnaissance and fire defeat, combined with the general management and to provide reconnaissance of the objects of the enemy, their radio-electronic suppression and aiming at them controlled weapons in real time. Meanwhile, the functional elements (subsystems) of a military unit can be considered reconnaissance-fire complexes (RFCs), reconnaissance-electronic complexes (RECs) or reconnaissance-electron-fire complexes (REFCs), operatively created during the combat operations period for specific the tasks of SRD and RES. Each REFC can be assigned to reconnaissance and defeat from one to several groups of important enemy objects. The steady increase in the role of fire defeat, the expansion of the range of tasks it solves, and the significant increase in military power of the means of destruction (range and accuracy of firing, fire rate, ammunition power) caused the increasing of the significance of the quality of intelligence data obtained for the purpose of planning and implementation of fire, its part in the total amount of tasks performed by tactical intelligence. The transition from individual resources and reconnaissance complexes to automated reconnaissance systems and intelligence management systems, that represents a higher degree of integration of reconnaissance facilities in the interests of combat support of troops in electronic-fire operation, is the essence of the most important tendency to improving combat through mechanized connection. Along with a significant increase in intelligence efficiency, the reliability of its data and the accuracy of the coordinates of the affected objects (goals), it promotes a significant reduction in financial and time costs for the creation of new technique. In addition, the development and implementation of automated reconnaissance and intelligence management systems facilitates the creation of unified reconnaissance control centers, RES and fire defeats, which fully corresponds to their role in electron-fire operation.

ПРОТИНАЦИСТСЬКА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ СБ ОУН(Б) (1941 – 1944)

The act of restoration of the Ukrainian state on June 30, 1941, in Lviv became the turning point in the relationship between «banderivtsi» and Germans. The Nazis reacted to it with the repression of the OUN members and putting a halt to the numerous institutions established by the OUN. Without any opportunity to openly oppose the enemy, the SB OUN had been extending its network, leading staff trainings and acquiring agent positions in the occupation administration. The SB employees achieved a particularly significant success in the last mentioned activity.In the autumn of 1942, the coercive actions of taking the «Reichskommissariat Ukraine» territory’s population for a forced labor in Germany began. The SB OUN tried to prevent it: they warned, provided documents and helped the Ukrainians to become the underground members. At the same time, the SB members had been releasing the OUN underground leaders arrested by the Germans from the prisons, as well as accumulating weapons.In the spring of 1943, the SB participated in the operation of helping the Ukrainian police in Volyn and Polissya to go underground. They ensured the secrecy of the preparational work. With the help of their agents they created an appropriate atmosphere in the police environment. They sought for the most suitable moment and put pressure on policemen who did not want to go underground.Immediately after that, the SB boivkas joined the armed struggle against the Germans. Their main tasks were to carry out sabotage on strategic enemy objects: they destructed the telephone and telegraph communication lines, bridges and railways. They ambushed the German cars and small military groups. The underground members executed some part of the captives right away, the other part they recruited to the insurgent detachments, and all the others were disarmed and released. The SB counter-intelligence focused on preventing the German agents from penetrating into their insurgent divisions. The detected spies were interrogated and executed. Sometimes those executions were exemplary cruel.Moreover, the SB detected and executed the German agents among officers of the occupation administration, clergy and members of the legal Ukrainian organizations. The military field gendarmerie (VPZh) investigated all cases of failures in battles with the Germans. The underground commanders who committed gross misconduct could have been accused of deliberate harm in favor of the Germans.To a large extent, the SB struggle against the Poles had an anti-German character, due to the fact, that the Poles replaced the Ukrainian police and carried out punitive operations against the the people who were the OUN supporters.On the General Government territory, the SB detected the Gestapo agents among the OUN leaders, tried to disrupt recruitment of the Ukrainians to the SS «Galicia» division, as well as to interrupt the departure of the population to Germany for the forced labor. In the autumn of 1943, the SB fight against the Germans spread even to the southern and eastern regions of Ukraine.At the end of 1943 – early 1944, the SB agents ventured to perform attacks on the German cells in the district centers. Their purpose was to seize material resources, weapons and ammunition.The negotiations with the German allies (Hungarians, Romanians, Lithuanians and others) were held on the neutrality and the exchange of weapons for products. Simultaneously, any contacts with the Germans were strictly forbidden, and violators of that prohibition were severely punished.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ПОРЯДКУ РОБОТИ ПОСАДОВИХ ОСІБ ОРГАНІВ УПРАВЛІННЯ РОЗВІДКИ ПІД ЧАС ПЛАНУВАННЯ РОЗВІДКИ

The article contains recommendations for improving the official procedure of Intelligence tactical formations based on prioritization of intelligence, reconnaissance and combat missions during the planning of investigation in order to complete the operational and tactical tasks of defensive operations. These recommendations are included into the offered order procedures, techniques and methods for prioritizing intelligence, reconnaissance and combat missions in accordance with the operational and tactical tasks for defensive tactical operations performed by the grouping of troops. Improved order in the defence intelligence operations planning performed by Intelligence officials in tactical formations enables to consider a further priority of intelligence, reconnaissance and combat missions in the distribution of intelligence on enemy objects, which in turn enhances the performance of such tasks. The Improved order in defence intelligence operations planning performed by Intelligence officials in tactical formations could be recommended to Intelligence agencies for using in defence intelligence planning operations performed by the grouping of troops.

When Turing Met Grotius AI, Indeterminism, and Responsibility

The exponential advancement of artificial intelligence and robotics have long intrigued militaries around the world; to the extent, they are developing and deploying lethal machines that would identify, decide and attack enemies and enemy objects, without human intervention. Although these technologies are not fully matured, legal scholars, policymakers, and ethicists already wrongfully presume them to be mere weapons. This article argues that such categorization will deem most actions executed by such autonomous entities (AA entities) neither internationally attributable to states nor criminally attributable to their programmers or military commanders, yielding impunity for the gravest of crimes against civilian populations. This article draws from artificial intelligence theories, the Laws of Armed Conflict and International Criminal Law to refute this assumption and argues a new category of entities should be recognized in order to sustain responsibility and accountability to states and individuals. Scholars are offering different standards and degrees of human control over AA entities, which should make their actions attributable to states and individuals; this article suggests these standards ignore peoples’ over-reliance on computers, and could eventually throw commanders and software programmers under the bus. The ongoing debate tries to fit a square peg into a round hole, asking a cutting-edge technology to be governed by rules created in the 1940s and 70s. Facts and common contradictions fleshed out by this article should spark a new, informed, and progressive debate, which should eventually bring to a fitting and progressive solution for these up-and-coming technologies.