Employee Cooperation Research Articles

Human Resource Development Through Knowledge Management System

In the era of globalization, knowledge within the company has become something that is very decisive for the success of a company. Knowledge Management System (KMS) as a key element in knowledge management, is an application system used by organizations to manage tacit and explicit knowledge as a platform for communicating information. Employee Cooperative (Kopkar) PT. Gudang Garam Tbk is a cooperative engaged in savings and loans under the auspices of PT. Gudang Garam Tbk Kediri which has a very important role in improving the welfare of employees. The advancement of science and technology is a new challenge for the HR & General Division to process the knowledge assets owned by each employee. As a result of the very accelerating effect of globalization, the emphasis on the importance of the quality of human resources (HR) is one response in responding to these changes. This research method uses data collection methods, data analysis and software development. While analyzing the knowledge management process into a client/server oriented system using the SECI model. From the report, 80% of the discussions that are often shared are in the category of cooperative management issues, and 20% discuss articles about the role of technology and how to grow productivity in an organization.

Design and Development of KPRI RSCM Employee Presence Attendance Application Using Android-Based QR Code

RSCM KPRI Services Cooperative is a cooperative that operates in 2 initial tasks, namely providing loans to members with light services and carrying out the distribution of basic goods from the government to members of each company or agency. make attendance. attendance attendance is part of the most important role in every body of work. Where attendance is one of the main supports that can motivate and support all work activities to be carried out in it, using the finger print system in attendance at the Cooperative office which is in the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital (RSCM) environment is very at risk of being exposed to various kinds of virus, and one of them is the Corona Virus which is still a pandemic, so that the KPRI RSCM Service Cooperative innovates in the employee attendance system by using a presence system using an Android-based QR Code, so that cooperative employees can take attendance using their personal cell phones. explains how to use the designed application system, namely the KPRI RSCM Employee Presence Application. It is hoped that this application can make it easier for employees to make attendance, and the Personnel section can more easily monitor the attendance of their employees utilizing the Android system as a tool or attendance system that makes it easier for companies and employees, especially at the KPRI RSCM Service Cooperative so that it reduces contact that can cause risk of exposure to the coronavirus.

ANALISIS PENGARUH KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT DAN KEPUASAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN KOPERASI TELKOMSEL (KISEL) JAKARTA SELATANALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP PRESTASI KERJA KARYAWAN PADA LAYANAN (KUKM) KOPERASI DAN USAHA KECIL DAN MENENGAH

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Knowledge Management and Job Satisfaction on the performance Telkomsel Cooperative Employees (KISEL) of SouthJakarta. The results of this study prove that the role of human resources in the organization isimportant for the survival and development of the organization. The method used is quantitative, respondents' answers to questionnaires related to Knowledge Management and Job Satisfaction on the Performance Telkomsel CooperativeEmployees (KISEL) of South Jakarta on average provide an overview that the observedvariables show things that are already good. From the results of the processing of thequestionnaire, it is known that from a total of 30 respondents. The questionnaire was madeusing a Likert scale. The analysis technique used includes multiple regression test,correlation test, determination test, partial hypothesis testing and simultaneous hypothesistesting and coefficient of determination test using SPSS 25. The results show that partiallyand simultaneously Knowledge Management and job satisfaction have a significant effect onEmployee Performance Telkomsel Cooperative (KISEL) South Jakarta.

Villa CEREPEC-Chiguayante. Cooperativism and collective housing in Greater Concepción

The Metropolitan Area of Concepción (AMC) has industrial traces in its urban development. Under the auspices of state industries and their workers, housing complexes were developed in the second half of the twentieth century, away from industrial plants, proposing new modes of urban development for the period and location. A case in question is the Cooperativa de Empleados Refinería de Petróleo Concepción (Concepcion Petrol Refinery Employees Cooperative or CEREPEC), in Chiguayante. This article records part of the urban evolution of this commune, through the analysis of a housing complex materialized by workers of the National Petroleum Company (ENAP) under the cooperative model. The results show both the foundational contribution in building the urban space of "Manantiales street", as well as the way cooperativism materialized in the urban design and the architectural project of the CEREPEC complex. The company-worker-savings bank relationship stands out, where the worker assumes the leadership and the company supports its management, in a model that is very distant from industrial paternalism, and which logically builds different new sectors in the city. It is a relevant model because participatory processes are in demand today, involving the dynamics of construction and transformation of houses and neighborhoods.

Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Petani Nilam Di Desa Tambarana Kecamatan Poso Pesisir Utara Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah

This study aims to determine how the socio-economic conditions of patchouli farmers in Tambarana Village, Poso Pesisir Utara District, Central Sulawesi Province. This research was conducted from October to December 2021. The data used in this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through direct interviews with 43 respondents using a questionnaire and secondary data obtained from the Tambarana Village government office, literature or previous research. The sampling method was carried out by means of a cluster (cluster random sampling). The method of data analysis is descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis The results showed that the social conditions of patchouli farmers had a good interaction relationship between farmers, doing mutual cooperation, in terms of education many farmers' children can continue their education to a higher level, the health level is also improving, many people have taken treatment to the puskesmas/doctor, while the economic condition of patchouli farmers due to an increase in income with an average of Rp. 3.961.604/month for farmers, the educational level of many of the farmers' children continue to higher education, health conditions are improving, they have houses made of concrete with zinc roofs and slab floors, farmers have the most number of dependents in the family, namely 1-4 people. Rubber farmers' land area <0.5 Ha with a production level of 15 – 26 Kg, in general, the income of farmers after patchouli farming, but there are also farmers who earn other than patchouli farming, there are also farmers who have other jobs such as breeders. Buying and selling fish, laborers, honorary workers, civil servants, village heads, and cooperative employees.

SISTEM AKUNTANSI PENGGAJIAN PADA KOPERASI KARYAWAN YAYASAN ANAKKU

All business organizations, including non-profit organizations, need an accounting system. The resulting financial information can be used as an accountability from one party to another. A good accounting system will be able to provide financial information that is needed by interested parties in assessing the performance of an entity and can then determine attitudes for decision making. A good accounting system must apply systematic internal control. If there are components of internal control that are lacking or not implemented, then it could be that the implementation of the accounting system in an entity will run less than optimally. -functions that should be and also to provide suggestions or recommendations regarding the best payroll accounting system for the Anakku Foundation Employee Cooperative. The data used in this study are in the form of interview results and also the required documents such as written notes to related letters. From the data analysis it can be seen that the payroll accounting system at the Anakku Foundation Cooperative has been running well because it is in accordance with the internal control structure, but there are still weaknesses, namely the lack of supervision of recording the time of attendance of the Anakku Foundation Employee Cooperative employees.

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Pemberian Kredit pada Koperasi Karyawan Aneka Pangan Nusantara Menggunakan Metode SAW

Giving credit is an effort made by cooperatives to provide loans to members by utilizing the funds they have. In granting credit, cooperatives need to study and calculate appropriately so that there are no mistakes in decision making. The Aneka Pangan Nusantara Purwakarta Employee Cooperative is a cooperative engaged in various business fields, such as shops, savings and loans, and various businesses. Based on the results of interviews that have been conducted with Mr. Tendi Rismawan as Administrator, it is known that in making credit decisions at the Aneka Pangan Nusantara Purwakarta Employee Cooperative, it is still carried out directly by the Chairman, Treasurer, and Sie. Savings and Loans cooperative. As a result, if many members apply for loans, the decision-making process becomes ineffective and efficient and can create opportunities for errors to occur, therefore a system is needed that can assist in making decisions. Decision Support System (DSS) is a computer-based information system that helps decision makers to make quick and accurate decisions on a semi-structured problem. DSS in this study used the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method. The SAW method was chosen because it can give the highest priority to members who apply for loans. The dataset in this study consisted of 3 criteria and 16 alternatives. The results showed that those who were entitled to a credit loan were Suprianto and Jimmi Oktavianus. The application of a decision support system using the SAW method can provide solutions based on predetermined criteria to determine the priorities and priorities of members who apply for loans in providing credit

ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL AND CREDIT ASSISTANCE FOR MICRO-BUSINESS GROUPS BY THE SHARIA EMPLOYEE COOPERATIVE OFFICE OF PT. ISKANDAR MUDA FERTILIZER LHOKSEUMAWE CITY

This study aims to analyze loan capital and business volume against residual business results (SHU) with total assets as a moderating variable in the Sharia Employee Cooperative of PT pupuk Iskandar Muda Kota Lhokseumawe. Research Approach using quantitative methods. Quantitative research is a systematic scientific research of parts and phenomena and their relationships. T Type of research uses a type of associative research, which is research carried out to determine the relationship between two or more variables and from the results of this study can be used to build a theory that serves to explain or control a symptom. In taking a sample, the researcher has the criteria used, namely a sample of borrowed capital, business volume, a sample of the remaining business results and a sample of total assets. In this case, the sample used is for the year ended December 31, 2021. The data collection techniques are as follows: 1) Documentation Method, 2) Interview Method. In this interview technique, there is a process of interaction, discussion and presentation. Data analysis techniques are in the form of multiple linear regression analysis (Multiple Linear Regretion Analysis). The results of his research showed that Borrowed capital has an insignificant effect on the Remaining Business Results (SHU) of the Lhokseumawe City "SHARIA EMPLOYEES" cooperative. Business volume has a significant effect on the Remaining Business Results (SHU) of the "SHARIA EMPLOYEES" cooperative in Lhokseumawe city. Total assets can strengthen the effect of borrowed capital on the remainder

MOTIVASI DAN KEPUASAN KERJA PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN KOPERASI SERBA USAHA (KSU) KENCANA MULYA SEMARANG

This study was structured to examine the effect of work motivation and job satisfaction on the employees performance of cooperative in Semarang. The sample used in the study were 67 employees of the Koperasi Serba Usaha (KSU) Kencana Mulya Semarang. The data collection method used is using a questionnaire distributed to respondents who are in the city of Semarang by using google forms via personal cell phones. The sampling technique used is the census sampling method or commonly called saturated sampling. The method used in this study is multiple linear. Based on the results of the analysis, it shows that partially the motivation and job satisfaction variables have a significant effect on the Cooperative Employee Performance in Semarang.Keywords: Work Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Employee Performance

Analysis of Receivable Customer Management at the Republic of Indonesia Civil Servants CooperativeThe work of Bhakti Palu

This research is to examine and analyze the effectiveness of managing and controlling customer Receivables at the Karya Bhakti Palu Indonesian Republic Employee Cooperative for the 2014-2018 period, using arrears ratios and collection ratios, accounts receivable turnover ratios, and the average age of accounts receivable to overcome bad debts and to increase the financial effectiveness of cooperatives, the arrears ratio in 2014 – 2018 KPRI Karya Bhakti Palu can minimize the number of outstanding receivables. This can be proven by the value of the arrears ratio from 2014-2018. There were <50% of the outstanding receivables from the total outstanding receivables in the same period. Judging from the billing ratio, in 2014, it was 92%. In 2015 it was 89%. In 2016 it was 86%. In 2017, it was 88%. In 2018 it was 91%. KPRI Karya Bhakti Palu has a pretty good collection achievement because it has a percentage from 2014-2018, almost reaching 100%. Even though in 2017, there was a decline in billing value. However, it still achieves a pretty good percentage value when viewed from the effectiveness criteria for the collection ratio, which is > 50% of the total receivables outstanding in the same period. Receivables turnover ratio from this ratio during 2014-2018 Koperasi Pegawai Republik Indonesia Karya Bhakti Palu has a pretty good RTO value. This can be seen from the smaller percentage of accounts receivable turnover. Because the effectiveness criterion for the receivables turnover ratio is that the greater the average receivables, the better the performance of the cooperative, whereas if the average receivables are equal to zero (0), it means that the joint no longer has receivables, or in other words, all receivables have been collected, through several ratios, namely, the arrears ratio, billing ratio, accounts receivable turnover ratio and control of receivables is running effectively.

Pengaruh Transparansi, Akuntabilitas, Responsibilitas, Independensi, Dan Kewajaran Terhadap Kinerja Koperasi

Performance is very important to measure in order to achieve a company goal. In cooperatives, performance is measured in two aspects, namely financial performance and management performance. In the current study, it will discuss and explore the relationship formed between Transparency, Accountability, Responsibility, Independence and Fairness in relation to the performance of cooperatives in Tegalalang District. The sample in this study amounted to 198 employees, all of whom were cooperative employees in the Tegalalang District. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis techniques with results showing that cooperative performance will increase when transparency, accountability, and responsibility increase. Fairness has no relationship to the level of performance of cooperatives in Tegalalang District.

Sistem Informasi Aplikasi Kasir Pada Koperasi RSCM Jakarta Pusat Berbasis Java

The progress of an agency or company can be seen from how to use computer technology as a tool in solving problems. This is very supportive in the operation of an agency or company, both small, medium and large companies in increasingly fierce business competition. In this case the application in question is the Cashier Application System at the Indonesian Employee Cooperative, RSCM Central Jakarta, which is located at Jln. Diponegoro no. 71 Central Jakarta. This cashier and report application was built based on needs analysis from KPRI RSCM. This application was built using the JAVA programming language (Desktop) using Netbeans as its IDE, and using the MySql database. The methodology used by the researcher is the Agile software development method. The data collection methods used in this study were closed interviews, observation, and review of decisions from stakeholders so that the data obtained were able to accommodate the needs and initiation of the application to be built. This application is tested using blackbox as a test of application functionality.

The influence of top management green commitment and green intellectual capital on sustainable business performance of Thailand's thrift and credit cooperatives

This article aims to conceptualize and examine the influence of top management green commitment and green intellectual capital on sustainable business performance of Thailand's thrift and credit cooperatives. Data were collected from a sample of 319 top and middle managers and full-time employees of Thailand's thrift and credit cooperatives and analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM). The study's findings demonstrated that top management green commitment and green intellectual capital have a positive influence on sustainable business performance. Top management green commitment and green intellectual capital also have a positive influence on green human resource management. Furthermore, green human resource management has a positive influence on sustainable business performance. Additionally, the novelty of this study is the contribution of green intellectual capital as an intangible resource for organizations integrated with top management green commitment through green human resource management practice to drive an operation in achieving sustainable business performance and a competitive advantage for future researchers. All business sectors can implement this strategy in operation, which may improve their cleaner production and service capacities.

НАПРЯМИ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ У ЗАКЛАДАХ ГОТЕЛЬНО-РЕСТОРАННОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА

The activities of enterprises are directed at achieving an economic effect. Hotel and restaurant establishments are an element of the social sphere. The effectiveness of their activities depends on the level of satisfaction of various customer requests. Qualified personnel are the value of such enterprises and form their competitive advantage. Thus, personnel management is one of the most important functions of hotel and restaurant management. The key to success in the market is not the efforts of specific specialists, but the success of teamwork. In the hotel and restaurant sector, the services provided require the cooperation of employees. Team building is part of personnel management and helps individual employees and businesses achieve desired results. Team building tasks are aimed directly at the formation of a team – true Team Building and are related to the formation of team spirit – Team Spirit. Motivation is a set of motives that favorably influence the behavior of employees. It is noted that material motivators are wages, bonuses, bonuses, a percentage of the economic effect, a social package, and holiday gifts. Intangible motivators – career growth, flexible work schedule, training and self-improvement, decent working conditions, additional days off. The success of managerial decision-making by managers depends on the level of their communicative competence – the ability to establish contacts, hold a conversation, interact with the environment, argue, convince, and speak publicly. The personnel management strategy of hotel and restaurant enterprises should be integrated into the business strategy of the enterprise, based on accumulated knowledge and experience, the use of innovative approaches, and the integration of the efforts of the manager and specialists. Specialists with soft skills that allow effective communication, cooperation and successful conflict management, organizing work and negotiating with colleagues are valued in the labor market. In the hotel and restaurant industry, they are important for employees of both contact and non-contact services. They can be developed throughout life.

Combating tuberculosis in European bison in the Bieszczady Mountains - administrative aspect

Tuberculosis in animals is an infectious and contagious disease, caused by acid-fast bacilli of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The disease has been confirmed in Poland in farm and wild animals. Among the latter the largest number of cases was diagnosed in free-ranging European bison in the Bieszczady Mountains. The disease has also been present there since 2013 in the wild boar population. From April 21, 2021, in accordance with EU Regulation 2016/429, tuberculosis in European bison is a disease that is subject to mandatory eradication in all EU Member States. In Poland and in most EU countries where free-ranging European bison herds exist, no strategy has yet been developed to combat tuberculosis outbreaks in this species. To date, in Podkarpackie Voivodship eradication measures of bison tuberculosis have been undertaken in a framework of interdisciplinary cooperation of employees of the State Forests and the Veterinary Inspection, supported by representatives of the sciences. The article presents the legal status and the administrative aspects of the issue, as well as experiences and practical solutions of tuberculosis eradication in free-living European bison herds which have proven themselves in field conditions. The conclusions regarding an eradication strategy and the needs of tuberculosis monitoring are also presented in this article, which, apart from wild bison herds, takes into account other wild animal species and farm cattle from areas and buffer zones of bison herds infected with tuberculosis.

Sustainable human resource management practices in organizational performance: The mediating impacts of knowledge management and work engagement

PURPOSE: Modern business and global organizations are regularly presented with challenges caused by unpredictable competitive environments. Human resource management (HRM) practices give sustainable opportunities for employees to use their abilities and express their enthusiasm to obtain skills and knowledge and to apply them at the workplace with a view to achieving engaged individuals and increasing organizational performance. This article presents a recent study outcome to examine (i) the mediating role of knowledge management and work engagement and (ii) the effect of sustainable HRM practices on organizational performance. METHODOLOGY: 500 self-reported questionnaires were distributed to Jordanian university lecturers (research population) for data collection. The study data were assessed with structural equation modeling (SEM) using IBM-SPSS-AMOS 25.0. FINDINGS: Two pivotal outcomes were identified: (i) sustainable HRM practices, knowledge management, and work engagement were positively associated with organizational performance; (ii) knowledge management and work engagement played a mediating role in the sustainable HRM practice-organizational performance correlation. IMPLICATIONS: Overall, employee cooperation proved essential to optimize organizational performance, specifically during their engagement in sustainable HRM practices and knowledge management. Finally, the research proposed several practical recommendations and interventions on sustainable HRM for future research. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: The research has provided proof of five variable relationships contained in the model. Firstly, organizational performance increased with sustainable HRM practices through knowledge management. Secondly, organizational performance increased with sustainable HRM practices through work engagement. Thirdly, work engagement increased with sustainable HRM through knowledge management. Fourthly, organizational performance increased with knowledge management through work engagement. Fifthly, organizational performance increased with sustainable HRM through knowledge management and work engagement.

Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan Visioner dan Disiplin Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada Koperasi Primkoveri 19 Cabang Losari

The purpose of this research is to find out: 1). To determine the effect of Visionary leadership style on employee performance at the Primkoveri 19 Cooperative Losari Branch. 2). To determine the effect of Work Discipline on the performance of the Primkoveri 19 Losari cooperative employees. 3). To determine the effect of Visionary Leadership Style and Work Discipline for Employees of Primkoveri 19 Losari Cooperative. There are 43 employees in Primkoveri Cooperative 19 Losari Branch. The sampling technique used is a saturated sample. The data analysis technique used is the classical assumption test, multiple correlation analysis, f test, T test and analysis of the coefficient of determination. Research results 1). Visionary leadership style has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. The tcount value is 2.101 and the ttable value is 2.021, then tcount > ttable (2.101 > 2.0210) with a significance of 0.042. The significance value is smaller than the 5% level (0.042 < 0.05), which means that the leadership style variable has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. 2). Work discipline has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, tcount is 2.730 and ttable value is 2.0210, then tcount > ttable (2.730 > 2.0210) with a significance value of 0.009 which is smaller than the 5% level (0.009 < 0.05), which means work discipline positive and significant effect on employee performance 3). Visionary leadership style and work discipline have a positive and significant effect on employee performance, with the F test obtained Fcount = 431.228 and a significance value of 0.000. 6). The coefficient of determination based on the above analysis is 95.3%. it means that the total diversity described by the visionary leadership style model and work discipline simultaneously on employee performance is 95.3%. while the remaining 4.7% was caused by other unexplained factors.

PELATIHAN DAN PENDAMPINGAN PENGELOLAAN SISTEM PELAPORAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN DAN MANAJEMEN PENGAWASAN KOPERASI

Cooperatives are business activities that play a role in the process of increasing income, economic growth, and realizing national stability. Cooperative supervisors are elements of the apparatus or cooperative structure other than the meeting of members and cooperative management in Indonesia. It is certain that cooperative performance without supervision will have a negative impact. At least managers find it easy to decide policies. The policy may be ensnared and become a bigger problem. This Community Service activity aims to provide a deeper understanding of the cooperative's financial reporting system and supervisory management, in order to create good and reliable performance management and financial reports. Community service activities are carried out at the PT PUSRI employee cooperative. The activity was attended by 20 cooperative employees. The participants as cooperative supervisors are mostly supervisors who have just been elected and appointed at member meetings in each cooperative unit. Previously the participants did not know about cooperative management, especially in carrying out their duties as supervisors of cooperatives, especially in the field of cooperative accounting in analyzing cooperative finances. However, after evaluating the community service activities, and the results of the evaluation, it was found that employees felt they had gained a better and deeper understanding of the cooperative's financial reporting system.

BINA SEJAHTERA EMPLOYEE COOPERATIVE FINANCIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON SAK-ETAP FOR MANAGERIAL DECISIONS

The Bina Sejahtera employee cooperative or abbreviated as Kopkar Binatara STMIK AKAKOM has a savings and loan business unit and is also a shop division. The system was designed by creating context diagrams, level 0 DAD, relationships between tables and data dictionaries, input designs, and main menus and system views. Bina Sejahtera Employee Cooperative Financial Information System Based on SAK-ETAP Managerial Decisions only involve 2 (two) external entities, namely members and management of cooperatives. One of the outputs of this system will be the SHU report. Cooperative administrators provide data on cooperative management, position data, type of deposit data, savings transaction data, loan type data, loan transaction data, installment data, retrieval data, SHU data and obtain member reports, job reports, cooperative management reports, periodic savings reports, savings report per member, loan report per member, loan report per period, retrieval report per member, retrieval report per period, bad credit report per period, ceiling report per member, overall ceiling report, installment report per period, installment report per member, report on fines per period, interest report per period, SHU report per member, overall SHU report, Profit / Loss Report, Change in Capital Report, Balance Sheet Report from Bina Sejahtera Employee Cooperative Financial Information System Based on SAK-ETAP. The reports obtained from the system are complex but useful for managerial decisions

Accounting Knowledge and Skill Development of Cooperative Employees in Chiangmai Province

This research was a qualitative research that used in-depth interviews and purposive sampling by convenience sampling, for categorizing problems, analyzing associations, an analysis of changes in accounting record accuracy and quantitative research; using a questionnaire to assess knowledge and understanding of the participants before and after the training, as well as a developmental assessment form to check the accuracy of accounting preparation of cooperative employees both before and after the workshop, research aimed at improving accounting knowledge for cooperative employees in Chiang Mai and cooperative stakeholders to create transparency and reduce social inequality. Therefore, the research team summarized the issues of the study, divided into 2 parts as follows: the results of the first part of the study show the results of the development of accounting skills and professional ethics of 800 cooperative employees in Chiang Mai, and it found that the participants' scores on knowledge and understanding of accounting after the training increased by 12.34. Moreover, From the workshops and practical trials, it was found that cooperative employees were able to record accounts and prepare financial statements correctly after additional training; from the accuracy score of 30 percent to 65 percent, which represents the ability to prepare accounts more accurately for 35 percent. For the second part, the results of the training to develop knowledge and understanding about the cooperative system of 500 stakeholders showed that their knowledge and understanding increased by 15.60%. In addition, there was an economic valuation of the research project’s worthiness conducted for the future allowance valuation method, in which the result of the study found that the economic value for the accounting skill development was 1,659,660.50 baht. .