Emotions In Animals Research Articles

Emotional contagion and its implications for animal welfare

Abstract Altering one’s emotional state in response to the emotional expressions of others, called emotional contagion, is a well-studied phenomenon in humans and many nonhuman animals. Here we describe the methods that are typically used to assess changes in the emotional state in demonstrators and the transmission of emotions to naïve observers. We then review the evidence for the transmission of positive and negative emotions in farm animals. We conclude by highlighting examples of how a better understanding of emotional contagion in farm animals can lead to novel and innovative interventions to improve their welfare.

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING THE CONCEPT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE ROLE OF EMOTIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to understand the intentions, motivation and desires of various people, as well as the ability to recognize and manage their emotions and the emotions of others in order to solve practical problems. In our opinion, this definition formulated by Smith at the beginning of the twenty-first century clearly traces the influence of the ideas of David Wechsler, who understood intellect as the systemic ability of a person to act purposefully and rationally. In this case, rationality of thinking was considered by David Wechsler in fact only from the point of view of evaluating the effectiveness of interaction with the outside world. And the productivity of thinking was determined on the basis of the possibility of obtaining a material result and the production of material values. In other words, the concept of intelligence fits well with the philosophy of industrial society and consumer society. Charles Darwin considered in his work Expression of Emotions in People and Animals, the role of manifestations of emotions for the survival of species, as well as for their adaptation, the work of many other scientists rather spoke about the role and importance of curbing emotions and managing them in the development of ethics and culture and society as a whole. Sigmund Freud believed that the first laws and regulations of ethics, such as the «Code of Hammurabi», created in Babylon in the XVIII century BC. e., or the edict of the emperor Ashoka, can be regarded as a desire to structure and give the manifestation of emotions a civilized form. In a sense, to be cultural or even more precisely — to be inside the cultural field, from the point of view of the founder of psychoanalysis, means being able to restrain emotions. In this connection, the thought of the uselessness and unimportance of emotions has received a variety of reflections in various ideas related to the development of society. Including — in the ideas of scientific technical progress, which has taken root in the minds of many generations as the unshakable and almost the most important meaning of human existence. In connection with a similar status of scientific progress, everything that hindered or did not even help the development of science and technology could easily be declared, and often was declared, evil. In such a situation, it was rational that came to the fore. Therefore, the coefficient of intelligence, and various studies related to the factor of general intelligence took the lead. They are reflected in the development of many theories of psychometry and related tests of intelligence. However, at present, social processes have begun to take a different form. Society changes and revises its values. Therefore, IQ, based on a number of logical and arithmetic problems, the purpose of which to a greater extent is to determine a person’s ability to generalize and compare known facts, in our opinion, is no longer as accurate as it was at the beginning of the twentieth century. The importance of emotions and the need to evaluate them under modern conditions has increased significantly and, in all likelihood, will continue to grow. Emotions have the role of a new language, become a system of symbols, with which you can draw conclusions about the significance of what is happening in terms of own needs of the relevant person. Emotions have become the motivational basis of almost any activities. At present, emotions are increasingly directly connecting motives and realization of activities, perform the function of evaluating its progress and results, are the basis of organizing activities, stimulate and direct it. All of the above, in our opinion, speaks of the growing role of emotions in various public spheres, which necessitates further research in this subject area, gives the right to speak about the importance of studying the role of emotions in modern society, as well as the feasibility of further development and improvement of the corresponding methodologies for their evaluation.

Nonhuman animals and the future of environmental education: Empathy and new possibilities

ABSTRACTSimilar to other fields, environmental education has begun to embrace the significance of nonhuman animals. This essay examines developments in the natural sciences, particularly in the field of cognitive ethology, that focus on the concept of empathy as a paradigm for conceptualizing human/nonhuman animal relationships. Drawing on my own experience using this model of empathy in a course focused on animals, society, and education, I suggest ways that environmental education can incorporate these new understandings about nonhuman animal sentience, cognition and emotion into the field.

Assessing Affective State in Laboratory Rodents to Promote Animal Welfare-What Is the Progress in Applied Refinement Research?

Simple SummaryIn the past, there was a strong focus on avoiding or reducing negative animal welfare in animal experimentation. Recently, the importance of promoting positive animal welfare in laboratory animals has been highlighted. To ensure and promote positive animal welfare, reliable methods to evaluate the animal’s emotional state are important. Important achievements have been made to assess pain and other negative states in animals in the last decades, and only recently have positive emotions been gaining more interest. Therefore, more methods allowing the assessment of emotional states in animals have been introduced. In this overview article, we present common and emerging methods to assess emotions in laboratory rodents. We focus on the use of these methods in applied refinement research to identify achieved progress as well as the potential of these tools to improve animal welfare in animal-based research and animal experimentation.An animal’s capacity to suffer is a prerequisite for any animal welfare concern, and the minimization of suffering is a key aim of refinement research. In contrast to the traditional focus on avoiding or reducing negative welfare states, modern animal welfare concepts highlight the importance of promoting positive welfare states in laboratory animals. Reliable assessments of affective states, as well as the knowledge of how to elicit positive affective states, are central to this concept. Important achievements have been made to assess pain and other negative affective states in animals in the last decades, but it is only recently that the neurobiology of positive emotions in humans and animals has been gaining more interest. Thereby, the need for promotion of positive affective states for laboratory animals is gaining more acceptance, and methods allowing the assessment of affective states in animals have been increasingly introduced. In this overview article, we present common and emerging methods to assess affective states in laboratory rodents. We focus on the implementation of these methods into applied refinement research to identify achieved progress as well as the future potential of these tools to improve animal welfare in animal-based research.

Who is in control of artificial intelligence and can we trust them?

Who is in control of artificial intelligence and can we trust them?

Measuring ephemera: finding the “qualitative” in Qualitative Behaviour Assessment as a “whole-animal” science of animal welfare

Abstract Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) emerged in the early 2000s as a way of evaluating the expressive quality of animal behaviour and emotions using qualitative descriptors, such as “playful” or “depressed.” Developed in response to the scepticism of behaviourist attitudes to animal emotions, QBA is now an internationally respected methodology, if still contentious in some circles for what is perceived as an “anthropomorphic” approach. This article results from a research period spent with a UK university laboratory team who were developing species-specific QBA descriptors for the welfare assessment of laboratory mice. The case of the search for a “calm mouse” illuminates the difficulties sometimes encountered in finding the “qualitative” in QBA. It suggests that welfare assessments of animals are epistemologically multiple. Through a historical account of QBA’s emergence, drawing on Cristina Grasseni’s concept of an “ecology of practice,” I argue that different modes of perceiving animal behaviour have emerged through socially and historically inscribed practices.

Animal Welfare and the Democratic Frontier: Mark Twain's Condemnation of Bullfighting in A Horse's Tale

Abstract The animals in A Horse's Tail populate a singular form of sentimental narrative that ties together animal welfare and the American frontier as a larger story of American national identity. Shelley Fisher Fishkin has called attention to Twain's fascination with animal and human emotions and Twain's associated reversal of human intelligence and animal ignorance in his writing. A Horse's Tale follows this dynamic by offering its horse narrator as a pragmatic commentator on human foibles. But Twain also democratizes human compassion toward animals as a progressive outgrowth of a mythological American frontier, fashioning the horse and other western inhabitants as empathetic characters while casting Old World traditions as artificial and inhumane. Twain's ultimate indictment of Spanish bullfighting at the novella's end thus casts animal cruelty as a hierarchical ritual of social conformity while recasting the American frontier as a foundational myth in the animal welfare movement.

Horses Categorize Human Emotions Cross-Modally Based on Facial Expression and Non-Verbal Vocalizations.

Simple SummaryRecently, an increasing number of studies have investigated the expression and perception of emotions by non-human animals. In particular, it is of interest to determine whether animals can link emotion stimuli of different modalities (e.g., visual and oral) based on the emotions that are expressed (i.e., to recognize emotions cross-modally). For domestic species that share a close relationship with humans, we might even wonder whether this ability extends to human emotions. Here, we investigated whether domestic horses recognize human emotions cross-modally. We simultaneously presented two animated pictures of human facial expressions, one typical of joy and the other of anger; simultaneously, a speaker played a human non-verbal vocalization expressing joy or anger. Horses looked at the picture that did not match the emotion of the vocalization more (probably because they were intrigued by the paradoxical combination). Moreover, their behavior and heart rate differed depending on the vocalization: they reacted more negatively to the anger vocalization and more positively to the joy vocalization. These results suggest that horses can match visual and vocal cues for the same emotion and can perceive the emotional valence of human non-verbal vocalizations.Over the last few years, an increasing number of studies have aimed to gain more insight into the field of animal emotions. In particular, it is of interest to determine whether animals can cross-modally categorize the emotions of others. For domestic animals that share a close relationship with humans, we might wonder whether this cross-modal recognition of emotions extends to humans, as well. In this study, we tested whether horses could recognize human emotions and attribute the emotional valence of visual (facial expression) and vocal (non-verbal vocalization) stimuli to the same perceptual category. Two animated pictures of different facial expressions (anger and joy) were simultaneously presented to the horses, while a speaker played an emotional human non-verbal vocalization matching one of the two facial expressions. Horses looked at the picture that was incongruent with the vocalization more, probably because they were intrigued by the paradoxical combination. Moreover, horses reacted in accordance with the valence of the vocalization, both behaviorally and physiologically (heart rate). These results show that horses can cross-modally recognize human emotions and react emotionally to the emotional states of humans, assessed by non-verbal vocalizations.

Neuregulin1β improves both spatial and associative learning and memory in Alzheimer model of rats possibly through signaling pathways other than Erk1/2

BackgroundNeuregulin-1β (NRG1 β) is associated with various neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, depression and Parkinson's disease. However, its role in Alzheimer's (AD) has not been understood yet. Here, we have studied the effect of NRG1 β and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling on special and associative memories and emotional stress in AD model of rats. MethodsFifty six male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups of: Saline + Saline, Aβ + Saline, Aβ + NRG1β (5 μg/5 ul), Aβ + PBS, Aβ + NRG1β + PD98059 (PD, 5 μg/2 μl), Aβ + NRG1β + Saline and Saline + PD. AD model was induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of beta-amyloid protein (Aβ1-42, 4 μg/2 μl). The cognitive performances of rats were evaluated using Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Step through passive avoidance. Also locomotors activity and emotionality of animals were considered in an Open field test. Data were analyzed by one way Anova one way, repeated measure and T-test. ResultsSignificant improvement was found in spatial learning and memory assessed by total time spent in target quadrant [F (4, 32) = 12.4, p = 0.001], escape latency [F (4, 32) = 15.767, p = 0.001] and distance moved [F (4, 32) = 5.55, p = 0.002], in Aβ + NRG1β compared with Aβ + Saline in MWM. Also Aβ + NRG1β showed long latencies to enter into the dark compartment [F (4, 32) = 6.43, p = 0.001], but short time spent [F (4, 32) =6.93, p = 0.001] compared with control. Administration of an ERK inhibitor (PD98059, 5 μg, 15 min before NRG1β) didn't completely block learning memory restored by NRG1β in AD model (p = 0.7). No significant between groups differences was found in emotional stress characteristics in open field, except the grooming numbers which were higher in Saline + PD compared with Saline + Saline (p = 0.02). ConclusionOur findings indicate that NRG1β restores cognitive dysfunctions induced by amyloid β through signaling pathways possibly other than Erk1/2, with no significant change in anxiety, locomotion and vegetative activities.

Darwin’s antithesis revisited – a zoosemiotic perspective on expressing emotions in animals and animal cartoon characters

In the animation and design of cartoon characters, animators have often turned to the study of biological theories and observation of human actors and animals to capture lifelike movements and emotions more successfully. Charles Darwin’s principle of antithesis, as one of the principles he considered to be responsible for the expression of emotions in animals, would seem to be of distinctive importance in the development of animation. By revisiting Darwin’s original idea in the context of the principles of animation formulated by Thomas and Johnston, we are able to assess its application and relevance in the expressions of emotions in cartoon animal characters. The article concentrates on the emotive function of animal social communication as outlined in zoosemiotics, while taking into account that the expressions of animal characters are directed at the viewer. The principle of antithesis, as a descriptive tool, aids us in considering the diversity of modalities used simultaneously in affective communication, and serves to explicate human interpretations of the anthropomorphic and zoomorphic projections onto the behaviour of cartoon animal characters. This paper offers insight into the potential expansion and re-evaluation of unattested principles in animation, which can be utilized by animators in the creation of more dynamic and expressive animated characters.

Visual laterality in pigs: monocular viewing influences emotional reactions in pigs

Understanding animal emotions is an important scientific and ethical question but assessing emotional valence is still considered challenging. As the observation of lateralization (hemispheric asymmetries in structure and/or function) can provide insight into the underlying processes of the cognitive, physiological and behavioural components of emotions, it is a promising approach for studying them. The emotional valence hypothesis states that positive emotions are mostly processed by the left hemisphere, while negative emotions are mostly processed by the right hemisphere. Support for this hypothesis is still not conclusive; therefore, our study tested it in the context of visual laterality for viewing positive or negative emotionally conditioned stimuli. Ninety male piglets were either positively (food-reward) or negatively (mild punishment) conditioned to an object. Afterwards, the object was presented without the reinforcer under three different treatments: patch on the left or right eye (reducing input to the contralateral hemisphere) or patch between the eyes (the control). Monocular viewing had no clear effects on the negatively conditioned subjects. In contrast, in the positively conditioned group, covering the right eye caused a longer interruption of vocalization, a longer latency to touch the object, a shorter duration of exploring the arena and an increased vagal activity compared to the control. This suggests that reduced processing in the left hemisphere leads to heightened attention that is accompanied by a general orienting response, possibly resulting from a reduced positive appraisal. These findings therefore partially support the emotional valence hypothesis and suggest an important role of the left hemisphere in the quick recognition of a positive stimulus. This study demonstrated that investigating the lateralized processing of emotions can provide insight into the mechanisms of positive appraisal in animals.

Goats distinguish between positive and negative emotion-linked vocalisations

BackgroundEvidence from humans suggests that the expression of emotions can regulate social interactions and promote coordination within a group. Despite its evolutionary importance, social communication of emotions in non-human animals is still not well understood. Here, we combine behavioural and physiological measures, to determine if animals can distinguish between vocalisations linked to different emotional valences (positive and negative). Using a playback paradigm, goats were habituated to listen to a conspecific call associated with positive or negative valence (habituation phase) and were subsequently exposed to a variant of the same call type (contact call) associated with the opposite valence (dishabituation phase), followed by a final call randomly selected from the habituation phase as control (rehabituation phase). The effects of the calls on the occurrence of looking and cardiac responses in these phases were recorded and compared.ResultsWe found that when the valence of the call variant changed, goats were more likely to look at the source of the sound, indicating that they could distinguish calls based on their valence. Heart rate was not affected by the valence of the calls played, whereas heart-rate variability tended to be higher in the habituation and rehabituation phases, when positive calls were played compared to negative ones. Together, the behavioural and physiological measures provide evidence suggesting, first, that goats are able to distinguish call variants based on their valence, and second, that goat behaviour and cardiac responses are affected by call valence.ConclusionThis study indicates that auditory modalities are a potent means to communicate emotions in non-human animals. These findings can contribute to our understanding of the evolution of emotion perception in non-human animals.

Darwin's Other Dilemmas and the Theoretical Roots of Emotional Connection.

Modern scientific theories of emotional behavior, almost without exception, trace their origin to Charles Darwin, and his publications On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). The most famous dilemma Darwin acknowledged as a challenge to his theory of evolution through natural selection was the incomplete Sub-Cambrian fossil record. However, Darwin struggled with two other rarely referenced theoretical and scientific dilemmas that confounded his theories about emotional behavior. These included (1) the origin of social instincts (e.g., altruism, empathy, reciprocity and cooperation) and the reasons for their conservation in evolution and (2) the peripheral control of heart rate vis-à-vis emotional behavior outside of consciousness. Darwin acknowledged that social instincts are critical to the survival of some species, but had difficulty aligning them with his theory of natural selection in humans. Darwin eventually proposed that heart rate and emotions are controlled via one’s intellect and cortical mechanisms, and that instinctive behavior is genetically programmed and inherited. Despite ongoing efforts, these two theoretical dilemmas are debated to this day. Simple testable hypotheses have yet to emerge for the biological mechanisms underlying instinctive behavior or the way heart rate is controlled in infants. In this paper, we review attempts to resolve these issues over the past 160 years. We posit that research and theories that supported Darwin’s individualistic brain-centric and genetic model have become an “orthodox” Western view of emotional behavior, one that produced the prevailing behavioral construct of attachment as developed by John Bowlby. We trace research and theories that challenged this orthodoxy at various times, and show how these challenges were repeatedly overlooked, rejected, or misinterpreted. We review two new testable theories, emotional connection theory and calming cycle theory, which we argue resolve the two dilemmas We show emerging scientific evidence from physiology and a wide variety of other fields, as well from clinical trials among prematurely born infants, that supports the two theories. Clinical implications of the new theories and possible new ways to assess risk and intervene in emotional, behavioral and developmental disorders are discussed.

감정과 그 표현 방식에 대한 다윈의 설명과 의의 : 『인간과 동물의 감정 표현에 대하여』를 중심으로

『종의 기원』을 통해 모든 생물이 진화 과정을 거쳐 오늘에 이르렀음을 보이고자 했던 다윈은 후속 저술인 『인간의 유래』에서 인간도 예외가 아님을 밝히고자 했고, 1년 후 출간된 『인간과 동물의 감정 표현에 대하여』에서는 인간과 동물의 기본 감정, 그리고 이를 드러내는 표정과 몸짓의 상세한 분석을 통해 자신의 진화론이 옳다는 것을 보이고자 한다. 다윈은 인간이 진화의 산물이라면 모든 인간에게 공통적인 기본 감정이 있을 것이고, 이것이 공통적인 방식으로 표정이나 몸짓 등으로 표현될 것이며, 이들이 자신이 착안한 세 가지 원리의 지배를 받는다고 생각했다. 이 글은 이러한 내용을 담고 있는 『인간과 동물의 감정표현에 대하여』의 내용을 정리․소개하고 이를 비판적으로 검토하고 있다. 이를 위해 필자는 먼저 다윈의 진화론과 『인간과 동물의 감정 표현에 대하여』의 출간 배경을 소개하고, 책의 형식과 내용을 정리한다. 이어서 필자는 『인간과 동물의 감정 표현에 대하여』에 대해 제기되는 비판과 이에 대한 대응을 제시하고, 책의 현대적 의의를 밝히고 있다.

Technology or ecology? New tools to assess cognitive judgement bias in mice

Cognitive judgement bias tests have become important new tools for the assessment of animal emotions. They allow for the inference of an animal's emotional state based on ambiguous cue interpretations. As mice are the predominantly used animal model for cognitive and behavioural neuroscience, research in this field would considerably benefit from the development of suitable judgement bias tests for this species. Against this background, we aimed to implement two different active choice cognitive judgement bias paradigms for mice in a methodological study. For this purpose, two experiments were conducted: in experiment I, an automated, vision-based touchscreen technique was applied, allowing for the direct translation of tasks from rodents to humans and vice versa. Experiment II comprised a task relying on more ecologically relevant cues in form of tunnels of different lengths. While the touchscreen task was characterized by automation-related advantages such as the possibility to present many trials per session and a high convenience for the experimenter, the tunnel task was learned faster by the mice. In both tests, however, the response to the trained and ambiguous conditions resulted in a graded curve, the basic requirement for proving task validity. Thus, both the translational touchscreen task as well as the ecologically more relevant tunnel task could successfully be implemented and provide new tools for the future assessment of cognitive judgement biases in mice.

Neither Cognitive, Nor Consistency – A Comment on Cognitive Consistency Theory in Social Psychology: A Paradigm Reconsidered, by Kruglanski, et al.

In their article Cognitive Consistency Theory in Social Psychology: A Paradigm Reconsidered, Arie Kruglanski and colleagues effectively call for the retirement of the family of theories known as cognitive consistency theories, a move they characterize as a paradigm shift. We have deep reservations about the basic endeavor that underlies the target article. Seeking to supplant the CC paradigm with a model of affective reaction seems doomed to fail because affective arousal is inconsequential to the core essence and purpose of the family of CC theories. We are also unconvinced by the target article’s empirical critique. The manner in which the authors frame the CC paradigm seems to set it up for failure. The authors conceive of consistency in mechanical and narrow terms of information updating, they posit that any informational inconsistency should universally trigger a negative affective reaction, and imply that the arousal should overwhelm any other contemporaneous psychological state. We are also unimpressed by the Expectancy-Value Model proposed by the target article. The model’s linear and uni-directional flow robs it of the capability of capturing the bi-directional reasoning that lies at the core of structural dynamics, and which affords the ability to reconstruct the representation and restore the state of equilibrium. We also wonder about the novelty of the model in light of extant research on appraisal models of emotion, self-verification approaches, Subjective Expected Utility Theory, and even models of animal emotion. The authors of the target article would have us jettison the rich and impactful CCT in favor of a reductionist theory of affective reactions to good and bad news.

Facial expressions and emotions in domestic animals.

Abstract In many animal species, facial expressions are key elements for recognizing emotions and numerous types of social interaction. Emotions are complex reactions that allow individuals to cope with full events that have either positive or negative meaning and involve certain neurophysiological responses proper to each emotion and species. Regulation of emotional states requires integrating a whole series of responses - peripheral, autonomous, endocrine and muscular - that entail activating various sub-cortical structures, including the amygdale, hypothalamus and brainstem. In recent decades, interest in the emotions expressed by animals has grown, and researchers have come to understand that some problems of animal welfare can be detected by examining and comprehending the emotional experiences that animals may suffer, and identifying how they demonstrate their reactions through facial expressions and corporal postures. The objective of this review is to examine recent literature on aspects related to the function of the emotions and facial expressions in certain domestic species (cats, dogs, rats, sheep, horses and pigs) and propose that understanding facial expressions can be useful as a complement to existing tools in assessing welfare and working with, or doing research on, these species.

Vasopressin in mechanisms of stress reactions and modulation of emotion

The review presents modern conceptions about the role of the vasopressinergic system in regulating reactions to stress and modulation of emotions in animals and humans. The contribution of vasopressin to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in conditions of acute and chronic stress is reflected in the work. It is noted that the activation of vasopressin receptors of type 1 enhances the response to stress, which contributes to the development of psychopathology. It is emphasized that the role of vasopressin receptors of type 2 in the regulation of emotions has been studied little. At the same time, there is evidence that the activation of vasopressin receptors of type 2 in patients with depressive disorders after a stroke is accompanied by effects that are opposite in direction to the effects of activation of vasopressin receptors of type 1. The review examines promising areas of further studies of the involvement of vasopressin receptors of type 2 in modulating stress reactions and emotions. The use of receptor antagonist’s vasopressin of type 1 and receptor agonists of type 2 in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders are discussed.

Humans as Animals, Animals as Humans in Seventeenth-Century Russia

The boundary between human and animal in seventeenth-century Russia was more porous than has been realized. In several witchcraft cases supposedly-bewitched humans were described as speaking like animals. Muscovite hagiography and miracle stories also portrayed the demon-possessed as speaking and acting like animals. This dehumanization of humans as animals constitutes the polar opposite of the anthropomorphizing of animals as humans in bestiaries, which depicted animals as possessing human characteristics. Visual evidence corroborates these connections between the bewitched and demon-possessed on the one hand, and animals on the other, by picturing demons and humans turning to sin with animal characteristics. Early demonic representations featured the eidalon, a Greek-based figure with animal features. This textual and visual material from seventeenth-century Muscovy zoomorphized the bewitched and demon-possessed by categorizing their behavior as beastly, as that of wild animals, and by projecting the attributes and emotions of animals onto human beings. Attributing human traits to an animal might be a compliment but ascribing traits to a human could only be a criticism, thus demonstrating and confirming the Muscovite premise of human superiority over animals.

Award for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology: Eliza Bliss-Moreau.

The APA Awards for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology recognize psychologists who have demonstrated excellence early in their careers and have held a doctoral degree for no more than 9 years. One of the 2018 award winners is Eliza Bliss-Moreau, "for innovative contributions to the study of emotion in humans and animals." Her work in nonhuman primates spans behavioral neuroscience, psychophysiology, and evolutionary processes. Bliss-Moreau's award citation, biography, and a selected bibliography are presented here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).