Employment In Turkey Research Articles

Impact of Industry 4.0 on Occupations and Employment in Turkey

New technologies of this age is widely referred as Industry 4.0. The rapid increase in digitalization, robotization, and intelligent automation has great impact on markets, including the labour market. Technological changes destroy some jobs while generating new jobs and occupations. Replacement of jobs by robots, smart vehicles, digitalized and connected processes will have great impact on labour market resulting in mass unemployment. This paper aims to highlight prospective changes in occupations and job losses due to new technologies in Turkey. Following the introduction part, the paper proceeds to literature review about the effect of new technologies on jobs, skills, tasks, occupations, and employment. In the next part, a time analysis of occupations in Turkey takes place in order to bring out the occupations which might be substituted by Industry 4.0, and thus might result in mass unemployment. A framework for susbstitutable and complementable occupations in Turkey has been constituted in this part, too. In the concluding remarks, it has been put forward that there will be considerable losses in some occupational categories with routine tasks, both in manual and cognitive jobs. In some other jobs, new technologies have a complementing effect which might lead to employment generation. It has been suggested that Turkey can get the better of negative impacts of Industry 4.0 by fully analysing the issue, improving training and skills upgrading, and promoting jobs in technology and creativity related new fields such as cultural and creative industries.

May The Reason Of Increase In Total Health Expenditures Be The Employment In Turkey?

The recent economic and political crises in European Countries and South America; the wars in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa, and the resulting immigration have made employment more important concept globally. Along with the economic crisis in the European region, employment problems have arisen in countries like Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece and the unemployment rate has remained above 10%. In Turkey, unemployment is a significant problem for so many years. In recent years, in order to resolve employment issue, Turkey implemented government-supported programs to pay taxes for companies for a certain period of time. Health condition of the population involved in employment, just like unemployment itself , is another problem for countries. People to be employed must be healthy and suitable to work first. In order to create a productive and healthy working populations, Turkey allocates serious budget for health expenditures every year. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causal relationship between total health expenditure and employment rates for the 1988-2016 period in Turkey. For this purpose, the relationship between employment rates between 1988-2016 and total health expenditures (public + private) was examined by Granger Causality Test. The result of the study indicated that there was no significant causal relationship between employment rates and the total health expenditure in Turkey.

YAPISAL KIRILMA ALTINDA SANAYİ ÜRETİMİ VE İSTİHDAM İLİŞKİSİ

Sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümeyi hedefleyen ekonomilerin en önemli konularından biri olan sanayileşmenin üretimi arttırma yoluyla istihdamı olumlu etkilediği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de 2005:01 ve 2017:06 dönemleri arasında sanayi üretimi ile toplam istihdam, sanayi istihdamı ve genç istihdam değişkenleri arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişki yapısı aylık veriler kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Ele alınan dönem yapısal değişikler içeren bir dönem olduğu için serilerin durağanlığı hem standart Genişletilmiş Dickey Fuller birim kök testi hem de yapısal kırılmalı Zivot-Andrews birim kök testi ile test edilmiştir. Eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin tahmin edilmesinde de hem Engle Granger eşbütünleşme testi hem de yapısal kırılmaları dikkate alan Gregory-Hansen eşbütünleşme testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki mevcut değildir. Çalışmanın sonuçları göstermektedir ki Türkiye için incelenen dönemde sanayi üretimi ve istihdam arasındaki bağ ortadan kalmıştır yani sanayi üretimi artsa bile bu artış istihdam yaratmaktan uzaktır.

Statistical Analysis and Evaluation of Changing Trend of Woman Employment in Turkey in Globalization Conditions

Women in the status of a milestone in a family, who can also become the mother, are given more responsibility compared to man. In this sense, working woman has some very crucial responsibilities both individually and socially and economically. Besides these roles, the involvement of women comprising almost half of the population in working life actively and contribute to production is of importance in the development of country and fight against poverty. Therefore, in the current time, a great many incentives have been given in socio-economic sense recently in order to increase the woman employment in Turkey, which is much behind OECD data, to the desired level. However, even though the activity in woman employment has partly improved quantitatively in recent years despite these measures, necessary improvement in providing them a proper job qualitatively have not been obtained. Some reasons for this could be summed as follows: gender discrimination, inadequate growth, scarcity in proper job, lack of innovative and entrepreneurial education model for labour market, rapid urbanization, qualitative labour force, job experience etc. Women could only find an opportunity for a job in atypical working forms such as easiest one, without a union, without protection, demanding a cheap labour force with sub-employers. In this sense, in the current study that was carried out to describe women employment in Turkey, it was aimed to investigate involvement in labour force, working types and conditions. The method to be used in the study was planned as determining and evaluating the condition in the working life of women and changing trend in the country with a basis of examining current national and international studies and statistical data with regard to woman employment in the last five years.

Labor Income Share Consequences of Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from Turkey

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the labor share in Turkey, by conducting a comparative analysis of various labor share measures using both micro survey and aggregate data. Design/Methodology/Approach: By adopting aggregate data- based labor share measures to micro survey data, four different labor share measures in the total market income were calculated using micro data from the 2006 to 2014 Income and Living Conditions Survey of Turkey. Two additional labor share measures were calculated using aggregated data obtained from World Input Output Database's Socio Economics Accounts. Findings: The results of the micro-data calculations indicated a substantial and permanent increase during the crisis due to the labor hoarding in the labor market leading to an increase in skilled employee labor income share at the expense of unskilled employee labor income share. The results obtained from aggregate data-based labor share calculations with two different measures were relatively smaller than micro data-based labor shares due to the large share of informal employment in Turkey. Further, the labor shares obtained from aggregate data decreased during the 2008 financial crisis, in contrast to the labor shares from micro data. Research limitations/implications: Due to the lack of the applicable aggregated data, four labor share measures adopted to micro data could not be used for aggregated data-based labor share calculations. Therefore, a straightforward comparison between the micro and macro data based results of the labor share measures could not be made. Originality/Value: As the first attempt using micro survey data for calculation of Turkey's factor shares, this study reveals the labor market consequences of global financial crisis in Turkey in search of the evolution of labor share in the market income and provide a comparison between micro and macro data-based results.

Women Employment in terms of Gender Inequality across the Provinces of Turkey

Inequalities are very important and multi-dimensional problem for all countries in the world. Particularly, the problem is challenging for developing countries due to the presence of not equal opportunities in economic life. This study aims to examine relations between women employment and socio-economic inequalities by using spatial data and techniques across the regions of Turkey. We use women employment’s share in total employment of provinces in 2014 as an indicator of women employment as long as the following variables used as independent are Gender Equality Index, Socio-Economic Development Index, gender based wage gap and household size. To test spatial dimensions of the variables, firstly we perform an Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis on all variables for provinces of Turkey. Secondly, we explain spatial econometrics dimensions of women employment in Turkey. The results indicate that spatial regression is statistically significant and have high level of coefficient of determination in terms of spatial lag and error models. The study results indicate the significant relations among independent variables and women employment. Overall, our results show new dimensions of spatial distribution of women employment in Turkey.

Child domestic labour and mothers’ employment in Turkey

This paper takes an initial step in studying the determinants of child domestic labour and its relationship with mothers’ employment in Turkey. We focus on children that are responsible for performing the domestic chores in their households. Using household level data from Demographic and Health Survey (2003), we find that the probability of child domestic labour is greater if the oldest child in the household is female; and this is stronger in rural areas. We also find that the likelihood of child domestic labour decreases with parental education. Our findings also suggest that the unobservable factors that increase the probability that a mother works increases the probability of child domestic labour in urban areas, but the opposite is true for rural areas.

TÜRKIYE DE ASGARI ÜCRETIN İSTIHDAM ÜZERINDEKI ETKISININ SEKTÖREL PANEL REGRESYON MODELLERI İLE İNCELENMESI

Asgari ucret politikalarinin, istihdam uzerinde onemli etkisinin oldugu kabul edilmektedir. Ancak farkli ekollerden gelen iktisatcilar tarafindan yapilan deneysel calismalar, asgari ucret ile istihdam arasindaki iliskinin yonu uzerinde bir uzlasma saglayamamistir. Liberal iktisatcilar, asgari ucretin istihdam uzerinde negatif bir etkisinin oldugunu ileri surmektedir. Keynesyen iktisatcilar ise asgari ucret ile istihdam arasinda pozitif yonlu bir iliski oldugunu savunmaktadir. Deneysel calismalar sonucunda ortaya cikan bu farkliliklar, sektorlere ait veriler kullanilarak yapilan calismalarda belirgin olarak gorulmektedir. Bu farkliliklar niteliksiz isgunun daha fazla istihdam edildigi sektorlere ait veriler ile yapilan calismalarda daha da belirgin olmaktadir. Bu calismada, Turkiye’de 2008-2012 doneminde istihdamin belirleyicileri ve istihdam ile asgari ucret arasindaki iliski incelenmistir. Calismada 16 sektore iliskin verilerden olusan panel regresyon modelleri kullanilmistir. Calismada, asgari ucretin istihdami olumsuz yonde etkiledigi seklindeki iktisat yazinindaki yaygin inancin aksine asgari ucret ile istihdam arasinda pozitif yonlu bir iliski oldugu sonucuna ulasilmistir. Ayrica cinsiyet ayriminda elde edilen modeller, kazanc degismelerinin kadin ve erkek istihdamini farkli yonde etkiledigini gostermektedir.

Being highly skilled Russian migrant in Turkey

In the last 25 years, thousands of Russians, mostly women, have migrated from Russia to Turkey. These purposes are mainly employment and marriage. Russians, today, cluster in metropolitan cities such as Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir, as well as in touristic cities such as Antalya and Mugla. Due to the restrictions on foreign employment in Turkey, even if majority of Russians hold at least a bachelor’s degree, they are obliged to work in low-qualification jobs and often without social security. As for those Russians who have married a Turk, they resign totally from working life, in order not to face any problem during the years they await gaining citizenship. This study aims at revealing the highly skilled Russian migrants’ experiences in a developing country as Turkey, based on interviews made with the migrants and representatives of transnational Russian migrant institutions in Istanbul.

The Impact of Agricultural Commodity Price Increases on Agricultural Employment in Turkey

Agricultural commodity prices experienced higher increases beginning in the second half of the 2000s. The rises were fueled by numerous factors, high energy prices, weak dollar, investment fund activity, the combination of adverse weather conditions, the diversion of some food commodities to the production of biofuels, and government policies such as, including export bans and prohibitive taxes brought global stocks of many food commodities down to low levels. Extreme price spike and volatility in agricultural commodity prices creates negative effects on macroeconomic instability, posing a threat to food security in many countries. In Turkey, agricultural employment rate, which has been decreasing since the mid-90s, unexpectedly rose between 2006-2009, and it is continuing to increase. In this context this paper analyzes that is there any relation between agricultural employment, and international agricultural commodity price increases in Turkey by using VAR method. Results show that there is a relationship between agricultural commodity prices and agricultural employment. Also we have empirical evidence about the relation between agricultural and non-agricultural employment. It is indicated that agricultural employment effects on non- agricultural employment but the opposite effect is not valid.

Yabancı Doğrudan Yatırımların İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye, Çin ve Hindistan Örneğinde Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi

In this study effects of foreign direct investment on employment, analyzed with multiple structural breaks unit root test of Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. (2009), multiple structural breaks cointegration test of Maki (2012) and dynamic ordinary least squares method for Turkey, China and India by using 1980-2011 period data. According to the empirical findings; series are nonstationary in level and there is a cointegration relationship between series. As a result of the long run analysis; 10% increase of foreign direct investment leads to a decreases on the employment in Turkey by 0.3%while decreases in China and India respectively by 0.3% and 0.2%.

Conditions of Beginning Teaching and Anxiety Perceived in Teacher Candidates

Abstract Anxiety that negatively affects an individual's mental health and well-being is associated with a number of factors. One of these is concern about one's ability to find a job. In recent years, it has become increasingly difficult for teachers to obtain employment in Turkey, a fact which may account in part for the increased anxiety observed among teacher candidates. In this study, an attempt has been made to explore the connections between teacher candidates’ prospects of finding a job after graduation and their anxiety levels. The study was conducted with 286 teacher candidates (180 females and 106 males) who were in their senior year in college and were enrolled in various programs in the school of education. Data were collected with the help of a data collection sheet and a Beck Anxiety Inventory. Results indicated that concerns regarding finding a job did not have a significant effect on the anxiety scores. The results also illustrated that there were no significant differences between the anxiety scores of female and male teacher candidates, except for the somatic symptoms sub-inventory. The majority of the participants (79%) stated that they would be able to work in any position to which they might be appointed. It was determined that these findings were in line with the findings of some previous studies, but at variance with other related research. Recommendations have been made for researchers to conduct further studies on larger samples and taking into consideration a greater number of variables.

Infrastructure Development and Employment: The Case of Turkey

Akyelken N. Infrastructure development and employment: the case of Turkey, Regional Studies. This study illustrates the interaction effects between human capital and transport infrastructure by taking into account the gender differences and the roles of socio-cultural factors on employment in Turkey. It is shown that a considerable part of the variation in paid employment is at a regional scale and that significant associations exist between the interaction effects of education and transport infrastructure and paid employment. Although the role of regional context is roughly comparable for men and women, there are gender differences in the associations between socio-cultural and physical characteristics and employment.

Revisiting the Wollstonecraft Dilemma in the Context of Conservative Liberalism: The Case of Female Employment in Turkey

This article investigates the twin cultural (conservatism) and economic (neo-liberalism) challenge to gender justice through a discussion of female employment in Turkey, where essentialist views of women's difference continue to be used to legitimize the confinement of women to care work and the character of employment relations in a neo-liberal environment renders women's participation in working life practically impossible. The article shows how neo-liberalism can actually act in tandem with cultural conservatism to shape a social order where traditional gender norms are reasserted, crippling parity of participation. It is argued that a widely shared tendency to regard cultural norms and labor market relations as natural phenomena presents an obstacle against the development of a transformative agenda for the eradication of gender injustice.

Air passenger traffic and local employment: Evidence from Turkey

By providing fast and safe transportation opportunities, air transportation plays an important social and economic role in the development of cities and the nation as a whole. Using Census 2000 data from 31 provinces, this study attempts to figure out the possible effects of air passenger traffic on the local composition of employment in Turkey. Its results suggest that employment in many industries and occupations benefits from the existence of scheduled air passenger traffic. More concretely, we found that a 10% point increase in air passenger traffic per capita would generate 15,013 service-related jobs throughout the 31 provinces analysed.

Assessing the importance of international tourism for the Turkish economy: A social accounting matrix analysis

The international tourism sector has grown rapidly in Turkey since the 1980s and Turkey ranks among the top ten countries in terms of tourist arrivals and receipts. Previous studies on international tourism in Turkey are partial equilibrium studies which emphasized the importance of the sector for foreign exchange earnings, employment creation, and economic growth. The social accounting matrix (SAM) modeling approach is superior to partial equilibrium analysis as it takes into account intersectoral linkages. This paper analyzes the contribution of international tourism to the Turkish economy using two SAMs for 1996 and 2002, respectively. Two analyses are conducted using the SAM impact model: (i) sectoral comparison of GDP elasticities, and (ii) SAM impact analysis of international tourism on output, value-added, and employment. The results show that the GDP elasticity of international tourism is relatively low and the impact of foreign tourist expenditures on domestic production, value-added (GDP), and employment in Turkey are modest. The results imply the possibility of leakage of foreign tourist expenditures out of the economy.

DECOMPOSITION OF LABOUR DEMAND BY EMPLOYER SECTORS AND GENDER: FINDINGS FOR MAJOR EXPORTING SECTORS IN TURKEY

This paper attempts to provide insight into the likely impacts of the current global crisis on employment in Turkey. As this crisis hits the Turkish economy through a demand squeeze in the international market, our focus is on the labour demand generated by major export sectors. The decomposition of impacts with respect to gender is of particular interest given the significant gender imbalances in the labour market. The findings indicate that female (male) employment is most sensitive to wearing apparel (trade) exports. In general, employment generation potentials of major export sectors are found to be weaker for females and stronger in agriculture, trade and finance, while they are very limited in manufacturing for both genders.

DO EXPORTS EXPLAIN INDUSTRIAL AGGLOMERATION AND REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN TURKEY?

AbstractAlong with an increasing integration with global goods and services markets, regional centres of industrial development have emerged in Turkey. Global linkages may play an important role in regional disparities in a developing country like Turkey through the determination of the locations of industries. This paper examines to what extent global linkages, operationalised by export performance, impact on agglomeration economies and regional disparities in industrial production and industrial employment in Turkey. To this end, using province‐level industrial data, panel regressions are run to analyse the determinants of disparities and agglomeration in terms of industrial value added and employment by adding the size of exports as an explanatory variable. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Women’s Employment in Turkey in the Light of Different Trajectories in Development-Different Patterns in Women’s Employment

Yirminci yuzyilin son ceyreginde, gelismekte olan ulkelerde ihrac yonelimli sanayilesme ve buyume stratejilerine gecisle birlikte kadin isgucune olan talep artmistir. Turkiye, ihracat yonelimli sanayilesme modeline 1980’lerde gecmis olmasina ragmen genelde imalat sanayi istihdaminin, ozelde ise bu istihdam icinde kadinlarin payinin artisi cok sinirli duzeyde kalmistir. Tarimsal uretimin ve istihdamin gerilemesi sonucu hem erkek hem kadin isgucu aciga cikmis, ancak tarim disi istihdamdaki buyume ozellikle kadinlar acisindan bu gerilemeyi karsilayacak boyutlarda bir isgucu talebi yaratmamistir. Bu makalede kadin isgucune olan talebin dusuk duzeyde kalmasinin nedenleri, izlenen kalkinma stratejileriyle baglantili olarak ele alinacaktir

Structural Change, the Social Policy Environment and Female Employment in Turkey

ABSTRACTSince the 1970s, a series of demand and supply related changes have led to significant labour market transformations which have brought about a sustained increase in female employment throughout the world. While similar transformations have also been underway in Turkey, the country appears to be one of the rare exceptions to worldwide trends. During the last two decades both female labour force participation and female employment rates have declined at national level. In this article, two sets of questions are posed to explore the factors likely to influence female labour force participation. One set of questions pertains to the society‐specific dynamics of structural change in employment patterns in Turkey, with particular reference to the level and composition of employment in the service sector. A second set of questions is posed to examine labour market relations and the social policy environment in Turkey, and their impact on the demand for and supply of female labour. Current changes in the prevailing policy environment are considered to highlight a certain contradiction in the attitudes of decision makers who seem to be faced with a trade‐off between continuing adherence to conservative patriarchal values and the objectives of increasing labour force participation and combating poverty.