End Of Sentence Research Articles

Validating Effects of Changing Inflection in Speech of a Driver Assistance Robot on Support Acceptability

In recent years, the percentage of traffic accidents caused by elderly drivers has been increasing. Driver assistance robots, a type of driver assistance mechanism, have attracted attention as a means of solving this problem. In this paper, we investigate the effect of speech characteristics of a driver assistance robot on the degree of acceptance of advice from the robot (support acceptability). As a result, it was confirmed that lowering the pitch of particles and sentence endings increases the impression of intelligence, while raising the pitch increases the impression of anthropomorphism. In addition, a positive correlation was found between intelligence and support acceptability in subjects who were anthropomorphized toward the driver assistance robot. This suggests that the impression of intelligence may be necessary to increase support acceptability.

Hearer-Addressed or Not, That’s the Question

This paper first observes the sharp semantic difference between the -ta ending sentences and the -e/a ending sentences in Korean. Based on the observation that the -ta ending sentences are statement delivered through declaratives while the -e/a ending sentences are directly addressed to the hearer, regardless of their sentence types, this study argues that -e/a is not an imperative sentence ending but a direct address marker, which has not hitherto been recognized in Korean linguistics. This paper clearly shows that any sentence directly addressed to the hearer ends with the -e/a ending, no matter whether it is a declarative, interrogative, or imperative form. It further develops this observation and shows that -e/a is a direct address marker, -la an indirect address marker, and the complex form [-e/a la] a combination of direct and indirect addressing, which induces pragmatic effect of attenuating the directness of -e/a.

Violent extremism risk assessment in the Australian courts; professional and ethical challenges for the expert witness in post sentence preventative detention cases

ABSTRACT Since 2016, Federal legislation has been in place in Australia allowing for post sentence preventative detention of individuals deemed to pose an unacceptable risk of committing a serious terrorism offence if they were released into the community. This type of legislation poses significant legal, moral and ethical issues as it balances the rights of the community to be protected from harm against the rights of an offender to be released at the end of a finite prison sentence. Courts are required to obtain reports from psychiatrists and/or psychologists as expert witnesses addressing the issue of risk. In this paper, we examine whether the current state of knowledge regarding violent extremism risk assessment meets the legal standards for admissibility and reliability, and we provide guidance on how to address the professional and ethical challenges which are inherent in this work.

Latin Accentual Clausula as Exemplified in 14th-Century Prose Texts by Dante and Boccaccio

This paper studies 14th-century Latin prose rhythm as exemplified by Dante and Boccaccio. The texts observed in this analysis are samples from De Monarchia, De vulgari eloquentia, Quaestio de aqua et terra and Epistole by Dante and De mulieribus claris and De casibus virorum illustrium by Boccaccio. In ancient rhetoric, rhythmical units were used at the ends of sentences and clauses in prose texts. These units were called clausulae, and the rhythm of classical prose was based on the quantity of syllables. Medieval Latin prose rhythm, however, was based on word stress and was called cursus. The aim of this paper is to study what kinds of cursus occur in the given text samples and their frequency. The research method used in this paper is comparative-statistical analysis. The distribution of cursus in these samples is also analysed by chapters and different types of cursus are distinguished.

Orthographic and grammatical features of word classes (conjunctions) in the Kazakh language

In our language, some words focus only on nouns or subjunctive clauses, which give the word a grammatical meaning, add tone to them, reveal their implications and importance. This article describes the spelling of word classes in the Kazakh language, orthographic features of some conjunctions – homonymic series, difference from other parts of speech, correct spelling (together, separately), grammatical features, use in language, meaning in combination with preceding words. The external personality is similar to some ending words. We will only ask a question about the word that comes before it. For example, this year I am also writing a dissertation (who is writing a diploma – I am?). – I have a very interesting book called «From childhood to Wisdom». (Who has the book? – I have). The locative case has endings (да, де, та, те – and, both… and, as well as, not only, but also) with coordinating conjunctions the location of a person or object, interrogative conjunctions-particles (ма, ме, ба, бе, па, пе – if, really, is, really) with this personal negative suffix phrase: the lexical-semantic character and grammatical features of the ending words were considered in comparison with the suffix, so as not to confuse the instrumental cases either (мен, бен – so, within ) with the coordinating conjunctions. It is proved by examples that if you answer these questions, the suffix will be written together with the same word. And in which case there will be a conjunction, the general meaning of the sentence will not be violated, although the conjunction will be lowered, it was considered with concrete data and evidence. A number of words used in the negative sense are also revealed, as well as the differences, features and spelling of coordinating conjunctions – particles (ма, ме, ба, бе, па, пе – if, whether, really) at the end of an interrogative sentence.

Orthographic and grammatical features of word classes (conjunctions) in the Kazakh language

In our language, some words focus only on nouns or subjunctive clauses, which give the word a grammatical meaning, add tone to them, reveal their implications and importance. This article describes the spelling of word classes in the Kazakh language, orthographic features of some conjunctions – homonymic series, difference from other parts of speech, correct spelling (together, separately), grammatical features, use in language, meaning in combination with preceding words. The external personality is similar to some ending words. We will only ask a question about the word that comes before it. For example, this year I am also writing a dissertation (who is writing a diploma – I am?). – I have a very interesting book called «From childhood to Wisdom». (Who has the book? – I have). The locative case has endings (да, де, та, те – and, both… and, as well as, not only, but also) with coordinating conjunctions the location of a person or object, interrogative conjunctions-particles (ма, ме, ба, бе, па, пе – if, really, is, really) with this personal negative suffix phrase: the lexical-semantic character and grammatical features of the ending words were considered in comparison with the suffix, so as not to confuse the instrumental cases either (мен, бен – so, within ) with the coordinating conjunctions. It is proved by examples that if you answer these questions, the suffix will be written together with the same word. And in which case there will be a conjunction, the general meaning of the sentence will not be violated, although the conjunction will be lowered, it was considered with concrete data and evidence. A number of words used in the negative sense are also revealed, as well as the differences, features and spelling of coordinating conjunctions – particles (ма, ме, ба, бе, па, пе – if, whether, really) at the end of an interrogative sentence.

Epistemic stance in Korean assessment pairs: The role of evidential and non-evidential sentence-ending suffixes

Studies in conversation analysis (CA) have shown that in assessments, various linguistic resources are used to express epistemic stance in ordinary conversation. In Korean conversation, although the evidential and non-evidential functions of sentence-ending (SE) suffixes are well recognized, little research has been done on their relation to epistemic stance and their use in assessments. In this study, using naturally-occurring conversation data and the CA framework, I analyze 59 cases of a speaker’s first assessment regarding his/her interlocutor and 49 responses to these first assessments (second assessments). I argue that in Korean assessment pairs, the evidential and non-evidential SE suffixes are used as a resource for expressing epistemic stance. The results show that 74.4% of the first assessments were marked with an evidential SE suffix whereas 71.4% of the second assessments were marked with a non-evidential SE suffix. Furthermore, certain evidential SE suffixes are used as a resource to convey a downgraded epistemic stance in first assessments whereas certain non-evidential SE suffixes are used to express epistemic primacy in second assessments.

CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND BATAK TOBA LANGUAGE IN QUESTION WORD

This research intends to establish the similarities and differences in question words when using English and the Toba Batak language. It used a qualitative descriptive research design. Documentation techniques were used to collect the data. The researcher used descriptive analysis to analyze the data. The question words in English consist of 9 question words, which are as follows: "What", "Who", "Whose", "When", "Where", "Which", "Why," and "How." And in the Batak Toba language, consists of 11 question words, which are as follows: "Aha", "Ise", "Andigan", "Nandigan", "Dia", "Boasa/Beasa", "Boha", "Piga", "Sadia", "Mahua," and "Marhua." The results show that there are six similarities or equations between English and Toba Batak language in question words. However, there are also six differences between English and Toba Batak language in question words. Question words in English can occur and be put in the beginning and in the middle of interrogative sentence, whereas question words in Batak Toba language can be put in the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of interrogative sentence. English functioning question words similarly to Batak Toba, requesting the following: a person, an object, place, a manner, an activity, time, reason, and possession/ownership.

한국어 시제 연구 동향 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends of the studies on tense in the education field of Korean language and to examine the results of the studies. On the basis of these analyses, future research subjects were presented. Methods The number of papers of the subject of analysis is totally 172 papers, including 111 graduate theses and 61 articles of academic journal. The research trends were analyzed by means of research times, research themes, research methods, and research contents and then according to lower standard of analysis, these papers were classified. By making the use of analysis methods such as summary of content, frequency analysis, and data statistics, the trends of studies were analyized. Results As a result, for over 30 years the researches on tense have been steadily ongoing in the education field in Korean language and quantitative growth of this field has been achieved. Studies on the educational plan of tense expressions and on tense expression acquisition have been main subjects in this period. Research methods have been unequally biased in literature research and survey research ones. The most studies are especially related to the past tense in Korean language and tense expressions realizing at the end of sentences. Conclusions By analyzing these research trends, several tasks of future research were proposed. First, themes of tense research need to be diversified. In addition, studies observing the present tense and the future tense are necessary and studies on complex sentence tense are also urgently required.

The effect of First Movement cadences to sentence endings at L.V Beethoven's Sonata for Cello and Piano No.3-Op 69 in A Major

Bu çalışmada, bir müzik yapıtını oluşturan müzik cümlelerini duraksatmak ya da noktalandırmak için kullanılan kadansların L. v. Beethoven’ın no.3-op. 69, la majör piyano ve viyolonsel sonatının Allegro ma non tanto başlıklı I. bölümündeki cümle bitişlerine olan etkilerine ve işlevlerine değinilmiştir. Çalışmada, Beethoven’ın piyano ve viyolonsel sonatlarının üçüncüsü olan eserinin bölüm yapıları hakkında bilgi verilmiş, I. bölümün ayrıca form analizi yapılarak, teknik ve müzikal yönden değerlendirilmiştir. Beethoven’ın 1800’lerde başlayan sağırlık sorununa rağmen besteciliğindeki gücün hiç azalmayıp aksine artması bestecinin hayatındaki ‘‘kahramanlık dönemi’’ olarak adlandırılan yıllardaki başarısını kanıtlar niteliktedir. Bin yedi yüz yedi-1808 yıllarında bestelediği la majör piyano ve sonatı da bestecinin orta kahramanlık dönemi yıllarına denk gelerek bu döneme dahildir. 
 Bu çalışma, L. v. Beethoven’ın müzikal üslubunun, no.3-op. 69, la majör piyano ve viyolonsel sonatındaki izlerini, bu sonatın müzikal yapısını, merak edenlere ve çalışmak isteyen müzisyenlere bir yol gösterici olarak düşünülmüştür. Aynı zamanda bir müzik cümlesini sonlandırmak için gerekli olan kadansların klasik dönemdeki yeri hakkında da bilgi verecek bu çalışma, eseri çalışmak isteyenlere eserin stili hakkında bilgi vermeyi amaçlayarak literatüre katkı sağlaması amacıyla çalışılmıştır.

The Role of Proficiency in Kashmiri Language in Phonological Processing Skills: A Cognitive-linguistic Approach

Language reflects the general aspects of human cognition and it works in terms of generalities, i.e. in terms of categories (Cruse, 2000). So, any of the linguistic expressions, whether it’s a phone, word, syllable or a sentence ends up in the representation of a category referring to a something that is usually aimed at sufficing the need for communication. These categories are conceptual or can be referred to as the abstract mental constructs. However, language is not an autonomous cognitive faculty which implies that language is not exactly an innate cognitive module and is not separated from non-linguistic cognitive abilities (Craft & Cruse, 2004). This study reports on the role of proficiency of Kashmiri language in phonological processing of illiterate native Kashmiri speakers. A total number 40 participants (20 Literate; 20 Illiterate), divided into two groups; were tested for Lexical Decision, Random Automatized Naming, Initial Phoneme Deletion, and Final Phoneme Deletion. The results suggested that the performance of both the groups was affected by Literacy and Proficiency in their native language i.e. Kashmiri. The effect of literacy on phonological processing was in consistence with the available literature however, the performance by illiterates was not worked out. This study attempted to find out the reasons for the performance of illiterates, and it was found that the illiterates can perform almost similar to those of literates on phonological awareness tasks because the proficiency in their native language enhances their phonemic and phonological awareness skills. Hence, the proficiency in Kashmir language has a role in phonological processing of illiterates.

N400 correlate of brand associations

A number of neuromarketing studies employed brain responses called event-related potentials or ERPs as neural markers of brand associations. The use of the N400 component of ERPs in particular appeared to be the promising to study typicality of product-brand associations and their role for brand extension (Wang et al., 2012). The question, however, remains whether the N400 observed in the product-brand associations and brand associations as such can be explained by the same neurobiological mechanisms as the classical N400 response which in the neuroscience of language reflects semantic associations. In this electroencephalographic study, we compared semantic N400 in response to incongruency of sentence endings with the neural response to the degree of incongruency of associations to brands. To test, whether in the same subjects, incongruent brand associations would elicit the N400 brain response resembling semantic N400 we constructed two-word phrases in which brand names were proceeded by congruent or incongruent adjectives that played the role of brand associations. Sentences lacking any marketing context served as control stimuli and evoked classical centro-parietally distributed N400 response. The sensitivity of the brain activity to the incongruent brand associations was manifested in the fronto-centrally distributed N400 response within the same time window as in the non-marketing context. However, the correlation analysis of the N400 amplitudes in the brand and non-brand conditions did not reveal significant association between them suggesting different neuronal networks subserving processing of pure semantic and brand-association incongruences. To conclude, further studies employing multichannel EEG or magnetoencephalographic imaging would be necessary to elucidate the brain origin of brand and marketing associations as compared to pure semantic associations.

Optionality of Question Mark in Online Communications

The article is based on a study of incidence of omitted question mark at the end of interrogatory sentences in informal Internet-based discourse. Private communication in a number of social networks (“VKontakte”, “Facebook”, “Instagram”) and messengers (“Telegram”, “WhatsApp”) was analyzed, and it was found that the question mark was absent in 30 % of all reviewed interrogatory sentences. The article discusses these points: why the question mark is rudimentary now, what mark may take the place of a question mark at the end of an interrogatory sentence and if the omission of a question mark prevents the addressee from understanding the addresser’s communicative intension. The article offers special classification of interrogatory sentences that corresponds to informal communication reality. It also describes a psycholinguistic experiment that illustrates the aforesaid thesis. Thus, the results of the study show that question mark at the end of an interrogatory sentence in informal Internet-based communication is optional, used at the discretion of participants.

English Translation of Chinese Topic Sentences with Gap Subject Based on Internet Environment

Machine translation is showing an increasingly broad application prospect as the Internet becomes more widely used. The method based on the principle of maximum entropy is primarily used in this paper to determine the subject clause for translation. Its feature set does not necessitate extensive linguistic knowledge, and it is less reliant on it than other methods. It can also add arbitrary features and flexibly combine a large amount of scattered and fragmented knowledge. As a result, the maximum entropy model is used as the classifier in this paper, and lexical and sentence features are used to effectively combine the rules and statistical knowledge. The subsentence recognition process is broken down into three stages, with different features extracted at different stages and the maximum entropy model applied multiple times. At each stage, the classifiers are trained. The translation accuracy and recall rate of Chinese gapped subject topic sentences are improved by more than 5% in a maximum entropy model, according to the results. This method of feature description is particularly useful for identifying sentence endings in Chinese subject topic sentences with gaps. Its translation is closer to the correct translation, indicating that the proposed method’s basic concept—the rationality of segmentation—is correct. The algorithm based on the maximum entropy model performs better in practice.

Literary forms and semantic representations of focus

Fabb (2004) made a distinction between linguistic forms and literary forms. Linguistic forms hold of a text by virtue of being generated by a linguistic representation of the text, while literary forms hold of a text by virtue of being the content of thought about the text. The present article discusses whether the observed emphatic construction in Old Japanese texts is a linguistic form or implied literary form. The emphatic construction is [p-koso q-e], concordance of the emphatic particle koso with the sentence ending form -e (conjunctive subordinator), which is found primarily in literary contexts. Ohno (1993) argued that koso -e shifted its uses over the period of Old to Early Middle Japanese. The process of shift involves three stages: i) the contrastive uses, ii) the concessive uses, and iii) the simple emphatic uses. In Ohno’s analysis, the shift from (i) to (ii) is non-distinctive, but (ii) is aesthetically more complex. I argue that the shift of koso -e from (i) to (ii) is a semantic change from literal form to linguistic form, and that linguistic form may appear less distinct due to the literary form associated with the emphatic construction.

『개역개정』 성경 개정을 위한 문체 논의

The reason for revising the Bible is to provide a more accurate and clear translation of the Bible and a Bible that better communicates the meaning to readers of existing Bible translations. Considering this as a premise, the stylistic issues in the revision of the Bible can be summarized as follows:<BR> 1) It is natural to apply the latest Korean orthography to the text.<BR> 2) The style including the sentence ending form should be maintained as it is. This is the same for poetry and prose. If you change the style to the ‘-da’ ending form, there will be strong opposition or you will have to just ignore it.<BR> 3) On the stylistic level, the existing translation should be maintained unless the existing translation is wrong.<BR> 4) Borrowed Chinese words are now part of our language. However, it is difficult for words that do not communicate when written only in Korean to become Korean words. You have to find their alternatives.<BR> 5) With the passage of time, the use of traditional words decreases, and new words can be used more widely. When translating a new Bible, it is desirable to choose a word that is currently used more widely. But when revising an existing Bible, it is necessary to keep the existing terminology for existing Bible readers as long as there is no major problem in communication.<BR> 6) Although translation of human and place names is not meaningful in itself, it is sometimes a factor that makes the Bible difficult. Whether it’s a person with two names or two or three different persons with the same name, it is necessary to find alternatives when it can cause confusion.<BR> 7) When revising a translation of traditional style, attempts to shorten the length of a sentence can be made in very limited cases when it is absolutely necessary. Considering the use of the Bible, it is necessary to examine whether it is possible to break sentences in verse units.<BR> 8) Even if the traditional style is maintained, editing the psalms to have line breaks can help the reading experience of the reader.<BR> 9) Use of punctuation in the Bible text would be a good consideration for Bible readers. Considering that most churches still use the New Korean Revised Version for worship, it will be of great help to readers familiar with modern literature. It can be helpful for preachers who adopt the sermon text on a verse-by-verse basis.<BR> 10) Expressions that are not grammatical must be corrected.

Lexical expressions and grammatical markers for source of information: A contrast between German and Korean

Specification of information sources in human speech – evidentiality – prevents misunderstandings and allows listeners to assess the validity of the information communicated. Some of the same linguistic forms used for evidentiality, including grammatical markers and lexical items, are also reported to have a ‘mirative’ function, and can be used by speakers to express their surprise. Importantly, languages differ in the type of forms they typically use for evidentiality. For instance, corpus analyses suggest that German uses lexical items, while Korean typically encodes evidentiality via grammaticalized sentence-ending (SE) markers. Little is known, however, about the extent to which such linguistic differences are reflected in speakers' use of these forms in verbal interaction. To fill this gap, we carried out an experimental study in which Korean and German speakers were presented with events in audio and/or visual modalities and asked to describe them verbally as well as to rate their degree of surprise about the events. The results revealed several major differences between the two languages. Korean speakers used a high frequency of evidential SE markers, particularly the hearsay marker -tay, while German speakers, who relied on lexical items, encoded evidentiality much less frequently. In Korean, grammatical markers of evidentiality showed pragmatic extensions: The hearsay marker -tay carried an overtone of mirativity. Korean speakers seldom used markers having to do with perception, -te(la) and -ney; instead, it was the neutral marker -e that correlated with the salience of the visual evidence. In contrast, German speakers encoded hearsay and visual perception with lexical verbs in comparable frequencies, slightly prioritizing visual evidence. In German, lexical expressions (sagen/hören ‘say/hear’, sehen ‘see’) did not show pragmatic extension, and unmarked sentences did not imply a visual information source. These and other findings offer important insight into the lexical-grammatical continuum in evidentiality and the relationship between language and cognition in general.

Intersubjectivity, stance, and Korean general extenders

Studies examining general extenders such as and stuff (like that) have mostly concentrated on Indo-European languages. Turning to a typologically distinct language, this study investigates the Korean general extenders ko kulay ‘and stuff (like that)’ and ko ilay ‘and stuff (like this)’. The study analyzes the frequency and functions of these Korean expressions in natural and scripted conversation corpora, considering their role in stance-taking and drawing on the theoretical frameworks of grammaticalization and intersubjectification. General extenders typically come at the end of sentences. In Indo-European SVO languages, they usually consist of a connective, a noun, and a demonstrative. In Korean, an SOV language, the general extenders ko kulay/ilay consist of a connective (ko ‘and’) and a demonstrative predicate (kulay ‘do/be like that’; ilay ‘do/be like this’). They nonetheless share many functions with English and stuff (like that): marking invited solidarity, expressing intensity, hedging, and downgrading. In addition, ko kulay/ilay can denote repetition or the speaker's critical stance toward an addressee. Ko kulay/ilay have been described previously only as listing constructions indicating extrapolated additional members of an evoked category. By investigating these expressions in natural conversation, this study demonstrates that they perform diverse interactional-pragmatic functions in conversation.

Khmer printed character recognition using attention-based Seq2Seq network

This paper presents an end-to-end deep convolutional recurrent neural network solution for Khmer optical character recognition (OCR) task. The proposed solution uses a sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) architecture with attention mechanism. The encoder extracts visual features from an input text-line image via layers of convolutional blocks and a layer of gated recurrent units (GRU). The features are encoded in a single context vector and a sequence of hidden states which are fed to the decoder for decoding one character at a time until a special end-of-sentence (EOS) token is reached. The attention mechanism allows the decoder network to adaptively select relevant parts of the input image while predicting a target character. The Seq2Seq Khmer OCR network is trained on a large collection of computer-generated text-line images for multiple common Khmer fonts. Complex data augmentation is applied on both train and validation dataset. The proposed model’s performance outperforms the state-of-art Tesseract OCR engine for Khmer language on the validation set of 6400 augmented images by achieving a character error rate (CER) of 0.7% vs 35.9%.

The Effects of Iconic Gestures and Babble Language on Word Intelligibility in Sentence Context.

This study investigated to what extent iconic co-speech gestures help word intelligibility in sentence context in two different linguistic maskers (native vs. foreign). It was hypothesized that sentence recognition improves with the presence of iconic co-speech gestures and with foreign compared to native babble. Thirty-two native Dutch participants performed a Dutch word recognition task in context in which they were presented with videos in which an actress uttered short Dutch sentences (e.g., Ze begint te openen, "She starts to open"). Participants were presented with a total of six audiovisual conditions: no background noise (i.e., clear condition) without gesture, no background noise with gesture, French babble without gesture, French babble with gesture, Dutch babble without gesture, and Dutch babble with gesture; and they were asked to type down what was said by the Dutch actress. The accurate identification of the action verbs at the end of the target sentences was measured. The results demonstrated that performance on the task was better in the gesture compared to the nongesture conditions (i.e., gesture enhancement effect). In addition, performance was better in French babble than in Dutch babble. Listeners benefit from iconic co-speech gestures during communication and from foreign background speech compared to native. These insights into multimodal communication may be valuable to everyone who engages in multimodal communication and especially to a public who often works in public places where competing speech is present in the background.