End Sections Research Articles

Regularities of metal flow and defects transformation during rolling in roughing stands of a universal rail and structural mill

Experimental studies carried out in the conditions of a laboratory rolling mill have determined the regularities of the processes of metal flow and roll-out defects of billets during deformation in roughing stands of a universal rail and structural mill. In relation to the box size and gauges types "lying trapeze" and "trapeze", we have determined a significant irregularity of drawing coefficients of the surface layers by roll length and width, as well as the irregularity of drawing in the cross-section of the roll during rolling. It is shown that during deformation the surface zones adjacent to the ends of the roll are subjected to the greatest drawing, and dependence of irregularity of the drawing coefficients over the cross-section of the roll on the shape of the deformation zone has a distinct power-law character. We have established a significant effect of the drawing coefficient, as well as the location and spatial orientation of the billet defects, while the geometric dimensions of the defects don't have such influence on their roll-out coefficients. According to the obtained data, the defects located on the rolling edges are rolled out most intensively both in depth and width, and the transverse defects are rolled out the least intensively. At the same time, the rollability of any defects increases with the growth of drawing coefficient. It is determined that near the side edges of the roll there is an increase in the width (disclosure) of transverse and inclined defects relative to the rolling axis, as well as the disclosure of defects occurs at the end sections of the roll in relation to longitudinal defects. For internal defects, it was found that, similar to surface defects, an increase in the drawing coefficient during rolling contributes to an increase in their roll-out, while the rollout coefficient of internal defects in absolute value is significantly lower than this indicator for surface defects. It was determined that the minimum roll-out coefficient of internal defects occurs when they are located in the core of the sample, while the roll-out coefficient of such defects increases linearly when moving towards the roll surface. The influence of the location, spatial orientation, and drawing coefficient on the rollability of surface and internal defects is generalized in the form of regression equations. It makes it possible to use them in practice to predict the quality of finished rolled metal when changing rolling modes.

Mathematical Modelling of Tank Wagon Vibrations Considering Partially Filling of the Tank with Liquid Cargo

Mathematical modelling of processes of motion makes it possible to assess the dynamic characteristics of a wagon at the stage of its design. However, it is necessary to consider the type of cargo transported, the movement of which affects the values of these features.The paper considers a mathematical model of an eight-axle railway tank wagon developed using the Lagrange’s equation of the second kind. The considered mathematical model suggests an approach based on the consideration of the influence of the energy of a liquid cargo in a steady state of motion. This influence was considered by evaluating the kinetic and potential energies of vibrations of the transported liquid cargo.Differential equations of vibration compiled for the model under consideration represent the liquid cargo as a solid. The approach for considering the effect of liquid cargo during vibrations of a tank wagon assumes that the total volume of the displaced liquid approximately corresponds to the volume of the layer of the fluid determined by displacement of bouncing, or in the case of galloping, with an angular displacement of one end section of the tank wagon, the second section rises by the same value, in other words, we observe the system of communicating vessels. Based on these assumptions, energy additions are obtained that consider movement of a liquid cargo under steady-state modes of motion.According to the proposed approach, preliminary calculations were performed, and the results obtained were assessed. The results obtained showed satisfactory convergence with the calculations carried out using other approaches to modelling of the processes of movement of railway tank wagons.

The Impact of Cutting with a Shearer on the Conditions of Longwall Ventilation

In coal mines that are exploiting methane-saturated seams, high-level emission of methane is often the basic limitation for modern and high-efficiency longwall complexes. This paper presents selected observations and tests carried out in the Cw-4 longwall in seam 364/2 of the Budryk mine, which belongs to JSW SA. To observe the methane levels in the Cw-4 longwall, additional sensors were installed at the end section of the longwall from the side of the gobs, and the air velocity and methane concentration were registered in a multi-point system that were built in the selected longwall cross-section. The air parameters were recorded in the monitoring system. The use of multi-point simultaneous measurements of the local velocities and concentrations of methane in the longwall cross-section allowed for the precise determination of the air and methane volume flow using the velocity field method. This allowed us to perform a comparative analysis of the obtained records of the air parameters using special software to determine the distribution of the parameters in the cross-section of the excavation. An important element of the study was the simultaneous registration of the methane concentration in the longwall, information on the operating times, the direction of shearer operation, and the type of work being done (i.e., mining/cleaning).

Mitigation of residual stress and deformation induced by TIG welding in thin-walled pipes through external constraint

Thin-walled pipes have been widely used in chemical facilities and propulsion structures, where the distortion problem induced by welding fabrication is common and prominent, deteriorating assembly accuracy and even reducing load-bearing capacity. External constraint has shown great capacity to control the residual stresses and welding deformation. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of constraint on welding process in thin-walled 304 stainless steel pipes through experiments and numerical simulation. To include the clamping effect in the welding simulation, the external constraint was modeled as the additional heat dissipation and mechanical restraint. The seam welded pipes with and without constraints were both modeled for comparison purpose. Good agreement was obtained between numerical modeling and measurements in both pipes. The results show that the welding deformation and residual stresses are both obviously reduced under the effect of external constraint, which was found to work mainly in the cooling process by generating more tensile plastic strain so as to reduce the shrinkage force in both axial and hoop directions. The maximum distortion is observed on the middle section of constrained pipe and on the end sections in the unconstrained one, which is caused by the combined effect of bending direction on the circumference and shrinkage force in the axial direction according to the inherent strain analysis. Moreover, the analysis of welding deformation mode reveals that the inward bending induced by hoop constraint contributes to the dimensional accuracy of the pipe ends under axial shrinkage forces. Parametric simulation analysis of the external constraint strategy was performed, and the results showed that reducing the constraint distance was the most effective way to mitigate welding distortion in seam welded pipes.

A Look at the Processes of Developing Math Activities: Pre-service Primary Teachers

Activities, which are defined as activities that support students’ mathematical learning and increase their levels of mathematic learning, enable the individual to be active by mentally and physically engaging in an action, to establish a cause-effect relationship, and to satisfy his/her curiosity. In this respect, activities have an important effect on the attitude towards mathematics. For this reason, it was aimed to examine the math activity preparation processes of pre-school primary teachers in the current study. To this end, the study was designed in accordance with the case study design, one of the qualitative research methods. In the analysis of the collected data, content analysis was employed. As a result of the study, it was found that the pre-service teachers prepared the activities themselves, they used books and the internet during the development process, and they prepared the activities for the introduction and ending sections of the lesson. In addition, it was observed that while preparing the activity, they considered its suitability for the level of the students and for the purpose of the lesson, they did not take into account individual differences while preparing the activities, and they made use of daily life examples in the activities. The pre-service teachers stated that they had difficulties in preparing activities suitable for the level of the students and stated that they did not consider themselves adequate in preparing activities. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on improving the skills of developing activities suitable for primary school mathematics lessons in teacher training faculties.

Seminal Vesicles and Bulbourethral Glands of Mammals: Morphology, Physiology, Ecology, Action of Extreme Destabilizing Factors

In mammals, the adnexal sex glands are represented by seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, urethral and bulbourethral glands, as well as glands that coagulate sperm and ampullary glands. The secret of the accessory genital glands increases the volume of the ejaculate (the share of secretions of these glands accounts for about 95% of the volume of ejaculate) promotes sperm, causes increased contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of the female genital tract.The purpose of this review is to analyze the morphofunctional organization of seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands of mammalian animals and humans.The presence or absence of seminal vesicles is a species-specific feature. Among mammals, seminal vesicles are well developed in some rodents, insectivores, a number of domestic animals (cattle, pigs), and primates. These glands are absent in cloacae, marsupials, some carnivores, a number of insectivores, artiodactyls. Bulbourethral glands are well developed in rodents, bats, primates, and some ungulates.In the wall of the seminal vesicles, the mucous, muscular and outer membranes are isolated. The epithelium of the secretory parts is pseudomultitial, the interstitium is represented by loose fibrous connective tissue and a significant number of smooth muscle cells. In the wall of the bulbourethral glands, the mucosa and adventitial membrane are isolated. The secretory end sections of the bulbourethral glands are lined with a single-layer single-row epithelium, glandular cells produce a mucosal or mixed secret. The seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands are androgen-dependent glands. In species with a seasonal pattern of reproduction, their morphofunctional characteristics undergo significant changes during the circannual rhythm of reproduction.The epithelium of seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands is very sensitive to the action of various adverse factors (heavy metal compounds, organic xenobiotics, electromagnetic radiation, ultrasound, etc.). When exposed to various negative factors in the adnexal glands, a complex of changes occurs (edema of connective tissue and epithelium, decreased secretory activity of epithelial cells, desynchronization of the secretory cycle, desquamation of glandular epithelial cells, proliferation of interstitial connective tissue).There is a lack of information on many aspects of the characteristics of the adnexal glands of the male reproductive system, primarily on the morphology and physiology of the adnexal glands of animals in natural ecosystems, on the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics of these glands, as well as on the mechanisms of regulation of morphofunctional rearrangements of the adnexal glands during seasonal reproduction rhythms, in the conditions of adaptation to various negative influences.

IMPROVING THE METHOD OF DETERMINING THE VALUE OF WATER LEVELS IN VERTICAL WELLS OF GROUP WATER COLLECTION

Purpose. Reconstruction of water supply systems to meet the increased water needs of consumers is a complex, time-consuming and expensive task. Reconstruction options include expanding existing water intakes or building new ones anywhere in the existing water supply network. The variety of options is accompanied by changes in water consumption in the sections of the networks and, importantly, in the flow distribution. The introduction of additional sources into the existing water supply systems requires a detailed study of the factors affecting the technical characteristics of the systems and responsible for the economic component of the project. Methodology. The influence of the determining factors on the total head losses in the water distribution network during the reconstruction of the water supply system is analyzed. An algorithm for finding the optimal network points for connecting an additional power source is proposed, which includes determining the optimal flow distribution and the corresponding technical changes for each selected option; total capacity of pumping stations and heads; analysis of the complete set of the water supply system of the accepted options; an economic analysis of the construction investment and operating costs that will accompany the operation of the water supply system design options. Findings. The choice of the optimal connection points for additional power sources depends on the amount of water flow in the network sections and the flow distribution. It is shown that the nodes of the end sections of the network most correspond to the conditions for searching for optimal points and can be fed from different directions, depending on the amount of additional flow. With an additional water flow rate no more than two nodal flow rates, the total head losses in the network sections are minimal. When an additional flow rate of more than two nodal flows enters the final node, an increase in head losses is observed, which can have critical values depending on its increase. The introduction of additional water flows into the network, which exceed two nodal ones, requires the use of intermediate network nodes located at sections with a higher throughput as connection points. Originality. The analysis of the factors influencing the choice of points of connection of additional power sources of the water supply network during its expansion is carried out. The analysis of the points was carried out with limited ranges of the values of water consumption of additional feeding − less and equal to the nodal ones, two and three times larger than the nodal ones. The ways of finding the optimal option for choosing a network node as a point of connection of additional power are shown. Practical value. The use of the analysis results will make it possible to most effectively search for the optimal variant of reconstruction of water supply systems, take into account the influence of determining factors on the characteristics of networks with changes in water consumption and flow distribution. The use of the analysis results will make it possible to most effectively search for the optimal variant of reconstruction of water supply systems, take into account the influence of determining factors on the characteristics of networks with changes in water consumption and flow distribution.

Study of new designs of spillway channels with artificial roughness

The effective functioning of agriculture and, as a consequence, the solution of the food problem is impossible without the use of scientifically based measures for water supply for food production. The paper presents the ways of regulating the transporting capacity of the grade-control structures and their new designs. For comparison, the works of leading experts in this field of were considered. The basis of the methodological and theoretical studies were the studies by Kazakhstani and CIS scientists on the problems of improving and researching new designs of overflow channels with artificial roughness. To solve the set tasks, general scientific methods were used to study improved designs of spillway channels. The results of experimental studies of new designs of spillway channels with artificial roughness are given; theory, methods, research data, and new designs of interfacing structures obtained on the basis of the findings of experimental studies in the Training Center for the Safety of Hydraulic Structures at the Department of Water Resources of the Taraz State University named after M.Kh. Dulaty. Taking into account the experimental studies of the structure under consideration, recommendations are proposed for conducting experimental studies of the structures of spillway channels with artificial roughness. The main conclusions and practical recommendations can be used as a methodological basis for further study of spillway channels with artificial roughness. A method has been developed for determining the position, alignment of the beginning of energy extinguishing under the condition of a fast flow regime (at the transit part of the flow) at the end section of the flume with artificial roughness. The results of calculations by the proposed method show good compatibility with the data of field studies.

Intelligent Control System of Internal Expansion over Bending and Calibration (IEOBC) Process for Large Pipe Ends

The flattening and asymmetry of a pipe end section seriously affects the welding quality between pipes, therefore the calibration process for pipe end to improve roundness is essential. Because the calibration for a pipe end involves local elastic-plastic deformation for the end effect, it is still difficult to establish an accurate theoretical model. The reasonable and intelligent control method is nevertheless an effective means to improve the production efficiency. In this paper, an internal expansion over bending and calibration (IEOBC) process is introduced. According to the characteristics of the process, the structure of the mobile intelligent calibration machine for large pipe ends is designed, and the intelligent control hardware system of the machine is built. Based on the LabVIEW software platform, an intelligent control software system for the IEOBC process is developed. A three-step control strategy is combined with pipe size detection and ovality recognition. The intelligent prediction and execution of the calibration process parameters are realized. The experimental results show that the intelligent control system has good stability and accuracy, and the ovality can be controlled within 0.5%.

Winding inductance and performance prediction of a switched reluctance motor with an exterior-rotor considering the magnetic saturation

This paper deals with an analytical method to effectively calculate the inductance of an exterior-rotor switched reluctance motor (SRM), which evaluates the winding inductance of both the active section and the end section, accounting for the influence of core saturation. According to the inductance calculated by the analytical model, the flux linkage table and torque table can be established, and the steady state performance such as phase current, flux linkage, copper loss and core loss can be predicted. Effectiveness of this method is verified by the finite element method as well as by experimental results of a 12/8 SRM prototype.

Sensitivity and Uncertainity Analysis of Flow Velocity Estimation Using Gene Expression Programming Model in Curved Channels

Prediction of velocity is an important parameter in curved channels. Recently, artificial intelligent methods are developing than the common costly and time-consuming experimental and numerical methods in estimation of flow variables. In the present study, Gene expression programming (GEP) model as developed genetic programming model is used to predict the flow velocity in the channel with a sharp 90° bend. Different input parameter combinations are examined in order to finding the optimum model then the model efficiency are evaluated in estimation of the flow velocity in training and testing phases. By comparing the results of the GEP model with experimental data, there is an acceptable accordance between results with the root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.828 and 0.8197 in the training and testing phase. The results show that the input parameters of (r,q) (polar points coordinate and the flow discharge) are the most effective parameters in bend flow pattern surveying. With increasing the flow discharge, the model error at the end section of the bend in the outer channel wall is decreased. Also a practical and reliable relationship is proposed by the GEP model and the sensitivity of suggested equation to each of input parameter is evaluated. Furthermore, the uncertainty of the proposed GEP model in the velocity prediction is assessed and different confidence bounds are introduced.

Optimal design of helical flute of irregular tooth end milling cutter based on particle swarm optimization algorithm

Due to the variable pitch angle and helix angle of the irregular tooth end milling cutter, the mass of the integral end milling cutter is eccentric, and the high stability and precision design of the irregular tooth end milling cutter is still a challenge. Aiming at the influence of dynamic balance of irregular tooth end milling cutter which can not be ignored in high-speed milling, the parameterized design of radial section of irregular tooth end milling cutter was carried out. Based on the space transformation law of the centroid of helical flute, a new method for calculating the centroid coordinate of end milling cutter was put forward, and a general mathematical model of eccentricity of integral end milling cutter was given. It was proved that this model could accurately calculate the centroid position and eccentricity of the end milling cutter. The influence of pitch difference angle and helix difference angle on eccentricity of end milling cutter was studied and analyzed. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was creatively applied to optimize the helical flute shape of the end milling cutter, the curvature radius of helical flute curve is optimized, so that the centroid coordinate is infinitely close to the origin of coordinate. The number of iterations was set to 200. In the 32nd iteration, the result approached to infinitesimal, the final function converged, and obtained the groove curvature radius of the milling cuter with the smallest eccentricity. The optimized eccentricity of the end milling cutter is infinitesimal, which can make the vibration damping performance of the end milling cutter be fully developed. On the basis of ensuring the same cutting performance, the cutting tool unbalance was effectively reduced and the dynamic performance of milling cutter was further improved.

Analysis and calculation of sediment scouring rate at different locations of storm sewer.

To explore the migration differences of sediments at the front, middle, and end sections of a storm sewer when scoured by water, and further evaluate the pollution load, the scouring process of sediments at different locations of a storm sewer was simulated and mathematical models were built to calculate the scouring rate. Results show that scouring rate is affected by sediment particle size, pipeline slope, sediment thickness, and water flow velocity. As the slope increased, scouring rate at the end section increased more obviously. The scouring rate at the front section slightly decreased with increasing sediment thickness, but opposite trends were observed at the middle and end sections. When the particle size (0.33 mm-0.83 mm) and flow velocity (0.15 m/s-0.65 m/s) increased within their ranges, scouring rate increased across all three locations. Models for calculating scouring rate were established via two data fitting. The calculated values were compared with measured values at a scouring time of 1 min. Under different particle sizes, the difference between the calculated and measured values at front, middle, and end sections were in the ranges of -0.63% to 0.63%, -0.01% to 0.02%, and -0.13% to 0.16%, respectively, all of which showed good consistency.

Asthma and Environmental Justice at Ezra Prentice Homes: The South End Community Health Survey

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Ezra Prentice Homes (EP) is a public housing complex located in the industrial, southernmost tip of Albany, NY, dissected by a busy state highway and adjacent to the Port of Albany. Residents, community leaders, and environmental activists drew attention to residents’ environmental health concerns and residents requested a community-based health survey. In response to this attention, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation launched the Albany South End Community Air Quality Study, observing traffic related air pollutants (TRAPs) at ‘considerably higher’ levels in the EP community compared to the rest of the neighborhood (Report October 2019). AIM: Measure the impact of living at Ezra Prentice homes on asthma prevalence. METHODS: The South End Community Health Survey of EP households, in partnership with local community-based organizations, began in 2016. A Resident Outreach Worker (ROWs) model was developed. ROWs connected with neighbors, introduced the survey, and created appointments for graduate students to administer an in-depth health survey. In 2018, it expanded to Creighton Storey Homes (CS), a public housing complex in a residential section of the South End that is surrounded by green space, to capture data from a demographically similar group. RESULTS:119 households (301 individuals) from EP (66%) and 66 households (164 individuals) from CS (52%) participated. When tested by z-score for 2 population proportions, the number of children under 18 with active asthma was significantly higher at EP (34%) than CS (18%) (p=.02). A similar pattern was observed for all ages combined: 34% and 21%, p=.0002, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:Initial analysis of the South End Community Health Study data observed significantly higher rates of asthma at a public housing complex where elevated TRAPs have been documented. Analyses adjusted for race and smoking status will be explored. Results will be shared with the community to inform future policy. KEYWORDS: Environmental justice, asthma, traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPS), public housing

Non-contact measurements of composite aircraft wing prototype under load

AnnotationMeasurements of general deformation of the wing box prototype of a medium-range passenger aircraft under load were carried out using non-contact videogrammetry (monogrammetry) method. The wing box was 9.8 m long and was made of polymer composite material. The tests were carried out on a special stand, where the variable loading of aircraft wing was simulated at ground and flight modes of a typical flight. The loading was carried out according to the program of tests up to destruction. As a result, the fields of distributed deflection strain were obtained for each loading step. It was shown that the maximum deflection in the end section immediately before failure reached 290 mm. The error in measuring the normal deviations of surface points did not exceed 0.8 mm.

Analysis of the Mechanical Properties and Parameter Sensitivity of a U-Shaped Steel Damper

To clarify the mechanical properties of the U-shaped steel damper under tension and compression along the opening direction and the energy dissipation mechanism in the energy dissipation system, a mechanical model was established to describe the plastic failure response of the damper, and the formula for theoretical calculation of its mechanical properties was derived. Using the straight line segment length, radius of circular arc, and opening direction as parameters for testing four specimens, through the design of reasonable pulling and pressing fixture, four specimens were tested for tension and compression. The initial stiffness and yield load test results and theoretical analysis were good and verified that the opening direction of the U-shaped steel damper affected its mechanical performance. Further analysis of the U-shaped steel damper’s mechanical properties using numerical finite element analysis of the arc radius and the straight line segment length, width and thickness in relation to the initial stiffness shows that increasing the straight section length and end arc radius can reduce initial stiffness, and increase the thickness and width can increase initial stiffness.

Uniformities on strongly topological gyrogroups

In this paper, we introduced three uniformities VGl, VGr and VG which are induced in a natural way on a strongly topological gyrogroup (G,⊕,τ). It is mainly proved that (1) each of the three uniformities is compatible with G; (2) if H is a subgyrogroup of G, then VG,Hl=VHl, VG,Hr=VHr and VG,H=VH; (3) if {(Gi,⊕i,τi):i∈I} is a family of strongly topological gyrogroups, then VGl=∏i∈IVGil,VGr=∏i∈IVGir and VG=∏i∈IVGi, where G=∏i∈IGi endowed with the Tychonoff product topology. At the end section, we obtain that every compact strongly topological gyrogroup has property U and every Lindelöf strongly topological gyrogroup has property ω-U.

Thermo-mechanical behavior simulation and cracking risk evaluation on steel-concrete composite girders during hydration process

Due to the temperature and volume changes caused by hydration heat, shrinkage, and creep, early-age concrete in steel-concrete composite girder bridges often have cracks even before the bridge opening to the traffic. In this study, thermo-mechanical behavior and concrete cracking risk in composite girders were investigated by field measurements and finite element models (FEM). Firstly, temperature field model and mechanical behavior model were established in sequence and verified by the measured data of temperature and strain. According to the FEM, the influence of interfacial stiffness on axial stress of the early-age concrete deck was studied, and proved to be nonnegligible. As for the steel girder, the influence of interfacial stiffness on the axial stress can be ignored except for the steel-concrete interfacial region near the end section of girders. Among temperature, shrinkage, and creep, temperature dominates the axial stress with the proportion of about 85% of the coupling axial stress (sum of the stress of temperature, shrinkage, and creep). The shrinkage effect causes tensile stress in concrete with a small proportion of about 3%. For creep effect, it causes opposite stress state in tension and compression with temperature in concrete deck. Finally, parametric studies involving initial temperature, curing temperature and the thickness of concrete deck were performed to evaluate the cracking risk of early-age concrete under different seasons. The result shows that, to avoid concrete cracking, concrete casting for a deck thinner than 0.2 m can be conducted without any curing method. While for the deck with a thickness from 0.2 m to 0.4 m, the concrete casting without any curing method should be conducted during specific period. For a deck thicker than 0.4 m, effective curing method must be used during concrete casting.

Motor function of the gastrointestinal tract in gastric erosions

The aim is to study motor disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and biliary tract with erosion of the stomach. Materials and methods. Electromyography (EMG) of the gastrointestinal tract and biliary tract was performed in 35 patients with gastric erosions; the control group consisted of 10 patients with gastric ulcer. A morphological study of biopsies of the antrum of the stomach was carried out. Results. Patients with erosion of the stomach were characterized by severe hypermotor dyskinesia of the stomach with a decrease in the motor function of the small intestine and multidirectional changes in the motor function of the colon. Motility of the biliary tract is characterized by an increase in tonic activity with a slight increase in phase activity. Histological examination revealed areas of fibrinoid necrosis in its own plate and foci of destruction of the end sections of the pyloric glands. Conclusion. Motor function of patients with gastric erosion is characterized by a greater power of muscle contractions of the stomach, a smaller power of muscle contractions of the small intestine and multidirectional changes of the power contractions of various sections of the colon.

Обзор методов оценки прочности сцепления газотермических покрытий

The paper presents the comparative analysis of existing methods for accessing the adhesive strength of thermally sprayed coatings on witness samples and products in research and industrial laboratories. The adhesive method of normal separation for cylindrical witness samples with a diameter of 25 mm, a height of 16...45 mm and a coating thickness of at least 0.2 mm is pointed out among the quantitative approaches described in both international and domestic standards. An alternative pin test having no restrictions on the ultimate strength of adhesion was used to evaluate conical witness samples with an end section diameter of 1.5...2.0 mm and a coating thickness of 0.3...0.5 mm. The shear method presents two possible adhesion measurement tests: with cylindrical witness samples having the diameter of 25 mm, the width of the annular coating section of 4 ... 30 mm and the thickness of the working layer not exceeding 0.1 mm and prismatic ones with linear dimensions of shear section of 2.5...5.0 mm and the coating thickness of at least 0.25 mm. During the tests all methods were characterized by irregular loading of the flat section of the coating. Mathematical models for calculating the actual value of the tensile and shear adhesion strength are presented, taking into account the appearance of additional bending and shear forces when loading the coating.