Encyclopedic Information Research Articles

Extreme Exoticism: Japan in the American Musical Imagination, by W. Anthony Sheppard

<i>Extreme Exoticism: Japan in the American Musical Imagination</i>, by W. Anthony Sheppard

Mobile apps as language-learning tools

Abstract This contribution researches various translation dictionaries – mobile apps with Latvian that are available for free on the Google Play Store and sets out the experience of developing specialised translation dictionaries at Ventspils University of Applied Sciences (VUAS). The results encounter three different dictionary models that are compiled for the acquisition of Languages for Special Purposes (LSPs) to support vocabulary (term) learning, translation, reading, listening and writing skills during the foreign language-learning process. Dictionaries with grammatical information and rich, supportive data or encyclopaedic information added are more useful for understanding specific domain concepts and content, as well as for the translation practice. Thus, the dictionary user does not have to look for another application or other source to get this additional information. Each new app takes up some space on the user’s smart device; therefore, it is important to maximise the support provided by a single dictionary. The research provides insight into the range of dictionaries with Latvian available on the Google Play Store, gives a brief description, and explains the practical experience of VUAS when working on developing such dictionaries and applying them for language-learning purposes and specialised terminology courses for students. The study also provides an overview of challenges, problems and lexicographic and information technology solutions for mobile applications. The goal of the research is analysing and characterising those free-of-charge dictionaries in the form of mobile apps with Latvian as one of the translation languages. Surveys were used to gather and analyse research data. A survey of dictionary users and a survey of language learners using dictionary apps were carried out after the development of the specialised dictionaries.

How Can We Investigate Ancient Greek Categories Without the Influence of Our Own? Exploring Kinship Terminology Using Word2Vec

AbstractRecent advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) continue to open up new lines of enquiry for lexicography, especially for research areas concerned with semantic categorisation. The aims of this paper fall into two parts. In the first half, the NLP tool Word2Vec is introduced and discussed with respect to unsupervised category formation for Koine Greek, using kinship terms as a demonstration of the model’s utility. The latter half of the paper employs a prototype theory framework to analyse the model’s distributional information in the construction of new dictionary entries for each kinship term. Such NLP-based research highlights the importance of encyclopaedic information for the construction of lexical entries; it also significantly improves upon earlier attempts at categorisation for Koine Greek (Louw and Nida 1988), which fall victim to using the L1 categories of the lexicographer in the construction of semantic domains for the ancient language.

Pragmatičke informacije u dvojezičnim rečnicima za jezički par nemački i srpski (ili hrvatski)

Summary: This paper examines pragmatic information in the more extensive general German–Serbian (or Croatian), and Serbian (or Croatian)–German dictionaries: Osnovni rečnik nemačko-srpski i srpsko-nemački sa nemačkom i srpskom gramatikom (Đukanović et al. 2006); PONS. Univerzalni nemačko-srpski rečnik (Nikolić et al. 2010); NSSN. Nemačko- srpski i srpsko-nemački rečnik sa gramatikom (Vladović et al. 2008) and Njemačko-hrvatski univerzalni rječnik (Hansen-Kokoruš et al. 2005). Under pragmatic features of lexemes that should be marked in dictionaries, the author includes the following categories: 1) diachron- ic; 2) diatopic; 3) dia-integrative; 4) diamedial, 5) diastratic; 6) diaphasic, 7) diatextual, 8) diatechnical, 9) diafrequent, 10) diaevaluative, and 11) dianormative. The analysis points to the following: lexemes and their quoted equivalents often bear the same meaning at the lexical level, while not at the pragmatic – their use does not result in the same communicative effect with a collocutor. Poor lexicographic processing and lack of pragmatic information are distinctively visible in cases when some lexeme in the German language is marked in a diastratic and diaphasic manner. It is not only the indicators that are applied inconsistently, but other categories of information within the dictionary article do not show the marked lexemes to the user (except in the dictionary Njemačko-hrvatski univerzalni rječnik). Furthermore, culture-specific lexemes and culture-conditioned differ- ences in the use of lexical units are marginally treated in the analysed bilingual dictionaries. Although the selection of language tools depends on the context and perspective of the speaker, a good-quality general bilingual dictionary should pay more attention to informing users about the pragmatic aspects of lexemes and their typical use in accordance with the purpose of such a dictionary and target group. The key moment is that the general bilingual dictionary is directed only toward native speakers of some language – in this case the speakers of the Serbian language (or Croatian) with L2 in the German language, in order to make the information in the dictionary relevant to the target group. Additionally, the author suggests the implementation of other lexicographic means, such as examples, paraphrases, collocations, encyclopedic information, and open pragmatic comments that are transparent for the average user of the general bilingual dictionary.

How much is Historical Knowledge Present in Bilingual Dictionaries?

During the development of structuralist semantics, there was a strong emphasis on distinguishing encyclopaedic and linguistic dictionaries. In the latter, any reference to encyclopaedic knowledge should be absent or kept to a minimum. Later it was realised that it is impossible to write a dictionary without using any encyclopaedic explanations. Those explanations make a dictionary more attractive, more interesting to read, and therefore more usable. This is particularly important when preparing bilingual dictionaries because it is two languages and two cultures that are being aligned and compared. As lexica related to cognitive fields (physics, medicine, botany, etc.) is incorporated into the nomenclature of modern dictionaries, relevant encyclopaedic information is then added by way of explanation. Accordingly, this article examines, based on analytical and descriptive methods, how historical knowledge is presented in the micro-and partly macro-structures of four dictionaries: The Great Lithuanian-English Dictionary (2006), Lithuanian-Russian Dictionary (2015), The Great Lithuanian-French Dictionary (2012) and Lithuanian-Norwegian Dictionary (2016).&#x0D;

Класифікації електронних словників

The article deals with the problem of a typology of electronic dictionaries. The purpose of the article is to analyze modern approaches to determine the criteria for the classification of electronic lexicographic resources. Such methods as an analysis of scientific sources, comparison, generalization and systematization have been applied in the research. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, it was found that among researchers there is no single point on the criteria for classifying electronic dictionaries, which are a relatively new phenomenon on the market of lexicographic products and have evolved from machine-readable lexicons, exact copies of paper editions to complex digital lexicographic systems with a powerful arsenal of functions for several decades. In general, there are two common approaches to the classification of dictionaries among scholars. Some researchers (N. Kameneva, А. Baranov et al. ) believe that the same classification criteria should be applied to electronic dictionaries as to traditional dictionaries, others ( V. Shyrokov, L. Belyaeva, R. Mysak, А . Lehr , І . Sazhenin et al. ) believe that the accepted division of traditional dictionaries is not relevant to computer dictionaries and lexicographic databases. Electronic dictionaries are often classified according to criteria such as form, location, purpose, linguistic characteristics, printed prototype, interactivity, the presence of multimedia objects, and so on. And they are classified according to specific technical criteria: minimum hardware requirements, development environment, software, installation, method of execution and download, the number of dictionary databases, the amount of random access memory, the ability to expand the vocabulary, conversion dictionary databases in text format, etc. It has been established that modern electronic dictionaries tend to hybridize, often combining alphabetical and thematic methods of material organization, lexical and encyclopedic information, which complicates the possibility of distinguishing clear differential features of a particular lexicographic resource and its rigid, strict classification. The multiplicity of criteria for comparing dictionaries complicates the construction of a single general classification of dictionaries of different types, and multifaceted characterization of a particular dictionary can be carried out by the facet method using a basic list of parameters, which remains open and can be supplemented with the development of lexicographic resources system.

Understanding Wikipedia Practices Through Hindi, Urdu, and English Takes on an Evolving Regional Conflict

Wikipedia is the product of thousands of editors working collaboratively to provide free and up-to-date encyclopedic information to the project's users. This article asks to what degree Wikipedia articles in three languages - Hindi, Urdu, and English - achieve Wikipedia's mission of making neutrally-presented, reliable information on a polarizing, controversial topic available to people around the globe. We chose the topic of the recent revocation of Article 370 of the Constitution of India, which, along with other recent events in and concerning the region of Jammu and Kashmir, has drawn attention to related articles on Wikipedia. This work focuses on the English Wikipedia, being the preeminent language edition of the project, as well as the Hindi and Urdu editions. Hindi and Urdu are the two standardized varieties of Hindustani, a lingua franca of Jammu and Kashmir. We analyzed page view and revision data for three Wikipedia articles to gauge popularity of the pages in our corpus, and responsiveness of editors to breaking news events and problematic edits. Additionally, we interviewed editors from all three language editions to learn about differences in editing processes and motivations, and we compared the text of the articles across languages as they appeared shortly after the revocation of Article 370. Across languages, we saw discrepancies in article tone, organization, and the information presented, as well as differences in how editors collaborate and communicate with one another. Nevertheless, in Hindi and Urdu, as well as English, editors predominantly try to adhere to the principle of neutral point of view (NPOV), and for the most part, the editors quash attempts by other editors to push political agendas.

Региональная ономастическая лексика в лингвокультурологическом освещении

The article considers the possibility of implementing an integrated approach to the representation of a toponym in reference systems and databases, taking its linguistic and cultural specifics into account. It is shown that their informative field contains both linguistic and encyclopedic information, it is revealed that various information is encoded in the basics of toponyms: historical, geographical, social, cultural, ethnographic, linguistic aspects. Based on the material of the toponyms of Smolensk region, which are included in the electronic information system "Toponymy of Russia", created at the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the implementation of an integrated approach in the presentation of a meaningful plan of toponyms is demonstrated. Cultural codes, which are contained in toponyms and reflect the national and cultural specifics of geographical names are characterized: anthropomorphic, faunal, spiritual, industrial (landscape), topomorphic (hydromorphic), emotional and characteristic, and cases of combining different codes in one toponym are described. Special attention is paid to cultural codes reflected in toponymic units with the names of geographical objects of the Russian-Belarusian border area. As a result of the conducted research, it is proposed to include information about cultural codes in the description of toponyms and present it as a separate parameter in the information system "Toponymy of Russia", which will allow users to expand their knowledge about the nominated object and its national and cultural specifics.

ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ РЕМЕСЛЕННОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ ПРИСУРСКОГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ В ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОМ СЛОВАРЕ: ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ СОЗДАНИЯ, СОСТАВ И СТРУКТУРА

In the article, the author discusses the ways of grouping and representing the handi-craft vocabulary items of the Sura Volga region dialects in a thematic dictionary orga-nized by the onomasiological principle. First of all, the author localizes the dialects in question and gives a brief description of their emergence paralleled with the history of the territory where they are present nowadays, that is of modern Penza and Ulya-novsk Oblasts, which were colonized by Russian-speaking settlers only a couple of centuries ago. The author concludes that these secondary idioms belong mostly to the Middle Russian group of dialects and share a lot of common features, which allows regarding them as a certain continuum liable to description as a whole. The author justi-fies the necessity of a dictionary containing the dialectal handicraft vocabulary of the Sura Volga region and claims that an accurate depiction of a certain thematic group of dialectal lexical items, such as handicraft terms, demands specific principles of organi-sation. These principles widely contradict the traditional alphabetic arrangement: for example, a coherent description of a bunch of words denoting related items (e.g. craftsman, his working place and result of work), or drawing of areal maps typically used in linguistic geography. Having analyzed the terms related to felting, carpentry and weaving, the author develops a special method of representing the relevant material both via lin-guistic data, such as phonetic variants, syntactic distribution and morphological peculiari-ties of each item, and encyclopaedic information on how each handicraft action or instru-ment contributes to the result and what this final result is for each type of the handicrafts under consideration. Thus, the author has chosen to divide the words related to each handicraft into seven subgroups such as ‘actor’, ‘instrument’, ‘result’, and so on, which shows the whole picture of what handicraft activities are like and why they need the terms they actually have. If one wants to look for a certain word, not a notion, an alphabetic index at the end of the book can be addressed, where each word is provided with the information on how it can be found in the main text of the dictionary. Finally, the author describes the principles of illustrative material selection. In general, the author hopes her project can prove useful for the description of Russian dialectal handicraft vocabulary

Dictionary of the language of creative personalities of Ukraine about humanism, spirituality, anthropology

The article presents the concept of a new explanatory dictionary of the language of creative personalities of Ukraine that reproduces the active content of the conceptospheres „spirituality”, „humanism”, „philanthropy”, „creativity”, „creative genius of mankind”, which reflect the trends of society, its creative energy, inexhaustible cognitive capabilities of language. The dictionary covers the time periods of the development of the Ukrainian language and society (the epoch of totalitarianism and the period of the new Ukrainian Renaissance), which have not as yet been the object of a systematic lexicographic description. The dictionary is modern in many respects. The dictionary presents new lexical and artistic achievements of Ukrainian writers and translators, which reflect all the complexities of modern life, fill them with linguistic achievements. new global thinking and worldview of creative personalities. The dictionary is valuable for the systematic study of neologization processes, features of semanticization, development of new models of metaphorization, etc. It is a guide to axiology and anthropology – new areas of knowledge about man and their worldview. The material of the dictionary, in particular neolexemes and golden metaphors of writers make it possible to study comprehensively not only the creative laboratory of masters of the word, the internal form of words, the motivational basis of powerful word formation, but also the combined creative experience of representatives of various creative directions – artists, musicians, composers, architects, theater figures and more. The explanatory dictionary combines linguistic and encyclopedic information for a deep perspective study of the creative genius of mankind, aimed at the high ideals of humanism and harmony of worldview. The dictionary is a rich source for a promising macroscientific study of the regularities of the development of Ukrainian linguistic thought concentrated on the conceptual dominants of Ukrainian national renaissance. The language of Oles Honchar’s epistolary is used as illustrative material for the article.

Doğu Türkçesiyle Yazılmış Acâibü’l-Mahlûkat Tercümeleri

Acâib-al-Mahlûkats show how people perceive the universe, and beings in the universe, providing encyclopedic information about them. These works also reflect the geography and cosmography of the period in which they were written. Appearing for the first time in a Persian language work written by Abu'l-Hüseyin Abdurrahman bin Ömer as-Sufi, Acâib-al-Mahlûkats became widespread in Arabic and Turkish literature over time. Scholars now agree that Acâib-al-Mahlûkats, which emerged in Turkish literature in the 15th century and have been translated at different times and places since then, constitute a popular narrative tradition in Turkish literature. Written in both western and eastern Turkish, Acâib-al-Mahlûkats contain important information about the Turkish language and the nation’s cultural history. This study, presents an overview of Acâib-al-Mahlûkats written in western Turkish to draw attention to those written in eastern Turkish. Afterward, several authors wrote in this genre in eastern Turkish, of which some examples still exist: the translation of Bannai bin Muhammed Herevî, translations of Acâib-al-Mahlûkats by unknown translators and Sultan Muhammed bin Dervis Muhammed-al-Mufti-al-Belkhi's Persian works in this field providing more information about this genre. The translations of Acâibal-Mahlûkat narratives written in western and eastern Turkish are important because these narratives form a common narrative tradition for eastern and western Turkish.&nbsp;

Criterio lexicográfico e información enciclopédica en el glosario léxico del &lt;em&gt;Dialecto judeo-hispano-marroquí o hakitía&lt;/em&gt; de José Benoliel

La obra Dialecto judeo-hispano-marroquí o hakitía (1926-1952), de José Benoliel, contiene, en su parte final, un glosario de casi un centenar de páginas donde se recogen multitud de voces procedentes mayoritariamente de los fondos romance, hebreo y árabe. Dicho glosario no se trata de un mero repertorio de equivalencias léxicas entre la haquitía y el español, sino que contiene información complementaria sobre los usos y valores de determinadas voces, datos culturales y expresiones fraseológicas. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto precisar el criterio lexicográfico seguido por el autor, determinar sus estrategias de definición léxica y analizar ese caudal de información complementaria y, en ciertos casos, enciclopédica.

УКРАЇНА Й УКРАЇНЦІ НА СТОРІНКАХ «АВСТРАЛІЙСЬКОЇ ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДІЇ»

In this article, we present an analysis of the 10-volumed Australian Encyclopedia published in 1958. The purpose of the analysis is to identify encyclopedic information concerning the Ukrainian people. Since the late 19th century, a part of the Ukrainian ethnic group inhabits the Australian continent, so it is natural to expect the appearance of Ukrainians in encyclopedic publications of Australia. But do Australians mention Ukrainians in their own fundamental encyclopedias? This question is caused not only by the general interest, but also by the fact that Ukraine is shown in the national narratives of many countries through various myths generated by Soviet propaganda. Therefore, the analysis of the representation of Ukrainians in the pages of foreign encyclopedias is a topical issue of contemporary Ukrainian studies in general. In this study, we found that the main body of information about Ukrainians is statistical data about the Ukrainian community in Australia, which settled after the Second World War. Among the 10 volumes there are no mentions of Ukraine, its capital, prominent people of the nation, etc. In addition, general highlights of the Australian encyclopedia publishing sphere are proposed. It is noted that the Australian Encyclopedia as a fundamental work published in six editions during 1925–1996 is the main achievement of the Australian encyclopediography. It is noteworthy that there is currently no national online encyclopedia in Australia. At the same time, there are domain (subject-specific) publications by research teams among other achievements of contemporary Australian encyclopedia publishing, such as the Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia, the Historical Encyclopedia of Western Australia, the Companion to Tasmanian History, etc.

States in the decomposition of verbal predicates

This paper proposes a new diagnostic for the detection of stative sub-events in the decomposition of verbal predicates. The diagnostic is based on a certain type of presupposition triggered by additive operators like Greek ke ‘also’, which we call Stative Presuppositions. It is argued that the generation of such Stative Presuppositions requires the existence of a syntactically accessible constituent that denotes a predicate of states that additive operators can take scope over. We investigate the distribution of Stative Presuppositions and observe that not all verbs that support inferences to a result state give rise to them. Based on this distribution we argue for a non-uniform analysis of result verbs; whereas some verbs require an event-decompositional analysis, others are better captured by scalar- and incrementality-based analyses. We cast our analysis in the framework of Distributed Morphology and propose to explain non-uniformity based on how different types of verbal roots interact with verbal functional material. Moreover, treating roots as the locus of encyclopedic information explains lexical variation in the generation of Stative Presuppositions within sub-classes of result verbs. We strengthen our conclusions by considering and rejecting alternative syntactic and semantic mechanisms for generating Stative Presuppositions. We conclude that the availability of Stative Presuppositions with additive operators is currently the most reliable diagnostic for the detection of syntactically accessible result states in verbal decomposition.

Plant-Based Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites: A Review on Fabrication, Properties and Applications

The increasing global environmental concerns and awareness of renewable green resources is continuously expanding the demand for eco-friendly, sustainable and biodegradable natural fibre reinforced composites (NFRCs). Natural fibres already occupy an important place in the composite industry due to their excellent physicochemical and mechanical properties. Natural fibres are biodegradable, biocompatible, eco-friendly and created from renewable resources. Therefore, they are extensively used in place of expensive and non-renewable synthetic fibres, such as glass fibre, carbon fibre and aramid fibre, in many applications. Additionally, the NFRCs are used in automobile, aerospace, personal protective clothing, sports and medical industries as alternatives to the petroleum-based materials. To that end, in the last few decades numerous studies have been carried out on the natural fibre reinforced composites to address the problems associated with the reinforcement fibres, polymer matrix materials and composite fabrication techniques in particular. There are still some drawbacks to the natural fibre reinforced composites (NFRCs)—for example, poor interfacial adhesion between the fibre and the polymer matrix, and poor mechanical properties of the NFRCs due to the hydrophilic nature of the natural fibres. An up-to-date holistic review facilitates a clear understanding of the behaviour of the composites along with the constituent materials. This article intends to review the research carried out on the natural fibre reinforced composites over the last few decades. Furthermore, up-to-date encyclopaedic information about the properties of the NFRCs, major challenges and potential measures to overcome those challenges along with their prospective applications have been exclusively illustrated in this review work. Natural fibres are created from plant, animal and mineral-based sources. The plant-based cellulosic natural fibres are more economical than those of the animal-based fibres. Besides, these pose no health issues, unlike mineral-based fibres. Hence, in this review, the NFRCs fabricated with the plant-based cellulosic fibres are the main focus.

Pl\xe0cia a D\xe9u \u2018May it Please God\u2019: Constructions with the Verb Plaure \u2018Please\u2019 in Medieval Catalan

The aim of the present paper is to discuss some uses of subjunctive constructions formed with the verb plaure ‘please’ in medieval Catalan. These constructions were used as permission requesting directives, and later, as indirect directives. In a group of the medieval Catalan occurrences the speaker applies for God’s or another divine persons’ consent. This paper demonstrates that the construction (no) plàcia a Déu ‘may it (not) please God’ became a conventionalized phrase with a special role in interpersonal interactions, arguing that it followed a specific path of semantic change and underwent subjectification. As to the methodology of diachronic speech act analysis, the aim of the present paper is to argue for a comparative stance and for a qualitative contextual analysis in order to identify illocutionary values of utterances surviving in written form. The findings show that, instead of analyzing only the speech act verbs themselves, it is important to take into account further factors as well, e.g. the social context of the interaction, encyclopedic information, the content and “weight” of the request, the cultural context of the period, and the structure of the interaction. Moreover, it is worth considering the whole semantic and functional field, investigating together constructions that are suitable to perform illocutionary acts belonging to the same type.

Form, meaning, and reference in natural language: A phenomenological account of proper names

In my book Eigenname und Bedeutung (1996), I started from the observation that modern theories of proper names fail to do justice to the specific and complex semantic nature of proper names. Since the 1960’s and 1970’s, theorizing about proper names has been dominated largely by scholars working in the traditions of analytic philosophy and logic, in particular John R. Searle and Saul Kripke. I argued, however, that the highly specific kind of meaning typical of proper names should be studied within a theory more in touch with general linguistics proper. The main philosophical (especially referential) and logical (especially formal) accounts start from the assumption that a proper name is “backed up” by encyclopaedic information held by speakers of the referents (Searle), or that a proper name is a meaningless, yet rigidly designating sign (Kripke). In contrast to these views, I argue that a general linguistic definition of the proper name has to focus not only on logical and philosophical issues, but also on the specifically linguistic semantic function of the proper name as a “part of speech” in actual utterances. This approach has nothing to do with pragmatics or discourse analysis, but aims at describing proper names and appellative nouns as categories of speech in language use, bringing into play a functional focus on proper names that has largely been lacking in definitions of the proper name so far. An outline of a semantic theory of proper names is then proposed based on some aspects of a “phenomenology of language and linguistics” as found in the work of Edmund Husserl and Eugenio Coseriu. Roughly speaking, Husserl represents the general epistemological implications of the paper and Coseriu its specifically linguistic aspects.

Brazilian cultural markers in translation: A model for a corpus-based glossary

Translations in the Brazilian culinary domain are often characterized by the use of inaccurate equivalents, a lack of fluency, and adaptations that lead to a mischaracterization of cultural references. This is due to a lack of reliable reference materials in that area which usually only offer a translation, without any context or explanation. To address these issues, this paper draws upon a corpus-informed methodology to devise a three-level entry – term/equivalent, appositive explanation and encyclopedic information – for Brazilian cooking terms in a Portuguese-English glossary aimed at translators and writers of culinary texts.

Innovations in the lexicographic description of the Ukrainian worldview

The article presents the latest methodology of systematic lexicographic description of the Ukrainian worldview of the second half of the XX – beginning of the XXI centuries, on the basis of which lexicographers of the Institute of Ukrainian Language of the NAS of Ukraine compile a new explanatory dictionary of creative personalities. The dictionary contains a consolidated lexicon and artistic means of language of the leading Ukrainian writers, publicists and translators (Oles Honchar, Yevhen Sverstyuk, Hryhor Tyutyunnyk, Ivan Dziuba, Mykola Lukash, Yuriy Andrukhovych, Oksana Zabuzhko), which provides perspective modeling of the language and conceptual picture of the world, research of idiosyncrasies of creative personalities, elucidation of laws of language and society development. The dictionary is innovative in terms of register and lexicographic methods of systematic vocabulary description. It presents the vocabulary of the era of totalitarianism and the post-totalitarian period, which is not evidenced by explanatory dictionaries. For the lexicographic reproduction of the conceptual dominants of these periods, a system of hyperlinks between dictionary entries compiled from the works of different authors was used. The dictionary combines information about the individual author's worldview and the common understanding of the key concepts of the era by writers. Innovative introduction of culturological and encyclopedic information provides a lexicographic description of the achievements of Ukrainian language creation against the background of universal cultural values. In the future, it is possible to make a systematic lexicographic description of lexical and artistic heritage of the latest Ukrainian writers, the formation of a dictionary of the active type, a common ideographic dictionary. The combined work of the Ukrainian academic lexicographers provides macroscientific research on the development of language and society, deepening the theory of lexicology, lexicography, derivatology, linguoculturology, linguosociology, stylistics, development of the theory of integrated linguistic research.

Lexicographic Documentation of an Endangered Language: The Case of Ket

This paper aims at describing and analyzing the main problems faced in the course of making a dictionary of Ket, a unique and highly endangered language spoken in Northern Asia. Among the primary issues discussed are the following: 1. Target audience. There are three variants: (1) language community; (2) academic community; (3) both communities. The survey of existing Ket dictionaries and the present sociolinguistic situation in the Ket community has shown that scholars are by and large the main TA for the dictionary. This was also the determinant factor in dealing with various practical dictionary-related questions. 2. Basic vocabulary. The initial wordlist can be based on: (1) translation of the list of the most frequent words from a European language; (2) extraction of the wordlist from a corpus of texts. (3) thematic elicitation from native speakers. The main peculiarity in compiling a wordlist for the Ket dictionary is connected with the fact that it was initially created on the basis of a hand- written card file dictionary (compiled from a collection of field notes). 3. Dictionary entry. It includes two important components – a lemma and a commentary. 3.1 Lemma. Since the dictionary is primarily targeted at scholars, it uses notation based on IPA. Due to diverse orthographic notations used in the field notes as well as in other sources, dictionary representations of the Ket data required unification. As a result, Ket lemmata are provided in strict phonological transcription, while illustrative contexts are represented in a unified phonetic transcription reflecting dialectal differences. 3.2 Commentary. An obligatory and very important component of the commentary is a certain hierarchic arrangement of word meanings reflected in the corresponding meta-language translations. Linguists compiling dictionaries usually rely on the totality of contexts in which the given word can be found, and, if they are native speakers, upon their own intuition. Those who compile dictionaries of unwritten languages are generally not native speakers, and therefore contexts are of an utmost importance. In this case, each single meaning should be confirmed by an appropriate context. The corpus of illustrative examples for the dictionary is based both on published and unpublished sources. In many cases, the commentaries include encyclopedic information, as it helps to understand certain ethnospecific concepts.