Empty Bunch Research Articles

Physics and chemical activation to produce activated carbon from empty palm oil bunches waste

This research was conducted by laboratory-scale trials to make activated carbon from empty oil palm bunches. Empty bunches were palm oil processing industrial waste. This research was an effort to optimize waste management. Empty palm oil bunches were studied to become carbon active. Activated carbon is needed to meet the needs of the food industry and non-food industries. This research aimed to determine the appropriate method, optimal operating condition, and get the specification of standard carbon active. Making activated carbon was carried out by multiple activations; chemical and physical. The feed carbonation process was conducted at 400° C for 4 hours with N2 gas flow. After the charcoal is formed, chemical activation is carried out using an H3PO4 activator with a concentration of 9-15% wt. Physical activity was conducted by heating the activated carbon method in 700°C for an hour. The result of the study showed that multiple activations produced activated carbon, and the quality filled the standard. H3PO4 concentration of 13% was the most appropriate concentration to provide activated carbon with the best quality. The best quality activated carbon, which has produced of this research has complied with Indonesian National Standards 06-3730-1995 with parameters: 3% moisture content, 3.92% ash content, 0.7% volatile matter, 95.38% bonded carbon, iodine number 945.47 mg / g, and surface area of 272.9 m2/g.

Effects of Plant Ash Fortification on <i>okpa</i> the Ethnic and Traditional Snack of Southeast Nigeria

<i>Okpa</i> is a popular traditional snack widely relished by both rich and poor including the elderly people of south eastern part of Nigeria and therefore could be a good vehicle for nutrient intervention programmes. It is rich in protein but not a good source of minerals which fortification with empty palm bunch ash will enhance to prevent osteoporosis and other related diseases among the elderly people. Bambara groundnut paste was prepared, mixed with water and seasonings, and divided into four batches. Three out of the four batches were fortified each with 1, 5 and 10% ash as samples B, C and D respectively. Each batch was separately wrapped (250 ml) in plantain leaves and steamed. The remaining unfortified batch served as control (sample A). Proximate and mineral contents were evaluated with standard analytical methods. Sensory evaluation was determined subjectively with 20 semi-trained panelists. With increase in ash fortification levels, there was increase in moisture (58.40-59.50%), fibre (1.20-1.30%), ash (1.35-1.55%), calcium (72.50-85.38 mg/100g), magnesium (114.45-126.46 mg/100g), zinc (5.70-6.33 mg/100g), iron (1.45-2.36 mg/100g), phosphorous (206.32-219.40 mg/100g) and sodium (12.27-14.92 mg/100g). Only protein (8.63-8.43%), fat (4.15-4.00%), carbohydrate (25.83-25.23%), energy (164.63-160.31 Kcal), and acceptability (7.05-4.10) decreased. The control sample had the highest acceptability score which was not statistically different from samples with 1 and 5% ash. Ash concentrations of 1 and 5% enhanced the taste, appearance, aroma and texture of the <i>okpa</i> more than the control. There was significant increase in most nutrients most especially the minerals more than the control.

Transesterification of Rubber-Seed Oil (RSO) to Biodiesel Using an Empty Palm Kernel Bunch (EFB) Catalyst: Kinetics, Thermodynamic and Biodiesel Yield Prediction

Transesterification of Rubber-Seed Oil (RSO) to Biodiesel Using an Empty Palm Kernel Bunch (EFB) Catalyst: Kinetics, Thermodynamic and Biodiesel Yield Prediction

Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by Giving Cow Manure and Empty Palm Oil Bunch Fertilizer on Peat Soil

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a horticultural plant that is beneficial for health. Efforts are being made to expand the plant area. One of them is by utilizing marginal land such as peatlands. Peatlands in Indonesia are the most extensive soils in various tropical countries in the world that have low soil fertility and high acidity so that they are not optimal for lettuce growth. The provision of organic material can increase soil fertility by improving physical, chemical, and biological soil properties so that it can support lettuce growth. This study aims to determine the dose of cow manure and the dosage of oil palm empty fruit bunch fertilizer and the optimal dose interaction for growth and yield of lettuce. This research was conducted from June 2019 to August 2019 in Bengkulu City. This study uses a Completely Randomized Design consisting of two factors, which are repeated three times. The first factor is the dose of cow manure with three levels, namely: 0 tons ha-1, 15 tons ha-1, and 30 tons ha-1. The second factor is the dose of oil palm empty fruit bunch fertilizer, which consists of four levels, namely 0 tons ha-1, 5 tons ha-1, 10 tons ha-1, and 15 tons ha-1. The results showed that the dosage of cow manure 15 tons ha-1 and without the application of empty fruit bunches fertilizer gave the best results in leaf length of 18.674 cm. The best dose of cow manure for growth and yield of lettuce is 15 ha-1. The application of OPEFB fertilizer has not been shown to affect the growth and yield of lettuce.

Characterization and Analysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Waste of PT Kharisma Alam Persada South Borneo

Empty oil palm bunches are the largest solid waste produced from the palm oil industry processing. In processing 1 ton of fresh palm oil bunches, 230 Kg of empty palm oil bunches will be produced. Based on previous research, it is known that oil palm empty fruit bunches waste is proven to have a large amount of organic mass such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin. Organic content as mentioned is rich in benefits so that it can be used as raw material for making daily needs products ranging from food to complementary products such as household appliances, clothing and so on. For this reason, a study was conducted on the content of oil palm empty bunches originating from waste at PT. Kharisma Alam Persada. The characterization process was carried out using the SNI method 0128911992. From the research carried out it was found that the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content were 55.75%; 28.93% and 15.32% respectively. So that it is possible to be used as raw material for processing other products.

A Uji Amelioran Organik Asal Limbah Pertanian pada Pertanaman Sawi Hijau (Brassica juncea L.) di Tanah Gambut

Penggunaan limbah pertanian sebagai bahan amelioran organik dapat mengurangi ketergantungan penggunaan pupuk kimia sintetik pada budidaya tanaman sawi hijau di tanah gambut. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh dosis kompos limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dan gedebok pisang terbaik terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil sawi hijau di tanah gambut. Lokasi penelitian bertempat di Desa Baning Kota, Kabupaten Sintang pada bulan April sampai dengan Juni 2020. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial. Faktor pertama yaitu pemberian dosis kompos TKKS 5 taraf t0 (tanpa kompos), t1(5 ton ha-1), t2 (10 ton ha-1), t3 (15 ton ha-1), dan t4 (20 ton ha-1). Faktor kedua yaitu dosis kompos gedebok pisang dengan 4 taraf p0 (tanpa kompos), p1(10 ton ha-1), p2(20 ton ha-1), dan p3(30 ton ha-1). Interaksi perlakuan secara signifikan dapat meningkatkan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, luas daun, bobot segar tanaman, bobot kering tanaman, laju asimilasi bersih, dan laju pertumbuhan tanaman. Kandungan N, P, dan K di tanah meningkat 53.85%, 409.90% dan 2,709% pada pemberian 15 ton ha-1 kompos TKKS + 30 ton ha-1 kompos gedebok pisang. Kombinasi perlakuan ini adalah yang terbaik dalam penelitian ini untuk meningkatkan produksi sawi hijau di tanah gambut, ditunjukkan dengan rata-rata bobot segar tanaman sebesar 176.71 g.&#x0D; Kata kunci: gedebok pisang, produksi tanaman, tandan kosong kelapa sawit

Progam Pelatihan Budidaya Jamur Merang Melalui Media Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Pada Jamaah Nahdliyin di Desa Jati Datar Lampung Tengah

Community empowerment in improving the standard of living was essential. As in Jati Datar Village, Bandar Mataram Subdistrict, Central Lampung Regency, the majority of which work in gardening or farming. The purpose of this assistance was to increase community independence in cultivating mushroom so that it can help the community's economy by utilizing empty oil palm bunches which is used as a medium for edible mushrooms. This research used ABCD (Asset Based Community Development) method. The results of this activity indicate that the mushroom cultivation activity has enormous potential for the community to increase economic growth. This assistance improves the economy and welfare of the community to become better than before.&#x0D; Keywords: Mushroom Cultivation, Mushroom Cultivation Training, JamaahNahdliyin

Increasing product quality of torrefied palm kernel shell batch model with internal surface area modification

As the largest palm oil-producing country in the world, Indonesia has abundant biomass potential from the production of crude palm oil (CPO). Palm oil production in 2018 in Indonesia is 34.94 million tons, where have by-products are empty bunches (23%), mesocarp fiber (12%), and palm kernel shell (5%). Palm kernel shells are a potential biomass that can upgrade the quality as a solid fuel through thermochemical processes. Torrefaction is one of the thermochemical processes where currently being used to increase the quality of biomass. The usual method used for the torrefaction process in the laboratory is the batch method. However, this method has a disadvantage when the capacity is improved make decreases the quality of the fuel produced. In this study, the quality of torrefied palm kernel shell from batch and batch torrefaction with internal surface area modification were compared. The torrefaction process was carried out at 275°C, with a residence time of 30 minutes. The results showed that the torrefaction of the modified batch method had a better heating value, and was proximate as a fuel.

Oil Palm Empty Bunch Compost as a Source of Humic Acid

Humic acid is a fraction of humic compounds that are part of soil organic matter. In this research, humic acid is extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches compost. Compost is made from the process of counting the empty oil palm bunches, which are composted until the compost is cooked. The humic acid extraction process uses a strong base extraction method. The principle of humic acid extraction is to dissolve the humic compound with a base solution and then separate it by adding an acid solution (HCl solution). The extraction of humic acid from oil palm empty fruit bunches compost produced blackish-brown humic acid with a yield of 4.895%. The result showed that the main functional group content of palm oil empty fruit bunches compost humic acid was the -OH group and phenol group which had a conjugated carbonyl group and a more aliphatic humic acid structure. Quantitatively, the functional groups of humic acid functional groups each amounted to a total acidity of 7,400 cmol/kg, a carboxylic group of 520 cmol/kg, and a phenolic -OH group content of 6,880 cmol/kg. Research results show that oil palm empty fruit bunches compost can be used as a source of humic acid.

KARAKTERISTIK SIFAT FISIKA TANAH ULTISOL AKIBAT PEMBERIAN BIOCHAR BERBAHAN BAKU SISA TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT

The physical characteristics of ultisols due to the provision of biochar made from palm oil plant residue aims to determine the effect of giving various biochar made from oil palm plant residues on the physical properties of Ultisols. The research design used completely randomized design, consisting of 5 treatments, namely K = without giving biochar, BB = oil palm stem biochar, BP = oil palm frond biochar, BT = oil palm empty bunches biochar and BK = combination of biochar ingredients. Each treatment was repeated 4 times, so that the number of experimental units became 20 units. The parameters observed included soil density, soil porosity, soil texture, soil permeability and available water. The results showed that giving biochar significantly decreased the bulk weight and significantly increased the soil porosity of Ultisols.Key words : biochar, oil palm wastes, physical properties of soil and ultisol

ANALISA SIFAT FISIK DAN KIMIA BRIKET ARANG DARI CAMPURAN TANDAN KOSONG AREN (Arenga pinnata Merr) DAN CANGKANG KEMIRI (Aleurites trisperma)

The waste of candlenut shells and empty sugar palm bunches has considerable potential and can be used as raw material for charcoal briquettes. This study aims to analyze the properties of charcoal from a mixture of candlenut shells and palm sugar bunches on the physical properties of the charcoal briquettes produced. To determine the effect of the mixture of candlenut charcoal shells and sugar palm empty fruit bunches, treatment of 100% candlenut shells, 100% sugar palm empty bunches, 75% candlenut shells + 25% sugar palm empty bunches, 75% empty sugar palm bunches + 25% candlenut shells, 50% candlenut shell + 50% sugar palm bunches, the adhesive used is tapioca flour. Charcoal briquettes produced by the water content ranged from 7.568% - 11.734%, density 0.520g / cm³ - 0.604g / cm abu, the average ash content ranged from 15% - 22.666%, flying substance content 43.666% - 52%, bound carbon ranged from 17,335% - 44,098%, and calorific value 3676,86kal / g - 4749,606kal / g. The water content that meets ASTM is found in treatment A (100% hazelnut shell) of 7.568%, other treatments do not meet ASTM standards. Density, ash content, fly substance content, bound carbon and calorific value produced from various treatments none meet the standard.Keywords: Aren empty bunches charcoal briquettes; candlenut shell briquettes; influence of physical and chemical properties; ASTM standards

KARAKTERISTIK TEKSTUR DAN WARNA KOMPOS TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS) DENGAN KOMBINASI KOTORAN SAPI MENGGUNAKAN Mikoroorganisme Selulotik (MOS)

This research aims to know the characteristics of the texture and colour of compost from empty palm bunches (TKKS) and cow dung using selulotic microorganism (MOS). This research had been carried out in the village of Serosah, district of Hulu Kuantan, Kuantan Singingi Regency. Design used in this study was a randomized complete design (RAL) non factorial, which consists of 6 treatment and three replicates, namely A0 (20 kg of TKKS + 200 ml of MOS), A1 (18 kg of TKKS + 2 kg of cow dung + 200 ml of MOS), A2 (16 kg of TKKS + 4 kg of cow dung + 200 ml of MOS), A3 (14 kg of TKKS + 6 kg of cow dung + 200 ml of MOS), A4 (12 kg of TKKS + 8 kg of cow dung + 200 ml of MOS), A5 (10 kg of TKKS + 10 kg of cow dung + 200 ml of MOS). Data from observation of each treatment were descriptively analyzed. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the use of the empty palm bunches of compost by using cow and selulotic microorganisms (MOS) significantly affected the texture of the compost (a soft and slightly damp) and black in colour of 10YR/21.

POTENSI LIMBAH PADAT PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT DI PROVINSI RIAU

Oil palm plantations produce solid biomass waste, namely replanting stems, midribs, empty fruit bunches (EFB), shells and fruit fibers. In 2018 the area of ​​oil palm plantations in Indonesia reached 14.3 million ha and the area of ​​oil palm plantations in the Riau Province until 2018 was 2.7 million hectares. The availability of oil palm plantation waste in Riau Province, such as waste production in gardens and palm oil mill waste (PKS) needs to be studied further, so that the amount of oil palm biomass waste will be illustrated. The purpose of this study was to calculate the potential for biomass waste from oil palm plantations in the form of replanting stems, midribs, EFB, shells and fruit fibers. The method used in this study is calculating waste based on mass balance and the data were analyzed using linear regression. The results of this study indicate an increasing trend in the amount of waste produced. The most potential amount of waste is oil palm empty bunches (TKKS) of 6 663 956 tonnes per year on average.

Influence of Biomass Based Carbon Black as Filler Composite on Tensile and Impact Strength

Carbon blacks (CB), derived from agricultural waste, bamboo stem, coconut shells and oil palm empty fiber bunch, were obtained by pyrolysi used as filler in epoxy composites. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of biomass based carbon black on the tensile and impact strength carbon black – epoxy composite. In this research, carbon black was biomass based. The matrix was epoxy resin Bakelite EPR 174 and epoxy hardener versamid 140 while, the methodology for making the composite was hand lay-up method. The composite were made at 5, 10, 15, 20 volume percentage carbon black then the composite tested with the tensile and impact strength. The highest tensile strength was 44,65 MPa 5 volume percentage carbon black and the highest impact strength was 5.47 MPa volume percentage carbon black. While, based on the result of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis showed there were agglomeration at the particle of carbon black, pull out, and void.

Pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Media Tanam Pembibitan Batang Bawah Karet dengan Metode Root Trainer

Root trainer technology can be an alternative for rubber plant nursery that have ease in transportation and distribution. Organic materials which are lightweight, porous, and contain nutrients are considered suitable for root trainer growing media. This research was carried out at Sungei Putih Research Center Greenhouse, Deli Serdang from January - May 2019. The research was arranged based on a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 4 media combination treatments namely: top soil (P0), empty bunches and manure (P1), empty bunches and rice husks (P2), and empty bunches and solid decanters (P3). The results showed that the planting media did not have a significant effect on plant growth including stem diameter, plant height, and number of leaves, as well as the percentage of successful grafting. The treatment of oil palm empty fruit bunches and solid decanter gave better growth than other organic materials. The availability of empty bunches and solid decanter in North Sumatra is relatively abundant so that it can support rubber nurseries throughout the year.

Bleaching Process on Oil Palm Empty Bunches by Pulping Using Formacell Liquid Waste

The formacell process produces black liquor that damages the environment. Previous research has shown that black liquor can be used as a cooking solution for pulping. The pulping process using formacell waste on oil palm empty bunches produces a dark color; therefore, it requires a bleaching process. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the type of cooking solution (fresh pulping solution and leachate residual from pulping) and bleaching time (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 h) on pulp yield, cellulose content, permanganate number, and score on whiteness degree. The bleaching process used 35% peracetic acid and was conducted at 80�C. The best results were obtained at a bleaching time of 2 h, which resulted in yields of 76.1%�81.2%, cellulose contents of 53%�62.5%, permanganate numbers of 6.3�7.4, and scores of color of 3.78 (yellowish white) to 4.7 (white).

The effect of cassava effluent and empty oil palm fruit bunch on remediation of petroleum polluted soil and crop production in the tropics: A review

Purpose There is an increased demand for proper utilization of wastes to benefit humans especially as it relates to generation of economic gains. Although the agro-based industry and the petroleum industry contribute to high levels of waste generation, it is possible that the wastes from the agro industry could be used for management of petroleum hazards and pollution. This review focuses on the identification of potential benefits of two highly ignored agro wastes: cassava effluent and empty oil palm bunch, which contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases and increasing the disease causing potentials of these wastes for people living where they are disposed. Methods In this review, we utilized available literature to reveal the importance of agro wastes as well as their different beneficial applications especially as they concern the remediation of crude oil pollution. Results Evidence from previous research indicates that cassava effluent contains some beneficial nutrient components that negatively affect soil chemistry and plant growth. The use of empty oil palm bunch, on the other hand, has been reported to contribute to the improvement of soil nutrient properties and crop production. Conclusion We postulate that the chemical constituent of these two agricultural wastes may significantly complement their ability to improve crop production when combined, as well as mediate cleanup of soils exposed to crude oil pollution over time.

The Effectiveness of Humic Acid and Trichoderma sp. for Planting Media with Oil Palm Empty Bunches in Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.)

&lt;em&gt;Pakcoy is a vegetable commodity that has high economic value. This study aims to determine the effect of humic acid and Trichoderma sp. by utilizing empty fruit bunch (EFB) waste as a growing medium for Pakcoy growth. The research method used was a two-factor randomized block design. The first factor is humic acid (AH) with three levels: AH1 = 1 g, AH2 = 2 g, AH3 = 3 g. The second factor is Trichoderma sp. (T) with three levels; T1 = 50 ml, T2 = 100 ml, T3 = 150 ml. In this study it was concluded, the best treatment was found in the application of humic acid with a dose of 1 g on the parameters of observation of leaf length, leaf width, plant height, wet weight, and plant dry weight. The use of Trichoderma sp. in this study, does not affect all parameters observation. The results of the analysis of the planting medium showed that the pH was slightly acidic conditions 5.67 - 6.33. The organic matter content contained in the growing media ranged from 1.20 to 2.62%, and the total N-total contained in the growing medium ranged from 0.10 to 0.18. In-plant tissue analysis shows that the N-total found in plant tissue ranges from 4.62 - 5.23.&lt;/em&gt;

Exploring functional fungi on organic matter decomposition of oil palm empty bunches as bio-resource in land remediation

Abstract. Rasyid B, Ala A, Kuswinanti T, Sapareng S. 2020. Exploring functional fungi on organic matter decomposition of oil palm empty bunches as bio-resource in land remediation. Biodiversitas 21: 4247-4252. Organic matter of oil palm by-product has the potential to be applied for land remediation. The objective of this experiment was to explore functional fungi on the decomposition effectivity of oil palm empty bunches. Samples were collected from oil palm plantation fields and oil palm factory. Isolated fungi from decomposed material (trunks and rod) were Penicillium sp., Pleurotus sp., Fusarium sp., Chrysosporium sp., and Aspergillus sp. Fungi in the empty fruit branches were identified as Absidia sp., Tremella sp., and Trichoderma sp., Phytophthora sp., Ulocladium sp., and Chaetomium sp. Within all collected fungal isolates, Pleurotus sp., Trichoderma sp., and Tremella sp. were selected as functional fungi based on the results of the highest lignocellulolytic ability (50-75%). The degradation rate of organic matter of each functional fungi was observed as Trichoderma sp. (24.0%), Tremella sp. (20.0%), and Pleurotus sp. (16.0%). Change of C/N ratio as a result of decomposition showed significant difference compared to control with 22.09 by Trichoderma sp., 24.26 by Pleurotus sp., 26.68 by Tremella sp. and 36.58 in control. This study could be concluded that exploring functional fungi can potentially be applied in the decomposition of oil palm by-product effectively.

Synthesis of Fe and Zn Organic Fertilizer From Palm Oil Waste

Indonesia has been placed as the world's first producer of crude palm oil and crude palm oil. In producing crude palm oil (CPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO), the palm oil industry relies heavily on processing fresh fruit bunches (FFB) at palm oil mills (POM) and is traded internationally. However, this process also produces solid organic waste [ i.e. empty bunches (EFB)], which reach up to 25 %% of FFB. The analysis shows that the application of empty bunches as organic fertilizer has not been able to increase the amount of nutrients in palm oil leaves and increase palm oil production. Application of palm oil mill effluent which is able to increase the amount of nutrients in palm oil, especially nitrogen and phosphate, and a positive impact to increase the production of oil palm plantations, especially on productivity (tons / ha).