Empty Bunch Research Articles

Preparation of Activated Carbon Based on Oil Palm Waste for Ammonia Removal

The aim of this study Industri is to reduce ammonia concentration in tannery waswater using Oil Palm waste. Palm oil is one of the strategic industry that is engaged in agriculture (agro-based industry) that many develop in tropical countries such as Indonesia. Palm oil plantations produce solid waste, one of which is an empty bunch. and the palm oil processing industry produces the liquid waste of one of them ammonia. By looking at the opportunity how to cope with the waste of ammonia derived from the processing of palm oil by making biosorbents from solid waste of empty palm plants that utilization of empty waste plants is still not maximal. With some treatment and tested with BET to see the surface area and total volume of pores after and before the treatment of activated carbon.

Review: penjernihan minyak goreng bekas menggunakan berbagai jenis adsorben alami

Abstrak
 Minyak goreng yang digunakan secara berulang pada temperatur tinggi akan menyebabkan penurunan mutu dan nilai gizi pada makanan yang digoreng. Penggunakan minyak secara berulang juga akan berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan. Perbaikan kualitas minyak goreng dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara sehingga minyak dapat digunakan kembali secara aman. Perbaikan kualitas dapat dilakukan dengan cara pemurnian dengan menggunakan sejumlah adsorben. Pemurnian minyak goreng bekas secara adsorpsi menggunakan berbagai adsorben dengan berbagai variasi suhu dan waktu kontak telah dipelajari. Proses adsorpsi dilakukan pada minyak goreng bekas yang dikontakkan dengan sejumlah adsorben. Mahalnya harga adsorben kimia membuat para peneliti mengembangkan adsorben alami yang berasal dari limbah pertanian. Terdapat beberapa limbah pertanian yang memiliki potensi sebagai adsorben. Limbah pertanian yang dapat digunakan sebagai adsorben dalam adsorpsi minyak goreng bekas yaitu seperti karbon aktif dari tempurung kelapa, karbon aktif dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit, karbon aktif dari kulit sukun, bentonit, mengkudu, arang aktif dari kulit pisang kepok, arang aktif dari biji kelor, arang aktif biji salak, arang aktif dari ampas tebu, adsorben dari pati aren, dan biji alpukat. Kapasitas adsorpsi dari beberapa jenis adsorben berbeda-beda bergantung pada struktur, konsentrasi adsorbat, jumlah adsorben, tingkat keasaman, kondisi operasi, dan waktu kontak.

PENGGUNAAN COAL FLY ASH (CFA) DAN TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS) UNTUK PERBAIKAN TANAH ULTISOL DAN SERAPAN LOGAM BERAT

Ultisol is the main type of land in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Papua and Sulawesi, with an area of almost 45.8 million ha or 25% of the land area of Indonesia. Ultisol has a relatively high acidity (average pH 4.5), high Al saturation, reaching 60%. The efforts to increase the fertility of ultisol soils such as the addition of organic materials such as Empty Oil Palm Bunches (OPEFB) and CFA (Coal Fly Ash) or Coal Fly Ash (CFA) improve the physical properties of Ultisol soil. Use of CFA that exceeds the limit can cause pollution especially copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). One way to recover soil from heavy metal contaminants with Phytoremediation technology, mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is one of the plants that easily absorb heavy metals so that it can be used as a Phytoremediation agent. The aims of this research to determine the use of CFA and OPEFB to fix up the ultisol soil and heavy metal content absorbed by plants. This study used Completely Randomized Design with 3 replications. The results showed that using of CFA and OPEFB can increase the available P so that it can increase the growth of mustard plants and absorption of heavy metals. By using the dozes of 54.54g CFA and 18.18g OPEFB (C3K1) can increase P- available at 181.67 m kg-1 . The uptake of heavy metals Cu and Pb in mustard plants is very high. The highest uptake in Cu reached 192.03 mg kg-1 , whereas in Pb it was 80 mg kg-1 . This number is still very high, so it is dangerous if consumed.

PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET ARANG BERBASIS TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DAN AMPAS TEBU SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI ALTERNATIF YANG RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

Briquettes are solid fuels that can be used as alternative energy. This research aims to determine the optimalratio of raw materials with adhesive content at about 10% constantly. The stages of this research were asfollows: 1) Sampling of raw materials, 2) Drying and decomposition of raw materials, 3) CarbonizationProcess, 4) Milling. 5) Composition Treatment, 6) Pressing and quality analysis of briquettes. The data of thisresearch were obtained by measuring calorific value, moisture content, ash content, density, compressivestrength, and combustion rate. The ratio between empty bunch : bagasse respectively was depended on100%: 0%, 75%: 25%, 50%: 50%, 25%: 75%, 0%: 100%. The Parameters of treatments were calorific value,moisture content, ash content, density, compressive strength, and combusition rate to find out the bestparameters. The result of this research shows the that the combination of empty bunch and baggase gave theeffect to the qualities. The highest calorific value was showed in the ratio empty bunch : baggase (100% : 0%)with average HHV value; the lowest average of moisture content ; the lowest ash content; density;compressive strength value; and combustion rate respectively 5889 cal/gr; 2,81%; 20%; 0,941 gr/ml;1,82N/cm2;0,00223gr/second.

PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET ARANG BERBASIS TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DAN AMPAS TEBU SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI ALTERNATIF YANG RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

Briquettes are solid fuels that can be used as alternative energy. This research aims to determine the optimal ratio of raw materials with adhesive content at about 10% constantly. The stages of this research were as follows: 1) Sampling of raw materials, 2) Drying and decomposition of raw materials, 3) Carbonization Process, 4) Milling. 5) Composition Treatment, 6) Pressing and quality analysis of briquettes. The data of this research were obtained by measuring calorific value, moisture content, ash content, density, compressive strength and combustion rate. The ratio between empty bunch : bagasse respectively was depended on 100%: 0%, 75%: 25%, 50%: 50%, 25%: 75%, 0%: 100%. The Parameters of treatments were calorific value, moisture content, ash content, density, compressive strength, and combusition rate to find out the best parameters. The result of this research show that the combination of empty bunch and baggase gave the effect to the qualities. The highest calorific value was showed in the ratio empty bunch : baggase (100% : 0%) with average HHV value; the lowest average of moisture content ; the lowest ash content; density; compressive strength value; and combustion rate respectively 5889 cal/gr; 2,81%; 20%; 0,941 gr/ml; 1,82N/cm2; 0,00223gr/second.

Pengaruh Aplikasi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dan Arang Sekam Padi terhadap beberapa Sifat Kimia Tanah pada Tomat

<p>The oil palm empty fruit bunches are solid waste produced from the processing of oil palms which have a large amount of potential to be used as compost and are expected to improve the physical, biological and chemical properties of the subsoil. This study aimed to evaluate the best combination between oil palm empty fruit bunches compost and rice husk charcoal on soil chemical properties in tomato. This research was conducted in Sona Village, Labuhanbatu Regency on December 2019-March 2020. Analysis of soil chemical properties was conducted at the Socfindo Seed Production and Laboratories (SSPL) Laboratory of PT. Socfin Indonesia. The study was conducted with a factorial randomized block design with 2 factors. The first factor was the application of oil palm empty bunches which consists of no oil palm empty bunches (control), 0.5 kg/polybag, 0.7 kg/polybag and 1 kg/polybag. The second factor was the application of rice husk charcoal which consists of non-husk charcoal (control), consisting of 0.2 kg/polybag and 0.4 kg/polybag. Data that had a significant effect after analysis of variance continued with DMRT at the level of α = 5%. The results showed that application of oil palm empty fruit bunches (0.7 kg/polybag) significantly increased pH and C-organic. Application of rice husk charcoal (0.2 kg/polybag) significantly increased C-organic and P-available.</p>

Efficacy of Cellulolytic Bacteria Consortium for Composting Oil Palm Empty Bunches Containing Phytonutrients

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are themost solid palm oil waste. OPEFB has often been processed into compost with the addition of certain activators. It is expected that with the addition of a consortium bioactivator composting of OPEFB can be faster and the compost produced has good nutrient content. The study aims was to determine the ability of bioactivator bacteria of cellulolytic consortium in degrading TKKS of incubation laboratory scale for 30 days. A consortium of compost bioactivator used were Bacillus sp. S43, Bacillus cereus strains of IARI-MB-6, Bacillus cereus strains TS11, Alcaligenes faecalis strains ZJUTBX11, Bacillus sp. 13847, Stenotrophomonas sp. S169-III-5, Alcaligenes faecalis strains KH-48 and Bacillus cereus strain Y22 by a comparison of 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1. The results showed that bioactivator consortium was able to degrade OPEFB which on P4 (OPEFB + chicken manure + consortium isolate) reduced organic C from 50.1 to 34.5, increased total nitrogen from 0.73 to 1.35 and reduced the C/N ratio from 37.11 to 25.56 and produced compost phytonutrients and not phytotoxicity.

Design of Hydrogen Fuel Supply Chain Distribution Network from The Potency of Fresh Fruit Empty Bunches

In Indonesia, the production of biomass is wasted because it is considered as “waste” that has no use anymore such as bagasse, rice grain skin, corn cob, and oil palm waste. Oil palm empty bunches have C and H chemical bonds, where most of the materials with chains C and H store heat energy so that hydrogen can be obtained as fuel. Process to convert a biomass into hydrogen is by gasification and pyrolysis. The purpose in this research is to design the distribution network from the potential fresh fruit empty bunches. The hydrogen produced is only 0.469% of the available potential and is similar to the existing of the used empty bunches potential. Selection of factory location is based on 4 criteria. From the criteria, obtained Labuhan Batu District as the best regencies in North Sumatra. Potential plantations can supply as much as 6,390,423,000 kgs with the ability of oil palm factory distribution of 1,469,797,290 kgs.

MAKING BIOETHANOL TECHNIQUE MADE FROM OIL EMPTY FRUIT TUBES IN TREATMENT OF YEAR FERMENTATION AND YEAR DOSAGE WITH HEAT TEMPERATURE COMPRESSION OF 220 OC METHOD

Nowadays, biofuels are increasingly developed in the form of bioethanol which is gained from cassava. As the time passes by, however, this solution raises another issue as the excessive use of biofuels may create a competition between the needs for fuel and food. Waste empty bunch of palm oil (WEBP) constitutes as a cellulose material which is quite potential to be developed as raw materials for ethanol. So far, the WEBP is available in large quantities and it seems that the WEBP remains underused. In fact, it contains a high concentration of cellulose (45%). For that reason, this research attempted to gather an optimal formula of yeast dosage and the length of fermentation in order to produce standardized and high quality ethanol. The quality standards covered ethanol level (SNI17390:2008), methanol level (SNI7390:2008), acidity as CH3COOH (SNI7390:2008), pHe (SNI7390:2008, and appearance (visual observation) (SNI7390:2008). Therefore, they could be used to suffice alternative energy needs which were renewable and environmentally friendly. In detail, the present research aimed at identifying 1) the effect of the fermentation length, 2) understanding the effect of added dosage of the yeast, and 3) identifying the interaction between the fermentation length treatment and the treatment of added dosage of yeast. Results of the discussion indicated that the length of fermentation treatment had a significant effect as the longer the fermentation, the higher the ethanol level value. In addition, the ethanol level tended to increase, the sugar level tended to decline, and the pH value seemed to fall.

Surplus electricity production and LCOE estimation in Colombian palm oil mills using empty fresh bunches (EFB) as fuel

This article analyzes the potential for electric power generation and cost from commonly disposed Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) from palm oil mills. To identify the best options, 40 plant configurations and two turbine configurations were simulated: Backpressure Turbine (BPT), Condensing-Extraction Turbine (CET); four types of EFB pretreatment: EFB Crude; EFB W/M; EFB D/M; EFB P; and five gas temperatures generated in the boiler (320 psig/320 °C; 320 psig/400 °C; 400 psig/450 °C; 600 psig/450 °C; 900 psig/500 °C). Results showed that configurations with the CET and steam at high pressure (>400 psig) with EFB type D/M produced the most energy. Generation with raw and pelletized EFB generated low amounts of energy due to vaporization heat requirements and energy consumption by peripheral equipment, especially with the BPT. CET configurations had the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE) at 390 COP/kWh, which is close to the average energy price around Colombian palm mills. Initial cost estimates showed that CET with high pressure steam at weighted energy price >230 COP/kWh are currently profitable (NPV > 0). Commercialization of energy obtained from low pressure steam is only calculated to be profitable when the price of electricity is > 320 COP/kWh.

PENINGKATAN NILAI EKONOMIS LIMBAH PRODUKSI JAMUR MERANG MENJADI BRIKET SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI ALTERNATIF DI DESA BAYUR KECAMATAN RAJABASA

The paddy straw mushroom is one type of mushrooms that begin to be developed in the village of Bayur. They cultivate the paddy straw mushroom because the commodity, can make a lot of money in the market, the maintenance are relatively easy and cheap with the price quite beneficial. For the media paddy straw mushroom used the empty bunches of oil palm which it was the utilization of waste from palm oil plantations. After several harvests, the paddy straw mushroom replaced with new media. Of the empty bunches of oil palm used, the rest of the media mushroom that become waste that accumulates and difficult to decomposed because of the cellulose and lignin of the empty bunches of oil palm. Increasingly the waste will pollute and containing bacterium of disease. The problems faced by partner is related to the aspects of the provision of energy and management waste processing the rest of the production of mushroom. To overcome the problems, the team provide training the procedure of making briquette and design an instrument print of briquette from the rest of the media of mushroom. This instrument give an advantages for both in the independence of energy and the utilization of the waste production .
 The method of PKM activity involved the partners (the farmers) in the overall of activities. The outer of this main activity are the instrument print of briquette and to increase the ability and knowledge the partner. The product development briquettes can be used own and sold commercially. With this training, the ability of the partner of the making product briquettes can reduce production cost and to raise the income of partner. 
 Keywords: efficient technology; print of briquettes; waste; media the paddy straw mushroom

Grafting of cellulose fibers latex by atom transfer radical polymerization

ABSTRACT This study reported the synthesis of macro-initiator based on microfibers cellulose (MFC) from empty bunches (EFB), which was Ethyl α-bromoisobutyrate. The availability of the hydroxyl group on MFC offered a facile functionalization with Ethyl α-bromoisobutyrate to produce Bromo-ester group on MFC surface (MFC-BiB) that are known to be the excellent initiator for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). As MFC provides only three hydroxyl groups per each unit of glucose with low reactivity, it is crucial to modify MFC with bromide functional groups having reactivity about 10.000 times greater than the hydroxyl group in the MFC. An MFC-BiB macro-initiator was successfully synthesized by homogeneous acetylation of cellulose with Ethyl α-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB) at 40°C. To confirm the performance MFC-BiB as macroinitiator, copolymerization between latex and MFC-BiB was conducted to produce Cellulose-g-latex by ATRP method with bipyridine/CuCl/CuCl2 ligand as a complex catalyst and toluene/water as a mixed solvent. The degree of MFC-BiB substitution was measured by the FTIR method. The grafting copolymers were characterized by H-NMR and FTIR. The results indicated that the degree of substitution of macro-initiator at the ratio of MFC/EBiB of 1:3 and 1:6 were 1.27 and 1.28, respectively. The grafting efficiency of cellulose backbone with latex via ATRP showed a well-controlled grafting reaction at 44.5%.

Preparation and characterization of natural rubber compounds with filler of oil palm empty bunches powder and carbon black

Preparation and characterization of natural rubber compounds with filler of oil palm empty bunches powder and carbon black

Modification of photocatalyst Ti-Pillared clay by Zn metal addition for decolorization process of organic liquid waste

Black liquor produced from a pretreatment process of bioethanol using the lignocellulose material, such as an empty palm bunch. Black liquor is organic liquid waste and should be treated before release to the environment. One of the degradation processes of black liquor is by the photocatalytic reaction using the Ti-Pillared Clay (Ti-PiLC) catalyst. However, there is a limitation of process condition if using a Ti-PiLC catalyst; the degradation process should be conducted under a UV light source. This study is focused on the modification of photocatalytic catalyst Ti-PiLC by adding Zn metal (Ti-Zn/PiLC), thus the degradation process of black liquor could be conducted on a visible light source. Characterizations of the prepared photocatalysts were obtained using XRD, BET, TPD, TGA, SEM, TEM and UV-Vis spectrophotometer for the degradation degree. Although the degradation process of black liquor could be conducted on the visible light source, the degradation degree was still minor compared with only using Ti-PiLC photocatalyst. It is assumed that combination Ti and Zn as the active metals of the photocatalyst was not good enough to enhance the degradation process of black liquor even on the visible light source, perhaps using other metal, such as cerium (Ce).

Biomass Production from Oil Palm and Its Value Chain

This work examined biomass production from oil palm and its value chain in Nsit Ibom Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. This work identified the various biomass products derived from oil palm, the value chain of the various types of oil palm Biomass and the level of Utilization of the various oil palm biomass. Ten villages were selected using simple random sampling method. 380 questionnaires were collected out of 400 that were distributed which helped in generating data on the level of utilization of the various types of biomass derived from oil palm and the farming practices applied in the cultivation of oil palm. The first Hypothesis stated that the level of utilization of the various biomass products derived from oil palm in Nsit Ibom local government area is significant and was tested using Chi-Square. The second Hypothesis stated that the value chain of oil palm biomass is significantly related to the level of utilization in Nsit Ibom local government area and was tested using Multiple Correlation Analysis. From the test of hypothesis using 0.05 significant, there is a significant impact of oil palm biomass utilisation on rural livelihood in Nsit Ibom LGA. The Multiple Correlation Coefficient of 0.68 shows that there is a relationship between oil palm biomass and utilisation in Nsit Ibom LGA. 37.5% of respondents show that utilization of biomass from oil palm is extremely high. The major biomass generated are Empty Palm Bunch (EPB), Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) and Palm Pressed Fibre (PPF). The value added product are categorized into two: food and non-food products. Food product includes cooking Oil, Deep Frying Oils, Margarines and spreads Bakery fats, Cocoa butter, alternative fats, Confectionary fats, Ice cream fats, Infants nutrition fats and Other food applications while non-food product includes Cosmetics and personal care Soaps, Candles, Pharmaceuticals, Lubrications and agro-chemicals. Therefore, it was recommended that comprehensive training of farmers on palm oil processing technologies should be enhanced in order to enhance the utilization of its biomass. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2020-01-01-04 Full Text: PDF

Thermoplastic starch-PVA-cellulose nanocomposite film for extending the shelf life of red chili

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of TPS-PVA-cellulose nanocomposite film for extending the shelf-life of fresh red chili. In this study, cellulose nanofibers were isolated from oil palm empty bunches by combination of ultrafine grinding and ultrasonification. Thermoplastic starch-PVA-cellulose nanocomposites were produced by solvent evaporation casting method. The resulting nanocomposite films were applied for packaging of red chili at chilled and ambient temperatures. The different storage temperature generated different physical and mechanical properties of the obtained nanocomposite films. The red chili packed in nanocomposite films and stored at ambient temperature was able to maintain its quality for 12 days, while at chilled temperature the red chili looked fresh up to 15 days.

Effects of Organic Materials and Rainfall Intensity on the Productivity of Oil Palm Grown under Sandy Soil Condition

Oil palm plantations in Indonesia are cultivated on various types of land, ranging from very suitable to unsuitable types. This cultivation method is increasingly vulnerable to drought caused by climate change. Climate change due to global warming negatively affects the management of oil palm plantations in the long term. The upper-temperature limit for efficient photosynthesis in oil palm leaves is >38 °C. The increase in temperature (2°C above the optimum) and rainfall by 10% is projected to cause a yield decline of up to 30%. The water shortage is also a major limiting factor for palm oil production. Such vulnerability is predicted to worsen, and thus its negative effects should be explored. The purpose of this study is to reveal the role of organic matter applied as empty bunches (EFB) and the management of Nephrolepis bisserata vegetation in reducing the adverse effects of rainfall on palm oil production on sandy soils. The survey method and observations were carried out for over 3 years on plants aged 14-16 years on blocks. Empty fruit bunches (EFB) of 40 tons/ha/year was applied to each block, and Nephrolepis biserrata was used as ground cover which planted in path. The parameters observed included the number and average weight of fresh fruit bunches (FFB). The relationship between fluctuations in the conditions of monthly rainfall intensity on oil palm production was determined through regression analysis. Rainfall strongly influenced the number of FFB, whereas the average weight of FFB remained relatively constant. The application of EFB and management of Nephrolepis biserrata vegetation facilitates the reduction of drought impacts and increase in oil palm production (15%) as shown in bunch weight and bunch number. EFB and Nephrolepis biserrata vegetation can increase soil organic matter content and improve soil water holding capacity.

The application of palm-oil waste as organic materials on three pineapple accessions cultivated on post-tin mining land in Bangka Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Lestari T, Apriyadi R, Mustikarini ED, Saputra W, Merlin Y. 2020. The application of palm-oil waste as organic materials on three pineapple accessions cultivated on post-tin mining land in Bangka Island, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 12: 40-45. Tin mining activities in Bangka Island have produced a vast extent of critical lands that contain clay and tailings. Bangka local pineapple accessions have a high potential to be cultivated in the post-tin mining area as they are able to adapt to drought. The aim of this research was to investigate the growth performance of three pineapple accessions planted on post-tin mining land in Bangka by utilizing solid waste of oil palm as organic materials. The study was conducted in Dwi Makmur village, Merawang Sub-district, Bangka District from November 2017 to June 2019. The experiment used Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) with two factors: the first was three pineapple accessions (i.e. Toboali Bikang, Peranak and Bogor) and the second was palm oil solid waste (i.e. palm oil empty bunch (POEB) and palm oil bare ash (POBA)). We measured the parameters of vegetative and generative and the values were compared using Fisher test followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (α 0.05). We also conducted organoleptic tests and total dissolved solid tests to assess the quality of the fruit. We found that the application of POEB as organic materials affected the vegetative and generative parameters. We also found that the interaction of POEB with Peranak accession resulted in the best fruit productivity. Our results suggest that Peranak accession is potential to be cultivated in post-tin mining land in Bangka with the application of palm oil empty bunch as organic materials.

Study of bio-briquette formulation from mixture palm oil empty fruit bunches and palm oil shells

Bio-briquette is an alternative fuel derived from biomass. West Java has the potential of palm oil empty bunches (OPEFB) and palm oil shells biomass that can be used as bio-briquette raw material. The characteristics of each raw material affect the quality of the bio-briquettes produced. it is necessary to find a mixture of formulations between palm oil empty bunches (OPEFB) and palm oil shells that produce the highest quality bio-briquettes. This study aims to find a mixture of palm oil empty bunches and palm oil shell formulations that produce biobriquettes with optimum quality based on calorific value. This study used an experimental method with descriptive analysis. Variation of mixed formulations consisted of 5 treatments with a concentration of 7% adhesive material, carbonization temperature OPEFB 350 °C and palm oil shell 500 °C, compression pressure 225 kg/cm2, drying temperature 60 °C within 3 hours (2 replication). The observational parameters were the calorific value and proximate characteristics. The results showed that carbon content increased in both raw materials after the carbonization process expected, The highest calorific value of 5, 475 cal/gram was produced by bio briquettes with a mixture ratio of oil palm empty bunches and oil palm shells of 25:75.

Evaluation of biogas potential from empty fruit oil palm bunches

Indonesia experiences an increasing demand for energy, triggering the development of renewable energy, particularly from biomass resources. Empty fruit oil palm bunches (EFOB) residue is one of the potential lignocellulosic biomass highly abundant for further application in bioenergy generation such as biogas. This study was aimed to investigate and evaluate the potential of EFOB for biogas production using anaerobic digestion (AD) route. The biogas production in AD of EFOB was investigated in a batch experiment operated at an inoculum to substrate ratio (RI/S) of 6:1 for 30 days under the temperature of 37 °C. The results showed that the specific methane potential (SMP) of EFOB (without any pre-treatment) was 0.110 m3/kgVSadded. Using the anaerobic digestion scenario modeling, it was indicated that EFOB is a potential feedstock for biogas production using AD technology, either for electricity or biomethane production. The model also indicated that biogas and methane generation from AD of EFOB can contribute to enhancing the GHG emissions savings from replacing the use of fossil fuels or other non-renewable energy sources. Yet, the problem of high lignin content in EFOB has hindered the optimal biogas production. Therefore, the next stage of this study was to integrate biological pre-treatment to improve the efficacy of AD process.