Abstract
Simple SummaryIn the past, there was a strong focus on avoiding or reducing negative animal welfare in animal experimentation. Recently, the importance of promoting positive animal welfare in laboratory animals has been highlighted. To ensure and promote positive animal welfare, reliable methods to evaluate the animal’s emotional state are important. Important achievements have been made to assess pain and other negative states in animals in the last decades, and only recently have positive emotions been gaining more interest. Therefore, more methods allowing the assessment of emotional states in animals have been introduced. In this overview article, we present common and emerging methods to assess emotions in laboratory rodents. We focus on the use of these methods in applied refinement research to identify achieved progress as well as the potential of these tools to improve animal welfare in animal-based research and animal experimentation.An animal’s capacity to suffer is a prerequisite for any animal welfare concern, and the minimization of suffering is a key aim of refinement research. In contrast to the traditional focus on avoiding or reducing negative welfare states, modern animal welfare concepts highlight the importance of promoting positive welfare states in laboratory animals. Reliable assessments of affective states, as well as the knowledge of how to elicit positive affective states, are central to this concept. Important achievements have been made to assess pain and other negative affective states in animals in the last decades, but it is only recently that the neurobiology of positive emotions in humans and animals has been gaining more interest. Thereby, the need for promotion of positive affective states for laboratory animals is gaining more acceptance, and methods allowing the assessment of affective states in animals have been increasingly introduced. In this overview article, we present common and emerging methods to assess affective states in laboratory rodents. We focus on the implementation of these methods into applied refinement research to identify achieved progress as well as the future potential of these tools to improve animal welfare in animal-based research.
Highlights
We focus on the implementation of these methods into applied refinement research to identify achieved progress as well as the future potential of these tools to improve animal welfare in animal-based research
We presented common and novel methods for assessing affective states in laboratory rodents
Most of the applied approaches focus on capturing short-lasting affective states often in direct relation to experimental procedures
Summary
The number of animals used for research purposes is small compared to animals used for food production, scientists in laboratory animal science are under particular pressure to justify the use of animals and to promote animal welfare. Considerable progress has recently been made in theoretical concepts and methods that increasingly allow affective states to be quantified [17,18,19,20] Affective states with their positive or negative valence have the potential to reflect enhanced or compromised overall quality of life within a certain time frame and are, important concepts for animal welfare and refinement research. The use of appropriate anesthesia and analgesia or the implementation of less invasive methods and other stress-reducing measures are important tools to minimize the occurrence of negative affective states like pain or distress in laboratory animals. We will the individual methods, Even though the literature research thorough and extensive, this is address an important methodological as listed.
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