Emission Quotas Research Articles

Экологическая политика России: стратегические направления развития

The basic directions for the development of Russian environmental policy are formulated, which will determine the transition of the national economy to sustainable development. Such a transition must take into account global trends in decarbonization, energy transition and the formation of a new technological structure. It is shown that the Russian economic system requires taking into account the specifics of sufficient reserves and the orientation of the national economy towards traditional hydrocarbon energy sources. The purpose of the study is to determine areas for improving the current mechanism of environmental and economic regulation in our country to ensure sustainable development and achieve carbon neutrality of the Russian national economy. The main scientific tools of the work were economic analysis, including the ecological-economic type of such analysis, statistical analysis, content analysis, and information modeling. Calculation of external effects due to greenhouse gas emissions was carried out on the basis of information from subjects of statistical accounting using officially approved methodological support for assessing environmental harm. Promising tools have been identified that regulate the balanced transition of the national economy to stable functioning that satisfies the basic principles of sustainable development. A cost assessment of the potential Russian carbon market was carried out, proving the prospects for applying taxation on the carbon footprint of products, as well as trading quotas for greenhouse gas emissions. Separately, the directions of development inherent in the practice of environmental and economic regulation formed in Russia are highlighted.

Проблемы привлечения субъектов энергетики к административной ответственности в форме “оборотных” штрафов за недостижение квот выбросов загрязняющих веществ в атмосферный воздух

Currently, there is an increased focus on reducing the negative impact on the environment in the Russian Federation. In order to implement the Clean Air Federal Project, Federal Law No. 195-FZ dated July 26, 2019, established an experiment with quotas for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Due to the current lack of liability for failures to achieve or untimely achievement of the established emission quotas, the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources has drafted a federal law establishing, among other things, administrative liability for failure to achieve pollutant quotas. However, the author believes that the punishment in the form of a “turnover-based” fine stipulated by the draft law has a number of shortcomings. The author believes that without updating the current laws, the application of the rule in question will not achieve the main objectives of the federal project. Moreover, it can lead to negative consequences not only for business, but also for the environment in general. In her study, the author examines the main issues of applying “turnover-based” fines for failure to achieve quotas using the example of fuel and energy companies and proposes ways to bridge the identified gaps.

Low Carbon Building Design Optimization Based on Intelligent Energy Management System

The construction of relevant standards for building carbon emission assessment in China has just started, and the quantitative analysis method and evaluation system are still imperfect, which hinders the development of lowcarbon building design. Therefore, the use of intelligent energy management system is very necessary. The purpose of this paper is to explore the design optimization of low-carbon buildings based on intelligent energy management systems. Based on the proposed quantitative method of building carbon emission, this paper establishes the quota theoretical system of building carbon emission analysis, and develops the quota based carbon emission calculation software. Smart energy management system is a low-carbon energy-saving system based on the reference of largescale building energy-saving system and combined with energy consumption. It provides a fast and effective calculation tool for the quantitative evaluation of carbon emission of construction projects, so as to realize the carbon emission control and optimization in the early stage of architectural design and construction. On this basis, the evaluation, analysis and calculation method of building structure based on carbon reduction target is proposed, combined with the carbon emission quota management standard proposed in this paper. Taking small high-rise residential buildings as an example, this paper compares and analyzes different building structural systems from the perspectives of structural performance, economy and carbon emission level. It provides a reference for the design and evaluation of low-carbon building structures. The smart energy management system collects user energy use parameters. It uses time period and time sequence to obtain a large amount of data for analysis and integration, which provides users with intuitive energy consumption data. Compared with the traditional architectural design method, the industrialized construction method can save 589.22 megajoules (MJ) per square meter. Based on 29270 megajoules (MJ) per ton of standard coal, the construction area of the case is about 8000 m2, and the energy saving of residential buildings is 161.04 tons of standard coal. This research is of great significance in reducing the carbon emission intensity of buildings.

Low-Carbon Economic Dispatch Method for Integrated Energy System Considering Seasonal Carbon Flow Dynamic Balance

In order to solve the problems of excessive carbon emissions and environmental pollution caused by the current carbon trading policy, this paper breaks the traditional annual carbon trading mechanism and proposes an integrated energy system (IES) optimal dispatching method considering the seasonal carbon trading mechanism. Firstly, in order to ensure the dynamic balance of the multi-energy flow in the IES, the carbon flow equivalent to the electricity-gas-heat energy flow is introduced into the energy hub model, and the multi-energy flow energy hub model is established. Secondly, an optimized-stepped carbon trading mechanism is formulated to ensure internal carbon balance and restrain carbon emissions to prevent the annual carbon emissions settlement of the IES from exceeding the standard. Finally, according to the energy supply demand of the IES in different seasons, a seasonal carbon trading mechanism is formulated, which comprehensively considers carbon emissions and economics to optimize dispatch. The impact of the optimized-stepped carbon price and seasonal dispatch on carbon emissions and economics is compared. The cost of using the optimized-stepped carbon price is reduced by at least 14.50%, and carbon emissions are reduced by at least 2.54%. Under guaranteeing the same carbon emission quota, the IES net-benefit is increased by 6.8%.

Allowance of the Emission Quota Using Life Cycle Assessment for the Creation of a National Carbon Market: Framework Developed for Hydroelectric Projects in Cameroon

Allowance of the Emission Quota Using Life Cycle Assessment for the Creation of a National Carbon Market: Framework Developed for Hydroelectric Projects in Cameroon

中国区域间贸易碳转移特征及其对碳中和的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 中国区域间贸易碳转移特征及其对碳中和的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202108082170 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC0507801) Carbon transfer characteristics and its effect on carbon neutrality of China's inter-regional trade Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: National Key Research and Development Program of China （Grant No.2019YFC0507801） 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:优化贸易模式对实现"碳达峰,碳中和"这一中长期计划至关重要。基于多区域投入产出模型和碳生态承载力模型,分析了我国2017年30个省份(本研究不含中国港澳台和西藏的统计数据)碳足迹和碳生态承载力剩余量的空间分布特征。研究表明:(1)经济或人口总量较大的省份(如广东、江苏、河南等)碳足迹较大,而万元GDP碳足迹较大的省份主要分布在西部和东北地区,虚拟碳主要是向经济发达的省份转移。(2)总体上,中国的区域间贸易不具备碳中和特征,但就地区而言,区域间贸易使得山西、内蒙古、辽宁、宁夏、新疆地区碳足迹有所降低,但碳中和程度较低(<20%);就行业而言,建筑业贸易的碳中和特征最为明显,特别是在东北三省。(3)经济富裕的几个省份碳减排压力较大,如:北京、天津等地的碳生态承载力出现赤字,而黑龙江、河南、吉林、山东碳生态承载力剩余量超过10×108 t,碳减排压力较小。未来在制定相关政策时,应综合考虑省际间碳的转移特征,合理分配碳排放定额,以保障碳排放权交易市场的顺利运行。 Abstract:Human activities lead to global climate change, such as the greenhouse effect, heat island effect, global warming, glacier melting, sea-level rise, and so on. Among them, the global warming caused by the increase of greenhouse gas emissions has a great impact on human production and life. To control greenhouse gas emissions, many countries are exploring various ways to reduce carbon emissions, and hope to achieve the goal of "carbon neutrality" in the planned time. China is also one of them, our country has formulated a medium-and long-term plan to achieve carbon neutrality and is exploring ways to achieve this goal, such as adjusting the industrial and energy consumption structure, and changing the way of production and life. With the development of China's economy, regional trade interactions are frequent, and reducing carbon emissions through optimizing trade patterns should not be ignored. However, such studies are relatively few at present, and the carbon-neutral characteristics of trade in each province are not clear yet. This paper, based on the multi-regional input-output model, carbon-neutral model, and carbon ecological footprint model, analyzed the spatial distribution of carbon footprint, carbon transfer characteristics, and carbon ecological carrying capacity surplus of 30 Chinese provinces in 2017. Our results show that (1) provinces with larger populations or richer economies have larger carbon footprints, such as Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Henan, while in the provinces of western and northeastern China, the carbon footprints of 10000 yuan GDP are relatively larger. Virtual carbon is mainly transferred to economically affluent provinces. (2) For different provinces and sectors, the carbon-neutral characteristics of trade vary considerably. For the provinces, the trade reduced the carbon footprint in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Ningxia, and Xingjiang, but the degree of carbon neutrality is relatively low (< 20%). As far as the sectors are concerned, the carbon-neutral feature of the construction sector is the most obvious, especially in the northeastern. (3) There are significant differences in the surplus of carbon ecological carrying capacity among provinces. Specifically, the regions with larger carbon ecological carrying capacity surplus are mainly distributed in the agricultural developed provinces, such as Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Shandong, and so on (>10×108 t), while Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong are in deficit. In the future, when formulating relevant policies, we should comprehensively consider the characteristics of inter-provincial carbon transfer, reasonably allocate carbon emission quota, and ensure the smooth operation of the carbon emission trading market. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ МЕХАНІЗМ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ РЕСУРСОЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ТА ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ВИКЛИКІВ

Russia's war against Ukraine worsened the ecological situation, creating the prerequisites for a nuclear and energy hazard for the entire civilized world. Violating all international conventions and agreements the aggressor country threatens everyone with an energy collapse. Accordingly, such actions lead to the destabilization of processes and, at the same time, form new approaches to ensuring energy, environmental, and food security. An intensive transition to alternative sources of electricity is beginning, and new approaches to environmental protection and resource conservation are being formed. Despite the intensity of hostilities, national producers are forced to work and ensure production stability to balance the economy. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to improve the economic mechanism for resource conservation and nature management, which will increase the competitiveness of national production on world markets and the post-war recovery of the economy. &#x0D; The article's purpose is to justify the economic mechanism of ensuring resource conservation and nature management by modern global challenges. &#x0D; The mechanisms for fulfilling Ukraine's environmental obligations have been systematized, among which the most significant is determined to be: the introduction of an environmental management and audit system, the creation of a system for stimulating the use of waste as a source of energy for the production of heat and electricity, implementation of a system for trading quotas for greenhouse gas emissions. It is substantiated that bioenergy is one of the alternative energy sources for the production of which Ukraine has significant potential. Agricultural biomass is a promising energy source thanks to favorable natural and climatic conditions. Compared to other sources, it is the most accessible and cheaper energy source, which involves waste-free production aimed at meeting the population's needs in energy resources and food. It has been investigated that the main obstacles to the cultivation of energy plants and the production of thermal energy on this basis are that they are not included in the classification of crops, and the legislative framework and regulatory policy in this area have yet to be created. A conceptual diagram of the economic mechanism for resource conservation and nature management has been developed. It is based on organizational-methodological, financial, and informational development, taking into account modern principles, tools, and methods of its implementation and considering global challenges.

Formation and Development of The Russian Market of Carbon Units

The article examines the prerequisites for the formation of the sequestration industry in Russia, in particular by the example of the carbon units market. The main factors that influenced its formation are considered, and a comparative analysis of foreign mechanisms for reducing the carbon footprint in industrial products is also carried out: the introduction of carbon taxation and the use of market mechanisms for the circulation of carbon emission quotas. Russia has followed the second path, and already in 2022 a market infrastructure for trading carbon units was formed and tested. The article presents the results of a study of the main participants of such a market, as well as the ways and mechanisms of their interaction both when making transactions and when obtaining and confirming the official status of a participant in the carbon market. The circulation of carbon units in Russia has both common, similar to international rules and regulations, and its own specific features. Despite the fact that the circulation of carbon units is carried out through open exchange trading, all activities for their release and alienation are recorded in the unified state register under strict state control on the basis of uniform principles and rules. In addition, such a register contains complete verified information about all market participants. Transactions that have not passed such verification and registration are not allowed. All these measures are aimed, first of all, at increasing the manageability of the decarbonization processes of our country's economy and, as a result, accelerating its pace. In addition, the article discusses the prospects and key trends in the development of the carbon market in our country.

Optimal ordering and production decisions for remanufacturing firms with carbon options under demand uncertainty.

We study the role of carbon options in mitigating the risk of demand uncertainty for an emissions-dependent firm that conducts remanufacturing and then selling to consumers. Specifically, we first investigate the carbon option-void scenario as a benchmark where no carbon options are available under demand uncertainty in the emission trading market. Subsequently, the unidirectional carbon option scenario and the bidirectional carbon option scenario are introduced as alternatives to purchase carbon emission quotas. Through comparing the optimal ordering and production decisions under different scenarios, we demonstrate the positive role of carbon option contracts in improving the firm's profits and, more importantly, coping with demand uncertainty. Among other results, we observe that the bidirectional carbon option contracts perform better than the unidirectional carbon option contracts. Under the two option-based scenarios, the firm is more sensitive to the carbon option price than the exercised price. In addition, the firm has incentives to remanufacture with a relatively high remanufacturing rate and a loose carbon emission policy.

Scientific substantiation of priority chemicals, objects for setting quotas and trends in mitigating airborne public health risks within activities per-formed by the sanitary service of the Russian Federation

The study was conducted due to the necessity to streamline management of ambient air quality in large industrial cities in the country. The relevant tasks were set within the ‘Clean Air’ Federal project and the system for setting emission quotas. The aim was to develop scientific-methodical approaches that would support Rospotrebnadzor in performing its functions and duties as regards management of ambient air quality, including those accomplished within the ‘Clean Air’ Federal project. We took into account that initial data for the whole system for setting emission quotas were represented by aggregated calculation of pollutant dispersion. The study relied on input and output data provided by the ‘Ekolog-Gorod’ software package for calculating ambient air pollution. This software employs methods for calculating emission diffusion in ambient air that are applied as standards in Russia. Calculations were accomplished at points located within residential areas in the analyzed cities and covered not less than 20 major contributions made by emission sources to levels of each chemical at each calculation point. Airborne health risks were assessed in accordance with the valid methodical documents. We applied the following criteria for permissible (acceptable) risks: carcinogenic ones should not exceed 1.0•10-4; non-carcinogenic chronic and / or acute risks should be at a level of a hazard index for chemicals with the same effects equal to 3.0. The brunch and bound method of linear programming was applied to substantiate optimal regulatory impacts aimed at minimizing health risks by reducing emissions into ambient air. We developed a fundamental algorithm for identifying a list of priority pollutants and a list of objects for setting emission quotas, as well as for substantiating optimal regulatory impacts to mitigate airborne public health risks. We suggest ranking chemicals as priority pollutants in case their registered levels are higher than the established hygienic standards and they in total account for not less 95 % of contributions to unacceptable health risks for critical organs and systems at least at one calculation point. Priority objects are those that are responsible for not less than 95 % of unacceptable health risks and violations of the established hygienic standards. The study describes a developed and tested instrument for selecting optimal regulatory impacts as per relevant hygienic indicators, including levels of public health risks. The suggested approaches support the Sanitary Service in its effort to provide proper quality of ambient air. They make it possible to identify priority chemicals and objects for setting emission quotas on the unified methodical basis for any city on the country, including those listed within the ‘Clear Air’ Federal project as priority ones. They also allow estimating whether environmental protection activities are relevant to the essence and levels of public health risks.

Научное обоснование приоритетных веществ, объектов квотирования и направлений действий по снижению аэрогенных рисков здоровью населения при реализации полномочий санитарной службы Российской Федерации

The study was conducted due to the necessity to streamline management of ambient air quality in large industrial cities in the country. The relevant tasks were set within the ‘Clean Air’ Federal project and the system for setting emission quotas. The aim was to develop scientific-methodical approaches that would support Rospotrebnadzor in performing its functions and duties as regards management of ambient air quality, including those accomplished within the ‘Clean Air’ Federal project. We took into account that initial data for the whole system for setting emission quotas were represented by aggregated calculation of pollutant dispersion. The study relied on input and output data provided by the ‘Ekolog-Gorod’ software package for calculating ambient air pollution. This software employs methods for calculating emission diffusion in ambient air that are applied as standards in Russia. Calculations were accomplished at points located within residential areas in the analyzed cities and covered not less than 20 major contributions made by emission sources to levels of each chemical at each calculation point. Airborne health risks were assessed in accordance with the valid methodical documents. We applied the following criteria for permissible (acceptable) risks: carcinogenic ones should not exceed 1.0•10-4; non-carcinogenic chronic and / or acute risks should be at a level of a hazard index for chemicals with the same effects equal to 3.0. The brunch and bound method of linear programming was applied to substantiate optimal regulatory impacts aimed at minimizing health risks by reducing emissions into ambient air. We developed a fundamental algorithm for identifying a list of priority pollutants and a list of objects for setting emission quotas, as well as for substantiating optimal regulatory impacts to mitigate airborne public health risks. We suggest ranking chemicals as priority pollutants in case their registered levels are higher than the established hygienic standards and they in total account for not less 95 % of contributions to unacceptable health risks for critical organs and systems at least at one calculation point. Priority objects are those that are responsible for not less than 95 % of unacceptable health risks and violations of the established hygienic standards. The study describes a developed and tested instrument for selecting optimal regulatory impacts as per relevant hygienic indicators, including levels of public health risks. The suggested approaches support the Sanitary Service in its effort to provide proper quality of ambient air. They make it possible to identify priority chemicals and objects for setting emission quotas on the unified methodical basis for any city on the country, including those listed within the ‘Clear Air’ Federal project as priority ones. They also allow estimating whether environmental protection activities are relevant to the essence and levels of public health risks.

Carbon resource reallocation with emission quota in carbon emission trading system

In this study, a two-stage data envelopment analysis approach is developed to examine resource allocation in a real-world carbon emissions trading system. First, this study focuses on the actual participation process of incorporated units in the trading system, where incorporated units will be allocated with a carbon emission quota. Second, we propose a research structure for the carbon trading process with two stages. The first stage is to identify congestion, and the second stage is to trade among the units. We make a sensitivity analysis by considering restrictive parameters on the initial carbon emission quota. Then, we expand the research with a target-setting model that retains production technology from the previous year to set the target output for the following year. The congestion and the trading amount for each unit could be determined in advance. Furthermore, these results are able to anticipate the trading situation and provide valuable recommendations for the production and trading of the analyzed units. Finally, the proposed approach is applied to analyze 13 cities in Hubei Province to investigate their congestion and trading conditions.

Environmental quality-oriented air pollution emission permit allocation methods: A plant-level study

When implementing the emission permit system to control air pollution, current research mainly adopts top-down approaches to allocate emission quotas, lacking practicability at the plant level. In this study, two new plant-level permit allocation methods are proposed in consideration of the interference of environmental factors to help allocate emission quotas more effectively. These methods adjust the commonly-used emission standard permit allocation method by introducing the transmission of air pollutants between sources and receptor cities or by introducing the constraint of the environmental capacity. The study is conducted based on plant-level production data from 11,398 major emission units in the seven core cities of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. In 2017, these units emitted 139.7 thousand tons of primary PM2.5, 223.2 thousand tons of SO2, and 281.5 thousand tons of NOX, accounting for 24.8%–58.6% of the regional total emissions. The new methods could reduce emissions by up to 82.4% and reduce pollution concentrations by 12.3% maximumly. The slopes of the linear regressions between the issued and the allocated plant-level permit quotas are between 0.60 and 0.97, indicating the new methods perform well in reducing emissions at the plant level. However, as emission reduction is the ultimate outcome of multiple factors, these methods sometimes still cannot control pollution concentrations below the air quality standards due to the relatively loose environmental policy. Thus, it is recommended to tighten the emission standards to further reduce allocated permits. Overall, this work provides significant insight into improving emission allocation policies using plant-level data in real-world environmental governance in China.

Pledge-and-Review Bargaining: from Kyoto to Paris

AbstractA tractable dynamic model of international climate policies is analysed. The choice of bargaining game influences participation levels, emission quotas and technology investment levels. I derive several predictions that are arguably consistent with the differences between the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and the 2015 Paris Agreement—including the transitioning from the former to the latter.

Optimizing carbon emission forecast for modelling China's 2030 provincial carbon emission quota allocation

Rational allocation of carbon quotas is the fundamental premise for the orderly operation of carbon markets. To achieve the set target of carbon peak by 2030, there is an urgent need to establish China's 2030 provincial carbon quota allocation scheme. Although some proposed schemes have been formulated, there are problems with the methods used for carbon emission forecasting and evaluating the rationality of a proposed allocation scheme. This study aimed to optimize carbon emission forecast by incorporating terrestrial carbon sinks into the mechanism for building China's 2030 provincial carbon emission quota allocation schemes. Aquila Optimizer's Double Support Vector Regression (AO-based TWSVR) that has the advantages in solving problems associated with small sample size, nonlinear and high-dimensional pattern recognition with fast training speed and insensitivity to noise was adopted to predict the net carbon emission. The results show that the application of AO-based TWSVR model allows satisfactory forecast of the net carbon emission in China for the period from 2021 to 2035. This allowed terrestrial carbon sequestration being incorporated into the mechanism to formulate China's 2030 provincial carbon quota allocation schemes. Comparison of the three provincial carbon quota allocation schemes using social network analysis suggests that the equity-based carbon quota allocation scheme is more suitable for China's national conditions compared to the efficiency-based scheme and the combined principle-based scheme. The findings obtained from this study have implications for optimizing the scheme of China's 2030 provincial carbon quota allocation.

Carbon emission quota allocation of high energy consumption industries in undeveloped areas – A case study of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

With the approaching of the target year of carbon peak, all world countries have gradually strengthened carbon emission reduction actions. However, most of the undeveloped countries or regions do not belong to the Annex I countries in the Kyoto Protocol, and the development of carbon emission trading mechanisms is relatively slow. Therefore, setting emission quota standards for industries in underdeveloped regions is necessary. Considering the principles of fairness, efficiency, and sustainability, we establish a “multi-objective information entropy allocation model” (i.e., IEMMA method) for underdeveloped areas. Take China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as an example, and the allocation results show that: (1) The “historical emissions”, “carbon emission intensity”, “cumulative emissions”, “energy structure”, and “energy intensity” are assigned higher weights. Such industries will carry a higher responsibility for emissions reductions, they should gradually transfer emission quotas to industries with smaller historical emissions to increase enthusiasm for reducing emissions. (2) Compared with the historical emissions allocation scheme, the IEMMA model can increase the emission limits for industries with large historical emissions. For industries with relatively small emissions, their emission quotas can be appropriately relaxed to promote the sustainable development of the industry. (3) Under the allocation scheme of the IEMMA model, the difference in the reduction of carbon emission intensity of different industries is small. Carbon emission intensity becomes a relative emission reduction indicator, which reflects the fairness of allocation while maintaining economic development. (4) The “quota gap” formed by the allocation plan of the IEMMA model is large, which is conducive to promoting the active emission reduction of high-emission enterprises. Larger “allowance gaps” are conducive to increasing the activity of the carbon trading market. In summary, the IEMMA model is conducive to achieving long-term emission reduction goals in underdeveloped regions and is more suitable for the allocation of quotas to high energy-consuming industries.

Research on Carbon Emission Quota of Railway in China from the Perspective of Equity and Efficiency

Under the constraint of total carbon emissions, the allocation of carbon emission quotas of 18 railway bureaus in China is conducted to the realization of carbon emission reduction targets of China’s railway transportation industry. This paper proposes a carbon emission quota model for China’s railway industry from the perspective of equity and efficiency and innovatively undertakes research on the allocation of carbon emission quotas for railway administrations. This paper constructs an econometric model to analyze the impact of various influencing factors on China’s railway operation carbon emission and predicts the total carbon emission of China’s railway operation from 2021 to 2030 by scenario analysis method. From the perspective of equity and efficiency, apply the entropy method to give weight to historical responsibility, egalitarianism, and efficiency principle to obtain the initial allocation value of the carbon emission quota of the operator’s 18 regional railway bureau groups; the ZSG-DEA model is used to obtain the optimal allocation. The results show that railway passenger turnover, freight turnover, vehicle structure, and per capita GDP have a promoting effect on railway carbon emission, and the proportion of clean energy has an inhibitory effect on carbon emission. There is a gap between the distribution results under the single principle and the comprehensive distribution results; the combination of both can more effectively promote the development of the railway industry. From the perspective of equity and efficiency, the carbon emission quota of 18 railway bureau groups in China is high in the east and low in the west. Among them, the Shanghai railway bureau obtains the most carbon emission quota, while the Qinghai–Tibet railway bureau obtains the least carbon emission quota. The research results provide a reference for the railway bureau to coordinate emission reduction and the construction of the railway transport carbon emission market.

The Future of Quasi Emission Control Enterprises in a Low-Carbon Economy

At 9:30 a.m. on July 16, 2021, the national carbon emission trading market started operation at Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange. On the first day, the carbon emission quota totaled 4.244 million tons, with a turnover of 210 million yuan and an average transaction price of 51.23 yuan/ton. The carbon trading price is on the rise. With the gradual maturity and improvement of conditions, there will be about 8,000 to 10,000 emission control enterprises under the eight major industries in the future, and China’s carbon market will become the largest market covering greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. It can be seen that carbon trading is a “big deal.” If enterprises participate well, they will form carbon assets, but if they do not participate well, they will form carbon liabilities. This paper analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by quasi emission control enterprises under the background of low-carbon economy. This provides certain reference significance for these enterprises to actively participate in the national carbon trading market in the future.

Situation Analysis of Provincial Power Market Based on System Dynamics Simulation

Under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, with the expansion of the scope of power market-oriented reform and the increase in uncertainty of social, political, and economic factors outside the market, the market environment is becoming more and more complex, and it is more difficult to analyze and control the market situation. From a macro perspective, overall modeling for the power transmission link between the generation side and the consumption side of the provincial power market is built, in which a variety of real-time elements or scenarios such as renewable energy power generation growth, carbon emission quota, coal shortage, and dual control system of total energy consumption and energy intensity are considered. The system dynamics tools are used for simulation, and the medium and long-term operation trends of the market are analyzed. In the case studies, the actual situation of the Jiangsu power market is used as background. The trend of the power market situation under the basic scenario is analyzed, and the sensitivity analysis is carried out for three factors: coal supply growth rate, carbon emission caps, and electricity demand growth rate. It is shown that diversified macro factors inside and outside the market will affect the balance of the market operation situation to varying degrees, making the key operation indicators of the market deviate from the existing stable state.

How to design renewable energy support policies with imperfect carbon pricing?

Based on the emission trading scheme (ETS), this study built a design framework of renewable energy support policies (RES), which is employed to assess the interaction between RES and ETS. For RES, we consider two policy instruments: feed-in-tariff (FIT) and renewable portfolio standards (RPS). Based on the partial equilibrium model, taking the case of China’s electricity market, this study quantitatively discusses the implementation effects of six different policy mix scenarios from three aspects: emission reduction, production of green electricity, and social welfare. According to the results, there were big differences among the implementation effects of different RES instruments based on ETS. The renewable subsidy policy, on the whole, is better than renewable portfolio standards in terms of emission reduction, but worse in terms of improving the production of green electricity. In addition, different from the renewable subsidy policy, the renewable portfolio standards can reduce social welfare. When the emission quota is eased, RES can be implemented to significantly improve social welfare. These simulation results inspire China for the design of effective energy policies.