Embedding Rate Research Articles

Preparation and Embedding Characterization of Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/Menthyl Acetate Microcapsules with Enhanced Stability.

Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)/menthyl acetate (MA) microcapsules were developed to overcome the volatile and unstable defects of MA and improve the ease of use and storage. MA microcapsules were prepared via spray drying using HP-β-CD as the wall material. The embedding rate of MA microcapsules was determined through gas chromatography. The embedding characteristics were studied using phase solubility and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The stability was characterized via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the release and retention rates of MA microcapsules at different temperatures. The embedding rate of HP-β-CD /MA microcapsules was 96.3%. The Gibbs free energy change, enthalpy change and entropy change of the embedding reaction between HP-β-CD and MA were all less than zero, indicating that the embedding process was a spontaneous exothermic reaction. NMR spectra showed that MA entered the cavity of HP-β-CD through the large opening end and interacted with the inner wall of the small opening end. DSC and the release and retention rates of MA microcapsules at different temperatures showed that the stability of MA was significantly enhanced after being embedded in HP-β-CD. The HP-β-CD/MA microcapsules are able to significantly improve the stability of MA and reduce the volatilization of MA.

Integrating Coordinate Transformation and Random Sampling Into High-Capacity Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Polygonal Models

Reversible data hiding in encrypted media involves using algorithms to perform data encryption to improve the privacy of the original media and hide data for covert communication or access control. This study explores the feasibility of applying coordinate transformation and random sampling to enhance the embedding rate and total embedding capacity of separable reversible data hiding in encrypted polygonal models based on multiple most significant bit (multi-MSB) prediction and Huffman coding. We first transform each vertex coordinate value of the input model into a decimal value between 0 and 1 and then convert the value into numerous binary digits with a user-defined compression threshold. Thereafter, the random sampling concept is used to generate embeddable vertices with only partial neighboring vertices as a reference. Thus, the embedding rate and total embedding capacity can both be increased considerably. The multi-MSB prediction technique is adopted to obtain the embedding capacity of each embeddable vertex, each vertex coordinate value in the proposed study can have a respective embedding length. Finally, the auxiliary information compressed through Huffman coding and an encrypted secret message are embedded in the multi-MSB of each embeddable vertex coordinate value through bit substitution. The experimental results of this study indicate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.

Reversible Data Hiding in Shared Images Based on Syndrome Decoding and Homomorphism

Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images (RDHEI) has drawn increasing concern in multimedia cloud computing scenarios. It embeds secret message into the encrypted carrier while preserving the confidentiality of the image. However, most RDHEI schemes have only one hider and one image carrier which are not efficient for the distributed system with multiple participants. Moreover, if the stego-image is lost, the cover image and the embedded data cannot be restored. To solve above issues, this paper proposes Reversible Data Hiding in Shared Images based on syndrome decoding and homomorphism (RDHSI). In RDHSI, the cover image and secret data are distributed using secret sharing. Multiple data hiders embed shared data into the shared images based on the Syndrome Decoding of Hamming codes and the additive homomorphism of the polynomial. On the receiver side, the lossless cover image and secret data are obtained. The reversibility and privacy preserving of the cover image, the complete extraction of secret data, and the fault-tolerance of the proposed schemes are achieved. The experimental results show that PSNR of the marked image is above 54 dB at the embedding rate of 0.43 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">bpp</i> . In order to improve the payload of secret data, the Modified RDHSI is further proposed. Generally, the proposed schemes are secure, effective and fault-tolerant.

IDGAN: Information-Driven Generative Adversarial Network of Coverless Image Steganography

Traditional image steganography techniques complete the steganography process by embedding secret information into cover images, but steganalysis tools can easily detect detectable pixel changes that lead to the leakage of confidential information. The use of a generative adversarial network (GAN) makes it possible to embed information using a combination of information and noise in generating images to achieve steganography. However, this approach is usually accompanied by issues such as poor image quality and low steganography capacity. To address these challenges, we propose a steganography model based on a novel information-driven generative adversarial network (IDGAN), which fuses a GAN, attention mechanisms, and image interpolation techniques. We introduced an attention mechanism on top of the original GAN model to improve image accuracy. In the generation model, we replaced some transposed convolution operations with image interpolation for better quality of dense images. In contrast to traditional steganographic methods, the IDGAN generates images containing confidential information without using cover images and utilizes GANs for information embedding, thus having better anti-detection capability. Moreover, the IDGAN uses an attention mechanism to improve the image details and clarity and optimizes the steganography effect through an image interpolation algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the IDGAN achieves an accuracy of 99.4%, 95.4%, 93.2%, and 100% on the MNIST, Intel Image Classification, Flowers, and Face datasets, respectively, with an embedding rate of 0.17 bpp. The model effectively protects confidential information while maintaining high image quality.

Mathematical Analysis of the Vibratory Pile Driving Rate

Vibratory piling technology does not require analytical tools to predict displacement rates and arising forces. The authors consider the problem of vibratory driving of a pile into a homogeneous unsaturated sandy massif under the action of static and dynamic loads. The purpose of this study is to develop a new analytical solution to the problem of the vibratory pile driving rate in a homogeneous sand base taking vibration creep into account. The solution is provided for the quasi-dynamic problem statement (inertial terms in equations of motion are neglected): the sand medium develops viscous properties due to vibration under the action of the dynamic component of the load, and a pile is driven into the viscous sand base due to the static component of the vertical load. The obtained mathematical model converges with the results of laboratory flume and field experiments performed by other researchers earlier, where the pile vibratory embedding rate increased along with an increase in static loading, the amplitude of dynamic load, and vibration frequency. It can be used to predict the pile or sheet pile driving rate into the unsaturated sand base under the action of vibration, and also to evaluate the necessary parameters of pile driving to obtain the required value of the pile embedding rate.

Dual efficient reversible data hiding using Hamming code and OPAP

Dual image based RDH is a separate research area of the traditional RDH method, which has been continuously studied by several researchers over the past decade. In the research of dual RDH, extension of the traditional RDH algorithm or methods of improving the existing DH algorithm to dual RDH have been proposed. Hamming code (HC) is a method used as a DH method, but it is not applied to RDH. In this paper, we propose a dual RDH method using Hamming codes. Previously, Jana et al. proposed HC(7,4)-based dual RDH, but in terms of performance, it showed a weakness that did not reach the performance of the previously proposed RDH. In this paper, we propose a dual RDH scheme using Hamming code and OPAP. As previously suggested by Jana et al. The performance of dual RDH of HC(7,4) has been greatly improved. In this paper, HC(3,1) is used to significantly improve data hiding capacity and image quality, i.e., since this method conceals 2-bit secret data in 3 pixels using the OPAP method and the Hamming code, the embedding rate is 1.0 bpp and the average of the two marked images is measured as 51 dB. With the efficiency of the proposed coding method, it is possible to maintain high image quality. As a result of the experiment, our proposed data hiding capacity greatly outperformed the method proposed by Jana et al., and compared to the existing methods, it was almost similar in capacity and showed good performance in terms of image quality.

Patients electronic heath records safeguarding mechanism based on data hiding and blockchain

The diagnosis of patients is significantly influenced by medical imaging. These images are frequently transmitted over the network for timely and accurate diagnosis. On the external networks, these medical images are prone to attack. Therefore, medical images are encrypted before transmission; this single layer of protection is not sufficient. Recently, the idea of embedding patient personal information, such as patient identity and medical records, in medical images via reversible data hiding (RDH) in the encrypted image has been proposed. Still, these schemes suffer from low embedding rates. In this paper, a RDH mechanism based on an interpolation scheme and histogram shifting is highlighted. In the proposed method, the achievable embedding capacity (EC) is 1 bit per pixel (bpp). The image encryption is achieved using blockchain technology based on 3 keys. The proposed blockchain mechanism is safe from external attacks. The results are compared with the state-of-the-art methods for both digital and medical images to validate the usefulness of the proposed method.

Immobilized glucoamylase based on ZIF-8: Preparation, response surface optimization, characterization.

The glucoamylase@ZIF-8 was prepared using ZIF-8 material as the carrier in this study. The preparation process was optimized by response surface methodology, and the stability of glucoamylase@ZIF-8 was determined. The material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the optimum preparation process of glucoamylase@ZIF-8 was 1.65mol 2-methylimidazole, 5.85mL glucoamylase, 33°C stirring temperature, 90min stirring time, and 84.0230%±0.6006% embedding rate. At 100°C, the free glucoamylase completely lost its activity, whereas the glucoamylase@ZIF-8 still had a retained enzyme activity of 12.0123%±0.86158%; at pH 3-6, the highest activity of glucoamylase@ZIF-8 was 95.9531%±0.96181%, and about 80% of glucoamylase activity could be retained under alkaline conditions. When the ethanol concentration was 13%, the retained enzyme activity was 7.9316%±0.19805%, significantly higher than free enzymes. The Km of glucoamylase@ZIF-8 and free enzyme were 1235.6825 and 80.317mg/mL, respectively. Vmax was 0.2453 and 0.149mg/(mLmin), respectively. The appearance, crystal strength, and thermal stability of glucoamylase@ZIF-8 were improved after optimization, and they had high reusability.

Preparation and Application of a Natural Microspheric Soil Conditioner Based on Gelatin, Sodium Alginate, and Zeolite

In this work, a type of natural microspheric soil conditioner, PZ(Fe)/GL-SA-Urea, was prepared by emulsion cross-linking and sharp-hole coagulation bath methods. Gelatin (GL) and sodium alginate (SA) were selected as the outermost shell, and the prepared FeOOH was loaded on pickling zeolite (PZ) to improve the loading ratio of urea. The embedding performance and sustained release behavior of the microspheres showed that when the concentration of urea was 1.5%, the embedding rate reached 37.63%, and the cumulative release rate reached 68% within 100 h, indicating that the microsphere had good encapsulation and sustained release abilities. In addition, the water retention and swelling behaviors of the microspheres can be obtained by controlling the content of added GL. Furthermore, antibacterial and planting experiments revealed that the microspheres had excellent antibacterial effects and can effectively improve soil quality and promote crop growth. Therefore, the PZ(Fe)/GL-SA-Urea microsphere soil conditioners possess good application properties and provide fresh solutions to improve soil quality and raise crop yields.

Numerical Analysis of the Diversity of Keyboard Instrument Playing Fingerings

Abstract Fingering is the foundation of keyboard instrument performance and an important part of keyboard music, but few people pay attention to its development. The evolution from the early variety of playing fingerings to the thumb-centered five-fingerings is even less mentioned. At present, steganographic analysis mainly focuses on the diversity and high dimensionality of features. Faced with the emerging new steganography, it is difficult for a single feature to cover and express the influence of steganography process on the multi-dimensional distribution of images. Therefore, it is necessary to combine various features through certain methods to analyze the changes of image properties before and after steganography embedding in a larger range and more types. The experimental results show that the experimental comparison diagram of Comb-RichModel based on diversity features and other steganographic analysis algorithms can be seen by replacing filtering and adding SPAM features. Compared with numerical analysis, the detection accuracy of the Comb-RichModel with diversified features has been improved to some extent, and its detection performance has improved stably from low embedding rate to high embedding rate. It is proved that the numerical analysis can effectively analyze the diversity characteristics of keyboard instrument playing fingerings.

Efficient reversible data hiding via two layers of double-peak embedding

Reversible data hiding continues to attract significant attention in recent years. In particular, an increasing number of authors focus on the higher significant bit (HSB) plane of an image which can yield more redundant space. On the other hand, the lower significant bit planes are often ignored for embedding in existing schemes due to their harm to the embedding rate. This paper proposes an efficient reversible data hiding scheme via a double-peak two-layer embedding (DTLE) strategy with prediction error expansion. The higher six-bit planes of the image are assigned as the HSB plane, and double prediction error peaks are applied in either embedding layer. This makes fuller use of the redundancy space of images compared with the one error peak strategy. Moreover, we carry out the median-edge detector pre-processing for complex images to reduce the size of the auxiliary information. A series of experimental results show that our DTLE approach makes better performance on the scenarios of high capacity embedding and achieves up to 83% higher embedding rate on real-world datasets, BOSSbase, BOWS2 and UCID, than the state-of-the-art approaches while guaranteeing better image quality.

Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Image Based on Bit-Plane Redundancy of Prediction Error

In this paper, we propose a reversible data hiding scheme in an encrypted image based on bit-plane redundancy of prediction error. The scheme greatly improves the embedding capacity while maintaining lossless image recovery and error-free secret data extraction. Firstly, the original image is preprocessed to obtain the prediction error image. After the error matrix is divided into blocks, the corresponding block type is obtained. Secondly, the predicted error image is encrypted with stream cipher and the encryption matrix blocks are scrambled to ensure the security of the scheme. Finally, after embedding the block type value into the encrypted image, the spare room corresponding to each block was obtained, which was used to embed the secret data. The scheme makes full use of the spatial correlation of the pixels in the block, so it improves the embedding rate. By selecting 100 images in each dataset of BOSSbase and BOWS-2, when the block size is 3×3, the average embedding rate of our scheme can reach 3.56 bpp and 3.81 bpp, respectively. The performance of the proposed method is better than the other schemes with similar properties.

A prediction error based reversible data hiding scheme in encrypted image using block marking and cover image pre-processing.

A drastic change in communication is happening with digitization. Technological advancements will escalate its pace further. The human health care systems have improved with technology, remodeling the traditional way of treatments. There has been a peak increase in the rate of telehealth and e-health care services during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These implications make reversible data hiding (RDH) a hot topic in research, especially for medical image transmission. Recovering the transmitted medical image (MI) at the receiver side is challenging, as an incorrect MI can lead to the wrong diagnosis. Hence, in this paper, we propose a MSB prediction error-based RDH scheme in an encrypted image with high embedding capacity, which recovers the original image with a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of dB and structural similarity index (SSIM) value of 1. We scan the MI from the first pixel on the top left corner using the snake scan approach in dual modes: i) performing a rightward direction scan and ii) performing a downward direction scan to identify the best optimal embedding rate for an image. Banking upon the prediction error strategy, multiple MSBs are utilized for embedding the encrypted PHR data. The experimental studies on test images project a high embedding rate with more than 3 bpp for 16-bit high-quality DICOM images and more than 1 bpp for most natural images. The outcomes are much more promising compared to other similar state-of-the-art RDH methods.

Blockchain Enabled Interpolation Based Reversible Data Hiding Mechanism for Protecting Records

A diagnosis can be made using a lot of the crucial information contained in medical snaps. Medical images have become a target for malicious attacks due to the requirement for regular communication in order to provide flexibility and accurate diagnosis. In order to protect medical images, encryption algorithms are used. Because of this, medical photos are encrypted before being transmitted; yet, this is only one layer of security. Reversible Data Hiding (RDH) techniques have recently been used to incorporate private data into medical images. This enables efficient and safe communication, and the secretly contained information—such as personal and medical records—is highly helpful for making medical diagnosis. However, the limited embedding capacity of current RDH systems continues to limit their usefulness. In this study, a Reversible Data Hiding method based on a histogram shifting and interpolation scheme is highlighted. The achievable embedding capacity (EC) for the suggested technique is one bit per pixel (bpp) for both digital and medical images. A blockchain-based system based on three keys is used to encrypt the images. The proposed blockchain mechanism is secure against outside threats. To verify the utility of the suggested strategy, the outcomes are compared to cutting-edge techniques for both digital and medical photos. Along with the hash value of the actual medicinal snaps, the private information is preserved on the blockchain. Due to this, all medical photos transmitted through the suggested blockchain network may be monitored. The experiments and analysis are shows that the proposed scheme has excellent security has attained during the entire process. It also achieved high embedding capacity, PSNR, rate and low SSIM throughout the process of data concealing.

A reversible data hiding scheme for sharing medical data

In this paper, we propose a data hiding technique that helps the receiver to extract the secret data and recover the original image. The receiver first creates a pair of keys using Paillier cryptosystem and shares public key with sender. The sender enlarges cover image of size M × N to (2M − 1) × (2N − 1) by inserting one row (column) between two rows (columns), and then divides it into 3 × 3 blocks such that two boundary blocks have a row or a column in common, and two interior blocks have one row and one column in common. The block’s corner pixels, called as seed pixels, belong cover image and others, called as non-seed pixels, are initialized as 1 that are updated while embedding secret data in seed pixels. The block’s central pixels hide a secret bit using the parity and seed pixels are processed clockwise to hide two secret bits in each using separate procedures for even and odd pixels. The seed’s next pixel is multiplied by a fixed number that helps receiver to determine how it was processed at sender side. All pixels are encrypted using Paillier public key, giving a stegoimage, that is transmitted to the receiver. The receiver decrypts the stegoimage using Paillier private key, extracts the secret data and cover image by performing the data extraction process. The embedding rate of proposed method is 2.24 bits per pixel, which is 12 %, 16 %, 89 %, 83 %, 114 %, better than the Bhardwaj, Wang et al., Chen-Chang, Chi et al., Liu et al., respectively.

Lossless Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Image for Multiple Data Hiders Based on Pixel Value Order and Secret Sharing

Reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDH-EI) is instrumental in image privacy protection and data embedding. However, conventional RDH-EI models, involving image providers, data hiders, and receivers, limit the number of data hiders to one, which restricts its applicability in scenarios requiring multiple data embedders. Therefore, the need for an RDH-EI accommodating multiple data hiders, especially for copyright protection, has become crucial. Addressing this, we introduce the application of Pixel Value Order (PVO) technology to encrypted reversible data hiding, combined with the secret image sharing (SIS) scheme. This creates a novel scheme, PVO, Chaotic System, Secret Sharing-based Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Image (PCSRDH-EI), which satisfies the (k,n) threshold property. An image is partitioned into N shadow images, and reconstruction is feasible when at least k shadow images are available. This method enables separate data extraction and image decryption. Our scheme combines stream encryption, based on chaotic systems, with secret sharing, underpinned by the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT), ensuring secure secret sharing. Empirical tests show that PCSRDH-EI can reach a maximum embedding rate of 5.706 bpp, outperforming the state-of-the-art and demonstrating superior encryption effects.

A Novel Adaptive Image Data Hiding and Encryption Scheme Using Constructive Image Abstraction

Image abstraction simplifies complex images, highlights specific features, and preserves different levels of structures to achieve a desired style. This paper presents a constructive and adjustable data hiding algorithm to convey various secret messages and resist modern steganalytic attacks. Our scheme produces an abstracted stego image, while synthesizing an original image during the image abstraction process. Our algorithm is flexible, applicable to two types of images: high-dynamic-range images and ordinary color images, aka low-dynamic-range images. Additionally, we introduce a novel image encryption scheme suitable for the above two types of images, which incorporates a two-dimensional logistic tent modular map and a bit-level random permutation technique, thereby further protecting the content of the stego image and the carried secret messages. Compared with the current state-of-the-art methods, our algorithm provides a 14% to 33% larger embedding rate, while lowering the distortion of the abstracted stego image. A comprehensive security analysis confirmed that our algorithm provides high security to resist statistical, differential, brute force, chosen-plaintext, and chosen key attacks.

Absorption of oenothein B nanoparticles constructed using casein phosphopeptide and chitosan

The Oenothein B (OEB) rich in eucalyptus is a kind of extremely development of prospects of antioxidant activity, but low oral bioavailability limits its application. The novel polyelectrolyte nanoparticle was designed for OEB delivery through the self-assembly of casein phosphopeptides (CPP) and natural active polysaccharides-chitosan (CS). The OEB nanoparticle with small particle size and high embedding rate were constructed to solve the problem of low oral bioavailability of OEB, and its stability as well as in vivo absorption were investigated. The storage stability analysis, digital inverted fluorescence microscopy and emission field scanning electron microscopy showed that the particle size and total amount of OEB nanoparticles did not vary significantly after 96 h of continuous storage at room temperature, and the particle size distribution was uniform, and the particles kept their integrity pH 1.2. The maximum release rate of OEB nanoparticles was only 0.72% in artificial gastric fluid and 21.77% in artificial intestinal fluid. It greatly reduces the risk of its decomposition and plays a better protective role. The results of in vivo absorption showed that OEB nanoparticle gavage mice did not detect OEB in blood and its metabolites except for OEB in gastric juice, indicating that OEB changes in vivo after release. Therefore, although OEB nanoparticles can effectively protect their decomposition in gastrointestinal fluid, it is best to achieve sustained release at the target location in order to improve the absorption and utilization effect.

Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Image via Joint Encoding of Multiple MSB and Pixel Difference

Reversible data hiding in encrypted image (RDHEI) has become a research hotspot, which can effectively protect image content privacy. An RDHEI scheme based on the joint encoding of multiple MSBs (most significant bits) and pixel difference is proposed in this paper. A block-based image encryption method is adopted on the content owner side, which can securely protect the image contents while retaining the spatial correlation within each block. By the joint encoding strategy of multiple MSB and pixel difference, the redundancy within the bit plane is sufficiently compressed to accommodate more additional data; thus, a high embedding rate can be achieved. According to different kinds of available keys, image decryption and data extraction can be separably conducted on the receiver side. Experimental results show that our scheme can achieve a higher embedding rate than some state-of-the-art schemes.

Preparation of enzymolysis porous corn starch composite microcapsules embedding organic sunscreen agents and its UV protection performance and stability

In this paper, a natural composite wall material sunscreen microcapsule was prepared, which significantly improved the SPF value and photostability of the embedded sunscreen agents. Using modified porous corn starch and whey protein as wall materials, the sunscreen agents 2-[4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoyl] benzoic acid hexyl ester and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate were embedded by adsorption, emulsion, encapsulation and solidification. The embedding rate of the obtained sunscreen microcapsules was 32.71 % and the average size was 7.98 μm; the enzymatic hydrolyzed starch formed a porous structure, its X-ray diffraction pattern did not change significantly, and the specific volume and oil absorption rate increased by 39.89 % and 68.32 %, respectively, compared with those before enzymatic hydrolyzed; The porous surface of the starch after embedding the sunscreen was covered and sealed with whey protein. 120 h sunscreen penetration rate was lower than 12.48 %; Compared with the lotion containing the same amount of sunscreen but not encapsulated, the SPF value of the lotion containing sunscreen microcapsules increased by 62.24 %, and the photostability of sunscreen microcapsules increased by 66.28 % within 8 h under the irradiation intensity of 25 w/m2. The wall material and the preparation method are natural and environmentally friendly, and have a good application prospect in low-leakage drug delivery system.