Emigrant Women Research Articles

A geographic and social profile of Italy's great migration (1876–1913)

AbstractThis article sheds light on Italian emigration flows with a focus on their geographical origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, that is, during the so‐called Great Migration. Annual province‐level data on Italian emigration are analysed in order to reconstruct the regional origins of emigrants, the factors motivating their decisions, their gender, and their literacy levels. The regions generating the largest population outflows were located in the North of the country. Despite the literature's focus on the Italian south diaspora to the US, the main destinations of Italian emigration in this period were other European countries. Explanations focusing on economic factors as emigration drivers prove weak. The provinces generating the greatest outflows do not appear to share any characteristics nor obey any underlying pattern: some tentative explanations concerning provinces of origin will be offered. Data relating to the emigration of women and children point to the central role of nuclear families, displaying a higher rate of growth compared to overall emigration, with peaks during the migration booms to Latin America (1890s) and the United States (1905–1907). No obvious connection emerges between emigrant outflow size and literacy levels: people migrated from the literate North as well as from the more impoverished regions featuring much lower literacy levels.

‘The loneliest of the war’s victims’: wives and families of Italian emigrant soldiers in the First World War

ABSTRACT Women’s experiences during the First World War have received considerable scholarly attention but the fates of emigrant women have remained understudied. This article focuses on Italian emigrant women in the Americas, Europe and North Africa and uncovers how their experiences differed both from those of women in Italy and from those of other women in their adopted countries. The female emigrants most affected by the war were the wives of the 300,000 reservists who returned to Italy for their military service, which plunged many families into crisis. The difficulties faced by all wives of mobilised soldiers were exacerbated for female Italian emigrants. As Italian men had been the only emigrant group to depart en masse for service at home, the case of Italian women is unique. As non-citizens, they were generally not entitled to state aid. In addition, the Italian government subsidy was entirely insufficient abroad and many families were ineligible for support. This article thus explores how the Italian government and private charity abroad responded to this unfolding crisis in Italian emigrant communities and how the women themselves experienced the war and the new challenges of being an emigrant on a foreign home front.

Albania�s path to Sustainable Development: A study on the identification and eliminating of �Harmful Practices�

Relevance. This study focuses on the identification and elimination of �harmful practices� in Albania, with a specific focus on early and forced marriages and gender-based violence.Purpose. The research aims to understand how Albania, as a post-socialistic state with its own social, cultural, political, and challenges faced by Albania in achieving the objectives of sustainable development, both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The causes and consequences of these challenges are examined, as well as the strategies employed economic features, has integrated into the global trend of gender equality and women�s empowerment.Methodology. The study utilizes methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, and analogy to explore the by the Albanian government to combat �harmful practices�.Results. The study finds that these practices have negative implications for the country, including poverty, limited access to education, and emigration of women. However, it also highlights the positive results of Albania�s efforts to eliminate these practices, particularly in terms of gender equality and the empowerment of girls and women.Conclusions. The findings of this study can serve as a valuable example for other countries and contribute to the global discourse on gender equality and women�s rights. Additionally, the results can be used to compare contemporary periods with earlier times, highlighting the progress made in supporting girls and women�s freedom from inequality, discrimination, and violence.

Проблеми вищої жіночої освіти в Російській імперії та еміграція жінок до Швейцарії у 1870-х роках

The purpose of the research is to investigate the state of higher female education in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century and find out the reasons for female educational emigration to Switzerland in the early 1870s. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as special-historical - problem-chronological, comparative-historical, and retrospective methods - are used. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that little-researched aspects of the reasons for the educational emigration of women to Switzerland in the early 1870s are highlighted. The point of view of the government circles of the Russian Empire on the expediency of organizing women's higher education at home and their attempts to obtain education abroad is shown. The attitude of women revolutionaries to their experience of studying in Switzerland is revealed. Conclusions. Women's attempts to obtain higher education were motivated by the desire for self-realization and to raise their social status. They believed they could prove by their example that there was every reason to grant women equal rights to men. The half-heartedness and incompleteness of the reforms in the Russian Empire, which gave women access only to secondary education, forced them to look for alternative ways of acquiring scientific knowledge in non-formal education and universities abroad. In emigration, regardless of the initial goal, a new circle of communication often changed female students' views, convincing them to take the path of revolutionary struggle.

El «olvido» de las canarias en los estudios de la emigración femenina a América (siglos XVII-XIX)

The historiography on the emigration of women to America has forgotten or silenced the role played by those from the Canary Islands in the historical development of the New World, especially in the Caribbean, both those who participated in the family emigration promoted by the Crown and those who They did it on their own to Cuba and Venezuela in the colonial era and in contracts to those two territories and Uruguay and Puerto Rico in the 19th century. This article tries to analyze what they meant, especially those who decided to go on their own, whether single, married or widowed, between the 17th and 19th centuries.

Interregional and international migration as factors of gender disparities in the regions of Russia

The subject of the study is the disproportion in the number of men and women at young ages in the regions of Russia. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of interregional and international migration on the formation of gender imbalances in the regions of Russia. As a hypothesis, it was assumed that the results of the analysis of migration statistics would coincide with the results presented in the 2020 census. The available statistical series of the inter-census period 2017-2019 were used for the study. The indicator of accumulated migration gender imbalance by the age of 29 was developed and applied and correlated with the population aged 25-29 years, maps were built based on the results obtained. It is noted that in most regions of Russia there is an emigration of women starting in very early childhood. Young women are actively moving out of poor regions, from regions with a low level of social development, mainly to metropolitan agglomerations of St. Petersburg and Moscow, Moving to agglomerations with expensive housing entails postponing marriage, a drop in the birth rate, regions lose their reproductive potential. At the same time, there is a labor immigration of young men, mainly from the republics of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, which, combined with the outflow of girls, creates a numerical male preponderance at young ages, especially in the resource-raw regions of the Far East and Siberia, in the coastal Kaluga region, in the Republic of Mordovia, which is confirmed by the 2020 census data. At the age of 25-29, there are departures of men from southern regions to more northern ones for forced work with separation from families, which negatively affects family life and demographic development. Income equalization is necessary to eliminate gender imbalances, correct negative demographic trends, increase fertility, and strengthen family ties. Financial resources, including resource and raw material rents, and bank capital should be used to raise wages, to recreate traditional industries in the southern regions and countries; and to create a high level of social infrastructure comfortable for families with children in the regions of the North. The results of the study can be applied in regional and international politics to develop government decisions involving large businesses to invest in countries and regions. The conduct of future gender studies by country and region will be closely linked to the quality and availability of statistical material on this topic.

Virtudes (e Misterios) and The Inner Memory: Emigration and Return as Identity Fragmentation and an Exercise of Post-Memory in Galician Diaspora

In this paper, we will analyse how Xesús Fraga’s novel Virtudes (e misterios) (2020) and María Ruido’s audiovisual project The inner memory (2002), by creating memory and post-memory of Galician emigration in the 1960s and 1970s, reconfigure the symbolic image of the Galician nation, which has always been defined on the basis of the discourse of mobility and emigration. Both authors, from the fragmentation of intimate memories and through an ambiguous pact with the reader, between the documentary and the fictional, bring us the stories of emigrant women—narratives in which identities are inevitably hybrid, fragmentary and far removed from homesickness as a defining factor of the Galician identity. Emigrant women do not fit into the hieratical traditional identity, which marginalises them because they do not fit the archetype of ‘widows of the living’.

ТВОРЧІСТЬ МЕГРНУШ МАЗАРЕЇ В КОНТЕКСТІ СУЧАСНОЇ ПЕРСЬКОЇ ЕМІГРАЦІЙНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ

This overview paper presents the work of Mehrnoosh Mazarei (born 1951), a representative of modern Persian emigration literature of the late XX – early XXI centuries, living in the USA. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the insufficient number of Ukrainian-language studies devoted to the prose of individual personalities among Iranian writers, in particular, the works of Mehrnoosh Mazarei. In the context of the development of modern prose in Iran in the late XX – early XXI centuries it was found that, against the backdrop of the changes brought about by the Islamic Revolution (1979) and the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988), interest in the status and problems of women increased. Persian women's prose occupies a special place in Iranian literature both in Iran and abroad, since a large number of Iranian writers emigrate to the West and continue to work outside of Iran, including Mehrnoosh Mazarei. It was found that the characters in her works are mostly emigrants who live their lives trying to accept the culture of a new country, but also at the same time to keep memories of the past in order to console themselves with this. The lyrical hero of the stories of Mehrnoosh Mazarei is a woman who adapts to a new life and often recollects her past life. In her works, the writer, despite her feminist ideas, tries to convey to the readers as objectively as possible what the life of emigrant women was like and to tell their stories. Due to achievement of the goal of the study, which was to analyze the trends of Persian women's emigration prose on the basis of the works by Mehrnoosh Mazarei, it has become possible to determine the main features of the main characters of the author, being that they cannot forget that they have no place in their own society, and thus they are trying to adapt to the new rules of the countries where they are. The dominant theme of Mehrnoosh Mazarei's stories is the relationship between a man and a woman, the description of which undergoes serious metamorphosis from gender gap to gender equality, from condemning men to enabling their harmonious coexistence with women, from explaining patriarchy culture as a part human nature to recognizing that it is caused by social relations. The topic of a rebel woman is of no less importance for Mehrnoosh Mazarei. In particular, in the novel "Mina's Revolution", the heroine Mina becomes the embodiment of recalcitrant women, not only of Iran, but of all women with a similar fate: her experience and the difficulties she goes through make her a global rebel, a modern archetype of revolutionary women forced to leave their country in search of a better life and socio-political freedom.

Movimentos de Emigração de Mulheres Rurais em Itapejara d’Oeste/PR: enfrentando relações de poder patriarcais

Este artigo analisa as relações de poder, saber e ser que, desde o colonialismo, constituíram hierarquias em torno das classificações de gênero. Nossa cultura rotula como não civilizada e não humana aquelas(es) que não se enquadram no modelo hegemônico, esse rótulo é usado para entender o papel da mulher no meio rural. Nas áreas rurais, as mulheres modernas buscam romper com as relações de poder estabelecidas, procuram maior independência e acesso à liderança pública. Diante dessas questões, vale a pena perguntar: quais são os fatores que empoderam as mulheres rurais? Observa-se que a escolaridade e as alternativas de renda não agrícola possibilitam quebrar sua invisibilidade nos estabelecimentos rurais. Para a construção da análise, são apresentados os dados estatísticos de uma amostra de 95 casos da população rural de Itapejara d'Oeste/PR, cujo levantamento inicial foi realizado em 2005 e posteriormente atualizado em 2010 e 2015, nesta análise, utilizou-se de ferramentas econométricas, com base no modelo de variável limitada dependente (MVLD). Os resultados indicaram a ocorrência de uma maior emigração de mulheres relacionadas à maior escolaridade, bem como uma redução dessa emigração quando as mulheres passaram a ter maior acesso a rendimentos não agrícolas no meio rural. Ambas as formas de acesso ao espaço público deram às mulheres rurais maior independência e provavelmente ajudaram a sair de sua invisibilidade.

When Does Migration Law Discriminate Against Women?

It is possible to identify gendered disadvantage at almost every point in a migrant woman's journey, physical and legal, from country of origin to country of destination, from admission to naturalization. Rules which explicitly distribute migration opportunities differently on the grounds of sex/gender, such as prohibitions on certain women's emigration, may produce such disadvantage. Women may also, however, be disadvantaged by facially gender-neutral rules. Examples of indirectly disadvantageous provisions include those which classify certain forms of labor as either “low-” or “high-” skilled, using this categorization to distribute migration opportunities differentially. Such rules may disproportionately affect the mostly female workers whose labor in certain fields is considered “low-skilled” in comparison to that undertaken by their predominantly male, “high-skilled” counterparts. Scholars have identified the diverse ways in which states’ immigration and nationality laws continue to involve gendered and racialized exclusion, subordination, and violence. Migration control practices, including those concerned with deterrence, detention, and deportation, have also been impugned on these bases. This essay draws on this literature to examine whether rules that produce gendered disadvantage are open to challenge under the international legal regime charged with eradicating discrimination against women, the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ СОЮЗУ УКРАЇНОК КАНАДИ 20–30-х років ХХ ст. КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ПУБЛІКАЦІЙ У ТОГОЧАСНИХ КАЛЕНДАРЯХ І АЛЬМАНАХАХ

Fighting the threat of possible assimilation of the Ukrainian ethnic group combined with the necessity for successful socio-economic integration into the multiethnic Canadian society, on the one hand, and the need for Uk-rainian women to protect their rights on the other hand, prompted Ukrainian Canadian women to establish the UCC (– UCC – Ukrainian Canadian Congress) (Ukrainian Women’s Association of Canada) in 1926. Founded as a voluntary association to overcome illiteracy and to provide mutual assi¬stance in the adaptation of emigrant women and their families, the UCC has over time developed into a full-fledged public organization with a wide range of activity. This became possible due to the well-organized work of the leadership of the Ukrainian Women’s Association of Canada and the change of attitude towards gender equality. One of the important tasks of the Associa¬tion was the fostering of an educated nationally conscious mother and public person, educator of the younger generation, guardian of her religion and traditional customs. In addition to education and art events, the Ukrainian Women’s Association of Canada also organized assistance to the Ukrainian liberation movement by collecting donations to help political prisoners and injured soldiers of the Ukrainian army and shaping the public position and national consciousness of Ukrainian women. Publications in calendars and almanacs of the 1920’s–1930’s clearly testify to the great work done by the Ukrainian Women’s Association of Canada. It was a self-sufficient multi-level organization that effectively encouraged Ukrainian women to work sys¬tematically in the community and their family. Keywords: Ukrainian diaspora of Canada, women’s movement, Ukrainian Women’s Association of Canada, liberals, calendars, “Ukrainian Voice”.

Kunti’s cry: Responses in India to the cause of emigrant women, Fiji 1913–16

The publication in August 1913 of a letter attributed to Kunti, an Indian woman in Fiji, raised an outcry in India. First, the Hindi press took it up; then the Marwaris of Calcutta organised a campaign for the relief of emigrant labourers; and finally, the protection of Indian women in Fiji became a part of the nationalist campaign against indentured labour. This article examines the ideological basis of the agitation, arising from traditional male chauvinism merging with the anti-colonial upsurge, treating especially the reaction in the Hindi press, the Marwari intervention and the nationalist campaign.

Jennifer Redmond. Moving Histories: Irish Women's Emigration to Britain from Independence to Republic. Reappraisals in Irish History 14. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2018. Pp. 304. £120.00 (cloth).

Jennifer Redmond. Moving Histories: Irish Women's Emigration to Britain from Independence to Republic. Reappraisals in Irish History 14. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2018. Pp. 304. £120.00 (cloth). - Volume 59 Issue 4

WOMEN EMIGRATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THEIR FAMILIES IN GOA : A CASE STUDY OF USGAO VILLAGE

Emigration is the relocation of the people from one country to another. In last two decades or so, increased number of woman migrants has gone abroad. In India, female migration is closely interconnected with the male migration indicating that women accompany men after marriage. In Goa, migration of women to industrialized developed countries and the Middle East countries is on the rise mostly to the United Kingdom followed by the countries of Middle East. The study was conducted to determine emigration of women and its impact on the life of their families left behind in Usgao village of Dharbandora Taluka of Goa. The study is carried out using primary data obtained from administration of questionnaires and personal interviews supplemented by secondary data. Women emigration has prevailed in the age group of 20- 45 years, which comprises of both married and unmarried woman. Low wages in the home country and the demand for female labour in the foreign countries offering high wages are the main push and pull factors of international migration of women from the study area. Women emigration has added income level of the family and has enhanced the standard of living among the emigrating families. It has left its drawbacks such as emigration of women has made the life of the children and the elderly members of the family difficult as the migrant women used to take care of all the members of the family in general and children and elderly in particular in addition, they were handling all the household affairs of the family. Emigration of women thus, has increased women’s access to economic resources and has improved their autonomy and status but its negative impact on the families is significant. Keywords: women migration; emigration; remittances; better standard of living; emotion

Seeking Sanctuary: Violence Against Women in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala.

This article identifies the way spaces of violence operate within gendered hierarchies in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. As migration accelerates, gender-related differences become evident. Strong push factors underlined by patriarchal power systems and hypermasculine spaces have normalized violence against women. Using data from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), and local data from the three countries, this article illustrates how gender inequalities sustain the emigration of women. The study also evaluates how the interweaving of female murders has further ostracized women and forced them to flee their home countries in search of sanctuary.

The Development of International Education towards Migration Abroad by Indonesian Women

The study aimed to determine the degree of empowerment education towards ex-migrant women in the economic field, to explore the use of remittance sent by emigrant women to their families, and to identify the role of ex-migrant women to educate the community. A mixed-method research approach was used to obtain comprehensive information with questionnaire and in-depth interview with 45 participants. The research was undertaken in Subang, West Java, Indonesia, which was chosen due to the large number of Indonesian workers. The results of the study showed that women, who have migrated overseas for work, obtained a lot of international education experience, especially in terms of economic empowerment, and as a result were able to undertake economic activities upon returning to their home, such as opening a small food stall, and working in small to medium enterprises making and selling handicrafts as well as teaching Arabic language. The research also showed that the use of remittance by the families of ex-migrant women generally takes the form of material (economic) for day-to-day need, tuition fee and investment. The research concluded that ex-migrant women appear to gain international education experience, economic and social empowerment and have a willingness to educate and share their experience in community activities such as mutual cooperation, social gathering, and also in Posyandu (local health center) activities. Continuous investment in skills has not been done entirely by ex-migrant women. The results of working abroad are still used to meet daily needs.

‘Russian Wives’: at the International Marriage Market

The international marriage market is considered both as a demographic category and as a socio-cultural phenomenon formed under the influence of international migration. The scale of the marriage emigration increased sharply after the collapse of the USSR. ‘Russian wives’ phenomenon has become a kind of sociocultural brand in the international marriage market. It includes women from Russia and post-Soviet countries who speak Russian and have a Slavic appearance. There were four directions of marriage emigration of Russian and Russian-speaking women: North American, European, Asian, and Middle Eastern. Many ‘Russian wives’ are well adapted and successfully integrated in host countries. Some of them face difficulties and barriers: poor language skills, mental and cultural differences. Sometimes misunderstanding leads to a break in relations with husbands. However, Russian and Russian-speaking women rarely return to their homeland in the case of divorce and try to re-find a husband abroad. Marriage emigration of women from Russia in the vast majority of cases becomes irrevocable, and therefore the country loses its female population, its gene pool. The increase of marriage migration has led to establishment of the infrastructure of the marriage market on international scale. In addition the shadow sector of this market was formed represented by groups engaged in illegal activities related to trafficking.

‘Left-behind’ to ‘get-ahead’? Youth futures in localities

ABSTRACT This paper explores how left behind children (LBCs) of emigrant women experience and make use of familial and educational investment on ‘getting ahead’ in thinking about their futures. On the one hand, these efforts of Filipino families figure in the imaginary of transnational migration as the ticket to better life. On the other hand, it surfaces in Philippine education’s desire for global competitiveness through educational reform. This paper argues that these attachments to ‘getting ahead’ in life and in education have resulted to LBCs being ‘left behind’ in physical, structural, and figurative terms. They grapple with these failed promises by tapping into local collective solidarities and breaking away from previously circulated imaginaries of the good life in assessing potential mobile futures.

Moving histories: Irish women's emigration to Britain from independence to republic. By Jennifer Redmond. Pp xii + 278. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 2018. £80.

Moving histories: Irish women's emigration to Britain from independence to republic. By Jennifer Redmond. Pp xii + 278. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 2018. £80.

Marriage Emigration of Russian Women: Causes, Trends, Effects

The article discusses the trends of female emigration from Russia after the collapse of the USSR. A comparative study with data from foreign statistics, opinion polls of experts show that the phenomenon of “Russian wives” has become a very common phenomenon on a global scale. The article analyzes the factors and causes of marital emigration of women from Russia. Factors contributing to the marital emigration of Russian women abroad were also highlighted. At the heart of emigration are “pushing” socio-economic and demographic factors of Russia. As attracting - to a greater extent subjective-psychological. On the basis of a comparative analysis of Russian and foreign statistics, an attempt was made to assess the scope and geography of the phenomenon of marital emigration from Russia. The key areas of emigration of Russian women after the collapse of the USSR, which include the USA, European countries, and Asian countries (Japan, Korea, China, Middle East countries) have become popular in recent years. The structure and institutions in Russia that contribute to the marriage emigration of women and their entry into the international marriage market have been determined. Also identified risks associated with the relocation of women abroad in order to enter into marriage, including involvement in traffic, sexual and labor exploitation, becoming addicted.