Emotional Display Research Articles

We Second that Emotion: Collective Affect in Organizations

Emotions are pervasive in organizations. A recent line of inquiry notes that emotions rarely occur independent of a social context. Indeed, social forces profoundly influence how we feel, the emotions we display and the feelings we know are appropriate to express in a given context. Altogether, research indicates that shared affect influences critical outcomes for employees and clients within and beyond the workplace. This symposium seeks to expand scholarship on the myriad ways that collective emotion influences employee behavior in the workplace. In particular, the papers in this symposium address an understudied aspect of collective emotion: how contextual factors influence the development of collective emotion and its subsequent behavioral effects. The Emotional Dynamics of Teams Dealing with Crisis Situations Presenter: Marzieh Saghafian; Stanford U. Paying respect to non-essential workers too: Positive Emotional Culture during the COVID19 Pandemic Presenter: Niranjan Srinivasan Janardhanan; London School of Economics Presenter: Uta K. Bindl; King's College London Presenter: Chris Stride; U. of Sheffield Are Text-Based Linguistic Emotional Displays More Contagious from a Peer than a Manager? Presenter: Aimee Kane; Duquesne U. Presenter: Lyn M Van Swol; - The Power of the Public Slap: Organizational Shaming and the Witnessing Effect Presenter: Giselle Elaine Antoine; U. of Washington, Seattle Presenter: Michael Johnson; U. of Washington Responding to the Emotions of Others at Work: A Review and Integrative Theoretical Framework Presenter: Lindred L. Greer; U. of Michigan, Ross School of Business Presenter: Christina Bradley; U. of Michigan, Ross School of Business Presenter: Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks; U. of Michigan

Authentic leadership and employee health: A conditional process model (WITHDRAWN)

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of authentic leadership on employees’ health via employees’ perception of climate of authenticity across two studies. In Study 2, we additionally explore the moderating role of employees’ neuroticism. The hypotheses were tested across two studies using two-wave survey data. In Study 1 (n = 104), the mediation hypothesis was tested. Study 2 (n = 146) extended Study 1 and examined the moderated mediation model. Across both studies, authentic leadership is positively related to employee health, and employees’ perceived climate of authenticity mediates this relationship. Study 2 additionally shows that employees’ neuroticism moderates this indirect effect such that perceived climate of authenticity instigated by authentic leadership is particularly conducive for employees high in neuroticism as opposed to those low in neuroticism. Findings emphasize the health-promoting effect of authentic leadership. It is recommended that organizations cascade, through their leaders, emotional display rules that encourage genuine emotional expression. This paper addresses gaps in the leadership literature through investigating perceived climate of authenticity, a mediating variable that lies at the heart of authentic leadership and integrating the role of employees’ personality in the leadership process.

Signaling authenticity for frontline service employees

PurposeAuthenticity is a complex character that is valued in service contexts. Frontline service employees (FSEs), as both brand representatives and individuals who interact with clients, can signal their authenticity to customers. The purpose of this study is to investigate how FSEs signal their authenticity to customers. The authors investigate authenticity signal themes and develop a typology of how FSEs use these signals in the workplace.Design/methodology/approachThis research uses a multi-method approach: qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with FSE and customers and quantitative data were collected in a follow-up survey using a sample of financial planners.FindingsFindings from both studies show that FSE can use signals reflecting the display of client-centricity, positive emotions, transparency and disclosure of personal information. A latent profile analysis reveals three authenticity signal profiles, differing in the extent to which FSE uses each of these signals.Research limitations/implicationsThis study identifies how FSEs can shape perceptions of authenticity in a service context, thus expanding theory by integrating both personal and brand authenticity perspectives. The findings further demonstrate that authenticity can be signaled on multiple dimensions, reflecting the complex nature of this construct.Practical implicationsThe findings from this research can guide managers in developing workplace policies that enable FSEs to display authenticity in various ways to customers. Managers can further use the insights from this research to identify needs for FSE training and development.Originality/valueThe authors create novel insights into how FSEs signal authenticity to customers given their dual roles as individuals and brand representatives. This study offers nuanced insights into different types of signals and their application in a service context.

“That’s the Wonder of It”: Affective Dimensions of Visual Rhetoric for Biodiversity Conservation

In environmental communication, audience engagement is an essential prerequisite for achieving persuasive aims. This article responds to recent interest in visual storytelling and emotionalization – purposeful display and elicitation of emotions – as engagement techniques. A case study of the 2020 Global Biodiversity Festival – part online science festival, part fundraising event – provides evidence of how these techniques are employed in environmental communication for biodiversity conservation. Informed by scholarship on affect, emotion, visual rhetoric, and environmental communication, the case study analysis shows how visual representations of nature, mediated experiences of nature, and accompanying narration orient festival audiences toward specific ways of seeing and feeling that foreground emotional commitments and draw audiences into potentially transformative encounters. The visual rhetoric and affective dimensions of the festival’s website, virtual fi eld trips, and multimodal presentations focus attention, create moments of connection, and call audiences to action. The case study analysis also reveals how the festival, planned in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, treats this crisis as a kairotic moment for encouraging awareness, care, and pro-environmental behaviors.

Influence of Group Identification on Malicious and Benign Envy: A Cross-Sectional Developmental Study

Envy is the result of a social comparison that shows us a negative image of ourselves. The present study addresses the effect of the context of group comparison and group identification on children's expression of this emotion. Through different stories, participants aged between 6 and 11 years were exposed to four contexts of upward social comparison in which they had to adopt the role of the disadvantaged character. From their emotional responses and their decisions in a resource allocation task, three response profiles were created: malicious envy, benign envy, and non-envy. Although we found important differences between verbal and behavioral responses, the results showed greater envy, both malicious and benign, when the envied was an out-group. On the other hand, when the envied belonged to the in-group and competed with a member of the out-group, malicious but not benign envy practically disappeared. With age, envious responses decreased, and non-envious responses increased. The role of social identity in the promotion and inhibition of envy is discussed, as well as the acquisition of emotional display rules in the benign envy and non-envy profiles.

You Pretend, I Laugh: Associations Between Dyadic Pretend Play and Children's Display of Positive Emotions.

Background: Understanding how pretend play is related to positive emotions is important for supporting children's development and promoting their wellbeing. However, previous studies have mainly examined this association at individual levels and overlooked the potential links at interpersonal levels. This is an important knowledge gap because pretend play is commonly performed in social contexts. The current study investigates how peer pretend play is associated with children's display of positive emotions at both individual and dyadic levels.Methods: One hundred and eight Chinese children (Mage = 8.95 years, SD = 0.99, 51.9% girls) were observed playing in peer dyads with toys. An interaction of 10 min was coded for each child's pretend play behavior, social and emotional pretend play themes, and display of positive emotions. Multilevel modeling was used to examine age and gender differences in peer pretend play. Actor–Partner Interdependence Models (APIM) were estimated to test the hypothesized associations between dyadic pretend play and children' display of positive emotions.Results: Compared to children whose playmates engaged in less pretend play, children whose playmates engaged in more pretend play were more likely to display positive emotions (p = 0.021). Additionally, children's display of positive emotions was predicted by both their own (p = 0.027) and their playmate's (p = 0.01) pretend play with emotional themes. Compared to younger children, older children were less likely to engage in pretend play (p = 0.002), but more likely to engage in pretend play with social themes (p = 0.03) when the total frequency of pretend play was controlled for. Boys were 4.9 times and 2.16 times as likely as girls to create aggressive pretend themes (p < 0.001) and non-aggressive negative pretend themes (p = 0.007), respectively. No significant gender differences were found in positive pretend themes.Conclusions: Pretending with peers may increase not only children's own, but also their play partner's display of positive emotions. Pretend play may not simply decline in middle childhood as previously assumed.

Harnessing Anger and Shame: Emotional Diplomacy in Early Modern Context

Abstract Emotions were, in early modern literature on diplomacy, described as a parasitic and even dangerous manifestation, and this view has endured until today. A series of recent books and articles published in the field of the history of emotions lays however the groundwork to question this traditional analysis. This article thus aims to examine the possibility of a broader and more strategic use of emotions in early modern diplomacy than is often acknowledged, and therefore the possibility of what can be called an early modern emotional diplomacy. I will first provide a summary of what the honnête homme culture of Europe’s ruling class meant for an ambassador in terms of emotion control. I will then show, through a few examples from diplomatic occurrences during Charles ii of England’s late reign, some of the possible uses of emotion in early modern diplomacy. Thirdly, I will study through one very memorable display of emotion from the English king the way such a display could be prepared and staged in order to achieve full effectiveness. Lastly, I will put these one-time emotional displays in the perspective of Charles ii’s international policy, arguing that they were not conceived as isolated occurrences but as parts of a real diplomatic strategy in which emotion played a crucial role, in other words an emotional diplomacy.

Eternal love locked in an embrace and sealed with a ring: A Xianbei couple's joint burial in North Wei era, China (386–534 CE)

AbstractLove as an important part of human emotion has been depicted in literature, folklore, and art since ancient China. However, in archaeological settings, direct skeletal evidence for love is rare. A joint burial from North Wei Dynasty (386–534 CE) was reported, in which skeletons of an adult male and an adult female were found placed in loving embrace posture with a ring in situ on the left ring finger of the female, displaying the desire for eternal love of the couple, and the respect to their love by people who buried them as well. It is likely that the wife sacrificed herself to be buried with her dead husband, though other scenarios could not be ruled out. The free expression and active pursuit of love in Chinese culture became prominent during the first millennium. This funerary practice might have been influenced by the customs from the Western Regions and beyond through the Silk Roads and the Sinicization and assimilation of the Xianbei people. This discovery is a unique display of human emotion of love in a burial, offering a rare glimpse people's views towards love, life, death, and afterlife in northern China during a time of intense cultural and ethnic exchange.

Narrative Elicitation as Ethnography: Methodological Insights From the Examination of Children's Perspective Marking in Amdo Tibetan.

This paper employs a case study with Amdo Tibetan children to demonstrate the benefits of narrative elicitation for ethnographic language socialization research in under-studied languages. Primarily by examining spontaneous verbal interaction, existing language socialization research has demonstrated how salient grammatical resources shape children's understanding of cultural belief systems pertaining to sociality and the appropriate display of emotion. However, spontaneous data do not always capture children's full linguistic repertoires and competencies, and may therefore present a partial picture of their mastery over particular grammatical systems. One such area that remains to be studied is how children use interactional cues to build their emerging knowledge of grammatical perspective marking in Tibetan languages. This paper integrates narrative elicitation with ethnographic methods from language socialization to examine how Amdo Tibetan children mark perspective using evidentiality, the grammatically-obligatory encoding of knowledge source, an area not frequently documented in language socialization studies. Language socialization research involved 15-months of participant observation, audio-video recording, and analysis of spontaneous interactions with children aged 1–4. This ethnographic research found that adults' narratives highlighted local theories about the importance of compassion (Tib. snying rje) by using grammatical evidentiality to emphasize characters' direct experiences in the story-world. However, grammatical evidentiality was under-represented in children's spontaneous talk. To provide further insight into children's mastery of evidentiality in this culturally salient communicative genre, I conducted narrative elicitation tasks with seven Amdo Tibetan children, aged 2–7. By framing narrative elicitation tasks as forums for social interaction in family homes, I adapted a method traditionally used in experimentation to complement the study of naturalistic interaction. Interaction analysis of the elicited narratives found that family members positioned young children as novice narrators, leading to dialogic rather than monologic narratives. Young children co-constructed shared perspectives on narrated events, and used evidentiality in conventionalized ways by mirroring the grammatical forms of adults' previous utterances. By adapting narrative elicitation tasks to language socialization's ethnographic methods, this paper models how qualitative researchers can locate patterns in children's experiences of language across complementary settings of data collection, an endeavor that is particularly important to research with child speakers of under-documented languages.

Parenting with a smile: Display rules, regulatory effort, and parental burnout

Positive parenting prescriptions prevailing in Western countries encourage parents to regulate their emotions and, more specifically, to show more positive emotion to their children and control negative emotions while parenting. The beneficial effect of this practice on child development has been much documented, but its possible costs for parents have been much less researched. The current study borrowed the well-known emotional labor framework from organizational psychology to examine this issue. We sought to answer five questions in particular: (1) Do parents perceive display rules? (i.e., do they feel pressured to up-regulate positive emotions and down-regulate negative emotions while parenting?) (2) Do parents make regulatory efforts to comply with these rules? (3) Is this costly? (4) Is it possible that these regulatory efforts are associated with higher risk of parental burnout? (5) Are there strategies that render this effort less costly? We investigated these questions in a sample of 347 parents. The results revealed that parents perceive emotional display rules, which were associated with more regulatory efforts and then a higher vulnerability to parental burnout. How parents meet display rules also matters, in that regulating emotions superficially (i.e., surface acting) is more detrimental than regulating genuinely (i.e., deep acting). Overall, these results support the translation of the emotional labor framework to the parenting context, which helps us understand how external pressures on parents may increase parental burnout.

Do Emotional Cues Influence the Performance of Domestic Dogs in an Observational Learning Task?

Using social information is not indiscriminate and being able to choose what to copy and from whom to copy is critical. Dogs are able to learn socially, to recognize, and respond to dog as well as human emotional expressions, and to make reputation-like inferences based on how people behave towards their owner. Yet, the mechanisms dogs use for obtaining and utilizing social information are still to be fully understood, especially concerning whether emotional cues influence dogs’ social learning. Therefore, our main aim was to test the hypothesis that an emotionally charged (negative, positive, or neutral) interaction with the demonstrator of a “V” detour task prior to testing would affect subjects’ performance, by: (i) changing the value of the information provided by the demonstrator or (ii) changing the valence of the learning environment. Our experimental design consisted of three phases: pre-test (subjects were allowed to solve the task alone); emotional display (dogs watched the unfamiliar human behaving in either a positive, negative or neutral way towards their owner); test (demonstrator showed the task and subjects were allowed to move freely). Only dogs that failed in pre-test were considered for analysis (n = 46). We analyzed four dependent variables: success, time to solve the task, latency to reach the fence and matching the side of demonstration. For each, we used four models (GEEs and GLMMs) to investigate the effect of (1) demographic factors; (2) experimental design factors (including emotional group); (3) behavior of the dog; and (4) side chosen and matching. All models took into account all trials (random effect included) and the first trials only. Our findings corroborate previous studies of social learning, but present no evidence to sustain our hypothesis. We discuss the possibility of our stimuli not being salient enough in a task that involves highly motivating food and relies on long and highly distracting interval between phases. Nevertheless, these results represent an important contribution to the study of dog behavior and social cognition and pave the way for further investigations.

Developing Resilience and Enhancing Appraisals of Mattering: A Conceptual Framework for Elementary Level, Non-core Subject Teachers

ABSTRACT Although much is known about teachers’ workplace experiences, lives, and careers through socialization research, few efforts have been made to apply this body of knowledge to develop conceptual frameworks to guide research and practice. Grounded in role socialization theory, the purpose of this paper is to propose the Developing Resilience and Enhancing Appraisals of Mattering conceptual framework. This framework focuses on developing four interconnected socioemotional skills among elementary level, non-core subject teachers. Key skills include: (a) emotional regulation and display, (b) caring and listening, (c) relationship building, and (d) advocacy. Ultimately, developing these socioemotional skills can help increase teachers’ resilience and the perception that they and the subject they teach matter. Both theoretical grounding and practical application of the conceptual framework are provided as well as recommendations for research and practice. Applications relative to teacher education and continuing professional development are addressed.

Emotions in European parliamentary debates: Passionate speakers or un-emotional gentlemen?

This article analyses the verbal display and role of emotions in the European Parliament (EP). Contributing both to European Studies and Parliamentary studies, this article shows how emotions are expressed and how they reflect power and status dynamics. Emotions are indeed used differently depending on the power position of Members of the EP (MEPs). This article also reveals that emotions may play a role in crisis situations by constraining the choices and policy solutions under consideration. This qualitative study compares parliamentary debates on two of the most relevant recent crises before 2020: the refugee crisis (2014–2017) and the economic crisis (2009–2014). Empirical evidence is drawn from the systematic in-depth content analysis of 25 EP debates.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ФІЗКУЛЬТХВИЛИНОК ДЛЯ РОЗВИТКУ ЛЕКСИЧНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ УЧНІВ ПЕРШОГО КЛАСУ НА УРОКАХ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

The work undertaken is aimed at composing rhymes and designing movements for physical action time, implementation of which will contribute to primary school learners’ mastering lexical competence at English lessons according to the approved curriculum for the first year of learning. The work is focused on analyzing scientific and methodological sources, reviewing the content of the curriculum of “English” subject for first-graders, composing rhymes as well as choosing simple and understandable movements accompanying them drawing from the content of the topics selected from the curriculum. To achieve the objective formulated, the analysis of scientific and methodological literature alongside with the content analysis of the curriculum of “The English Language” subject for the first-grade students was conducted. The main methods applied to teaching English are enumerated, among which are «total physical response», association method, gaming method «move-about games», Gromiko’s sports method. The advantages of using specially composed rhymes and designed movements implemented in physical action time during English lessons are rationalized on the basis of theoretical arguments with a view to simultaneously solving educational and health-improving goals, which imply getting learners interested in a new topic and consolidating the lexical material previously acquired along with shifting learners’ attention to physical movement, relieving muscular tension, improving emotional display of teaching-learning process respectively. The range of the topics taken from the subject curriculum is set, which are prescribed for acquiring during the first year of children’s going to primary school; the amount of the lexical material which is necessary for learners to acquire is determined. The rhymes and movements selected and proposed for use are composed with due regard for the content of the curriculum of «English» subject for first-grade learners, physiological needs of primary-school children’s organism as well as specificities of children’s certain mental processes. Implementation of the designed movements with the rhymes accompanying them is considered to be one of the methods of teaching English in motion. The practical relevance of the research results lies in enhancing effectiveness of first-graders’ acquiring lexical units with their age, physical and psychological features taken into account. Key words: physical action time, lexical competence, learners, teaching methods, health preservation, English.

Emotions and Valuations: Notre-Dame de Paris on Fire as a Case Study for Axiological Sociology

The emotional reactions aroused by the fire that partly destroyed Notre-Dame de Paris in April 2019 can be analyzed as “valuations” in the light of the pragmatic sociology of values, since they provide empirically grounded material allowing for the description and modeling of the actual implementations and effects of valuations. After a quick summary of the recent history of the pragmatic turn in sociology as related to the sociology of valuation, and a short reflection on the relationship between emotions and values, the fire of Notre-Dame de Paris is used as a case study in the light of “axiological sociology”, a model built on value judgments observed in various contexts, including the display of emotions. This article intends to demonstrate both empirically and theoretically how important it is for the social sciences to consider values as an autonomous issue, deserving to be treated as “axiological facts”, as any other kind of social fact.

Working with emotions: cultural employee perspectives to service management expectations

PurposeDrawing on the emotional labour theory, the purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of cultural orientation on emotion regulation and display processes for service employees.Design/methodology/approachBased on a Nigerian study where literature is scarce, data were gathered from semi-structured interviews conducted with 40 call centre service agents.FindingsThe findings identified three key values around reinforcing social cohesion, anticipated self-curtailment, hierarchy and expressions of servility based on broader societal needs to promote relational harmony when managing customer relations during inbound calls into the call centre.Research limitations/implicationsThe extent to which the findings can be generalised is constrained by the limited and selected sample size. However, the study makes contributions to the service work theory by identifying the extent to which communication of emotions is informed in large parts by local culture and seeks to incite scholarly awareness on the differences of emotional display rules from a developing country other than western contexts.Originality/valueThis paper is among the first to focus on the interface between culture and emotional labour from a Sub-Saharan African context.

A hombros de la Falange: representation, affect and mourning in fascist Spain

ABSTRACT After the Spanish Civil War, mourning was a quasi-political affective practice: an emotional performance that cannot be translated to the language of the state but is inextricable from the political. As a lesser known but paradigmatic example, the exhumation and relocation from Alicante to El Escorial of fascist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera reveals how the public display of emotions was assumed to play an important role in the legitimation of political power. It also demonstrated the deliberate work and attention that went into constructing a national emotional hegemony. Relying on a chronicle of the event by veteran Falange partisans Samuel Ros and Antonio Bouthelier and on insights from Alison Jaggar and Margaret Wetherell, this essay shows how emotions are culturally specific performances, deeply embedded in relations of power. The reburial of José Antonio expressed a social group’s feelings but also their interpretation of the political significance of such feelings. Falangist mourning both secured that group’s political standing and challenged the legitimacy of alternative emotional performances, but it also betrayed anxieties about the (emotional, political, aesthetic) challenges of their performance of mourning. These ranged from the identification of nation, party and landscape to the strict division and regulation of gender performances. Despite its best efforts to present a unified emotional landscape and a spectacle of male homosocial bonding, the chronicle registers unspontaneous choreographies of emotion, the struggle for hegemony within Francoist factions, gendered indiscipline and undesired emotional displays that did not conform to the new state’s authority.

Effective Cross-Cultural Communication for International Business

In today’s business and pandemic scenario, working in an international team is common with remote workers, overseas offices, and inescapable cultural gaps. The diversity of co-workers may become a cultural barrier that some people don’t know how to overcome. Most of the professionals do not even realize the problems of cultural differences in their work. Cultural awareness helps managers to effectively transact with their employees and other stakeholders. Understanding the diverse workforce and guiding them for effective cross-cultural communication is essential for multicultural firms, or else they may face several issues in the areas of employee relationships, staffing, attrition rates, trade policies, mergers, advertising, business stakeholder relationships, team building, and negotiations. Language, stereotypes, non-verbal signs, emotional display, ethnocentrism, anxiety, uncertainty, perception, and prejudice are the invisible barriers to enculturation. This paper discusses how to effectively communicate in a culturally diverse organization by sharing and exchanging ideas based on mutual understanding, respect, and credibility. Best practices for effective cross-cultural communication are summarized in this chapter for the use of students, academicians, and managers in intercultural contexts. This will help them to gain some insights about multicultural environments and how to get along with people by maintaining etiquette, mutual respect, reciprocal cognition, and avoiding stereotypes. The study also discusses the importance of inclusive communication, constructive transactions, cross-cultural training, and design thinking in modern organizations. The paper may be very effective to teach subjects like Organisation behavior and International business communication.

Authentic leadership and employee health: a conditional process model

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of authentic leadership (AL) on employees' health via employees' perception of climate of authenticity (PCA) across two studies. In study 2, the authors additionally explore the moderating role of employees' neuroticism.Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses were tested across two studies using two-wave survey data. In study 1 (n = 104), the mediation hypothesis was tested. Study 2 (n = 146) extended study 1 and examined the moderated mediation model.FindingsAcross both studies, AL is positively related to employee health, and employees' perceived climate of authenticity mediates this relationship. Study 2 additionally shows that employees' neuroticism moderates this indirect effect such that perceived climate of authenticity instigated by AL is particularly conducive for employees high in neuroticism as opposed to those low in neuroticism.Practical implicationsFindings emphasize the health-promoting effect of AL. It is recommended that organizations cascade, through their leaders, emotional display rules that encourage genuine emotional expression.Originality/valueThis paper addresses gaps in the leadership literature through investigating perceived climate of authenticity, a mediating variable that lies at the heart of AL, and integrating the role of employees' personality in the leadership process.

Holding True or Caving in? Academics’ Values, Emotions, and Behaviors in Response to Higher Education Reforms

Higher education (HE) in many countries has been characterized by increased marketization, external accountability, and managerialism. This article examines how academics feel about and respond to HE reforms in Cyprus, a country whose HE sector is heavily commercialized and affected by austerity measures. We analyzed interviews with twenty-three Cypriot academics in four universities, who had been working in business schools from 3 to 29 years. Interviewees described experiences of being an academic in Cyprus, highlighting contextual factors that triggered emotional events in their day-to-day lives. Integrating previous literature, we present six different behavioral responses to the events they described, including compliance, resistance, and flight. We explain how academics chose different responses at different times based on their interpretations of value congruence/incongruence, their felt emotions, and the need to comply with emotional display rules. Considering these elements together highlighted the emotional labor associated with various behavioral responses. The study contributes theoretically by showing how values, perceived emotional demands within particular events, and emotions influence behavior, including different types of emotional labor. We suggest that further research on academics’ responses to HE reforms should focus on particular events and on particular contested academic values, such as autonomy or collegiality.