Organic Chemistry Research Articles

Variety and Site Drive Salix Mixture Effects on Soil Organic Matter Chemistry and Soil Carbon Accumulation

Variety and Site Drive Salix Mixture Effects on Soil Organic Matter Chemistry and Soil Carbon Accumulation

Systematic Literature Review: A Fun Organic Chemistry Learning Experience with Educational Games

This article examines organic chemistry educational games developed between 2017-2023. The purpose of this study is to find out the types of educational games that are most developed, organic chemistry materials that have been developed in the form of educational games, and the positive impact of educational games in studying organic chemistry. The method used in this study is a systematic literature review. The systematic literature review is carried out in three stages, namely the planning stage, the implementation stage, and the reporting stage. Based on the results of the study, 38 articles were obtained by the criteria and further analysis was carried out. The results of the analysis show that organic chemistry educational games are developed with various types of games both in digital and non-digital forms. The most developed organic chemistry educational games are strategy video games and card games. The most developed material in the form of educational games is the molecular structure of organic compounds which is shown to deepen students' understanding in organic chemistry courses.

Gas-Phase Characterization of Redox-Active Manganese Complexes.

Manganese complexes exhibit a rich redox chemistry, usually accompanied by structural reorganization during the redox processes often followed by ligand dissociation or association. The push-pull ligand 2,6-diguanidylpyridine (dgpy) stabilizes manganese in the oxidation states +II, +III, and + IV in the complexes [Mn(dgpy)2]n+ (n = 2-4) without change in the coordination sphere in the condensed phase [Heinze et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 2022, 61, 14616]. In the condensed phase, the manganese(IV) complex is a very strong oxidant. In the present work, we investigate the stability and redox activity of the MnIV complex and its counterion (PF6-) adducts in the gas phase, using two modified 3D Paul ion trap mass spectrometers. Six different cationic species of the type [Mnx(dgpy)2(PF6)y]n+ (x = II, III, IV, y = 0-3, n = 1-3) could be observed for the three oxidation states MnIV, MnIII, and MnII, of which one observed complex also contains a reduced dgpy ligand. MnII species showed the highest relative stability in collision induced dissociation and UV/vis photo dissociation experiments. The lowest stability is observed in the presence of one or more counterions, which correlates to a lower total charge n+. Gas phase UV/vis spectra show similar features as the condensed phase spectra only differing in relative band intensities. The strongly oxidizing MnIV complex reacts with triethylamine (NEt3) in the gas phase to give MnIII, while MnIII species show little reactivity toward NEt3.

Study of Nausea and Vomiting can be Symptoms of Many Different Conditions

Abstract: Before the twentieth century, drugs used for the treatment of diseases were obtained from natural sources like plants, animals, microorganisms, and minerals, and among them, plants were the major source of natural drugs. At present, most of the drugs are obtained from synthetic and biosynthetic sources. The nature was once served as the source of all medicaments and plants, especially the higher plants have been continuing the service since antiquity as important sources of novel compounds useful directly as medicinal agents, as model compounds for synthetic or semi-synthetic structure modifications and optimization, as biochemical and/or pharmacological probes, and as sources of inspiration for generations of synthetic organic medicinal chemists. Plant-derived compounds which have recently under- gone development include the anti-cancer agents, taxol and camptothecin, the Chinese antimalarial drug, artemisinin, and the East Indian Ayurvedic drug, for-skolin. These and many other examples serve to illustrate the continuing value of plant-derived secondary metabolites as viable compounds for modern drug devel- opment (Newman et al. 2003; Newman and Cragg 2007). Natural sources are most primitive and abundant. Drugs obtained from the natural sources include a. Plant, b. Animal, c. Microbial, d. Marine, e. Mineral, and f. Geographical sources. Plant, Animal, Microbial and Marine may be put under common heads—the biological sources.

The influence of representations on task difficulty in organic chemistry: an exploration using a novel paired-items test instrument

ABSTRACT The intricate relationship between representational competence and content knowledge in organic chemistry has been widely debated, and the ways in which representations contribute to task difficulty, particularly in assessment, remain unclear. This paper presents a multiple-choice test instrument for assessing individuals’ knowledge of fundamental concepts – such as nomenclature and basic reaction mechanisms – in organic chemistry using item pairs with and without representations. We conducted a pilot test of the instrument with 55 undergraduate students and administered the final version to 357 undergraduate chemistry students from seven German universities. We used the Rasch methodology for psychometric analysis to identify sound and reliable test properties. A task-difficulty comparison revealed no differences between the item pairs with and those without representations. Hierarchical regression suggests that the complexity and cognitive processes involved in a task influence its difficulty. Our data suggest that the relationship between representational competence and content knowledge may not be disentangled when item difficulty is considered. We argue that representational competence and content knowledge might not represent separate constructs, which is in line with the literature on representational dilemmas: representations cannot be taught without content knowledge, and content knowledge cannot be taught without the use of representations.

Advancements in Palladium-Catalyzed formic acid Dehydrogenation: Greening carbon monoxide synthesis in synthetic organic chemistry

The diverse applications of carbon monoxide-containing compounds make the construction of the carbonylation scaffolds, thus attracts the interest of synthetic chemist for exploitation. This review comprehensively summarize the significant advancement of the Pd-catalyzed an efficient and mild carbonylative reactions, with an emphasis on approaches for the generation of carbon monoxide intermediate from formic acid that offers an opportunities to overcome obstacles in the pharmacuticals. Among the CO surrogates, formic acid are more cheaper and environmentally benign methods gained considerable attention with the emergence of newer methods and are advantageous in terms of their good availability, and ease of handling. We have summarized the recent development in carbonylation reactions using formic acid as a surrgoate from past decade. We believe that we discuss provide an overview regarding the the recent progress, challenges, opportunities and future outcomes in the area of the carbonylation chemistry using formic acid available as an Carbon monoxide source.

Lipid-Based Catalysis Demonstrated by Bilayer-Enabled Ester Hydrolysis.

Lipids have not traditionally been considered likely candidates for catalyzing reactions in biological systems. However, there is significant evidence that aggregates of amphiphilic compounds are capable of catalyzing reactions in synthetic organic chemistry. Here, we demonstrate the potential for the hydrophobic region of a lipid bilayer to provide an environment suitable for catalysis by means of a lipid aggregate capable of speeding up a chemical reaction. By bringing organic molecules into the nonpolar or hydrophobic region of a lipid bilayer, reactions can be catalyzed by individual or collections of small, nonpolar, or amphiphilic molecules. We demonstrate this concept by the ester hydrolysis of calcein-AM to produce a fluorescent product, which is a widely used assay for esterase activity in cells. The reaction was first carried out in a two-phase octanol-water system, with the organic phase containing the cationic amphiphiles cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or octadecylamine. The octanol phase was then replaced with phospholipid vesicles in water, where the reaction was also found to be carried out. The reaction was monitored using quantitative fluorescence, which revealed catalytic turnover numbers on a scale of 10-7 to 10-8 s-1 for each system, which is much slower than enzymatic catalysis. The reaction product was characterized by 1H-NMR measurements, which were consistent with ester hydrolysis. The implications of thinking about lipids and lipid aggregates as catalytic entities are discussed in the context of biochemistry, pharmacology, and synthetic biology.

Towards Construction of the “Periodic Table” of 1-Methylbenzotriazole

Metal complexes of benzotriazole-type ligands continue to attract the intense interest of many inorganic chemistry groups around the world for a variety of reasons, including their aesthetically beautiful structures, physical properties and applications. 1-methylbenzotriazole (Mebta) is the N-substituted archetype of the parent 1H-benzotriazole. The first attempt to build a “periodic table” of Mebta, which includes its complexes with several metal ions, is described in this work. This, at first glance, trivial ligand has led to interesting results in terms of the chemistry, structures and properties of its metal complexes. This work reviews the to-date published coordination chemistry of Mebta with Mn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(I), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pd(II), Au(I) and {UVIO2}2+, with emphasis on their preparations, reactivity, structures and properties. Unpublished results from our group comprising other Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes, as well as Cd(II), Hg(II), Ag(I), In(III) and Sn(IV) ones are briefly reported. Mebta can also provide access to 1D and 3D heterometallic thiocyanato-bridged Co(II)/Hg(II) and Ni(II)/Hg(II) compounds. In almost all cases, Mebta behaves as a monodentate ligand with the nitrogen of position 3 of the azole ring as the donor atom. However, there are two copper complexes in which this molecule adopts a bidentate bridging coordination behavior. Our efforts to complete the “periodic table” of Mebta are continued.

Metal-Free Ring-Opening Polymerization of Propylene Oxide: Synthesis and Characterization of Polyether in the Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory

Metal-Free Ring-Opening Polymerization of Propylene Oxide: Synthesis and Characterization of Polyether in the Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory

Evolution of a Biocatalysis CURE for Organic Chemistry Students

Evolution of a Biocatalysis CURE for Organic Chemistry Students

Synthesis of Nitro Derivatives of Pyrocatechin as Potential Biologically Active Precursors

AbstractAromatic nitro compounds are important intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry. In this work, catechol was used as raw materials, and nitro‐catechol derivatives with different alkylation substitutions were synthesized using two different synthetic routes. More than 15 new previously undescribed compounds were obtained. Each compound was meticulously characterized using a suite of physicochemical techniques, with selective compounds further analyzed via X‐Ray diffraction to ascertain their structure. These newly synthesized compounds hold significant promise as candidates for further chemical modification, which underlines their potential usefulness in the field of the fine synthesis of organic compounds.

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Directed C-H Bond Functionalization with Iodonium Ylides: A Review of the Last 5 Years.

Transition-metal-catalyzed directed C-H functionalization with various carbene precursors has been widely employed for constructing a wide range of complex and diverse active molecules through metal carbene migratory insertion processes. Among various carbene precursors, iodonium ylides serve as a novel and emerging carbene precursor with features including easy accessibility, thermal stability and high activity, which have attracted great attention from organic chemists and have achieved tremendous success in organic transformation. In this review, recent progress on the application of iodonium ylides with multifunctional coupling characteristics in C-H bond activation reactions is summarized, and the potential of iodonium ylides is discussed.

Electrochemically Generated Carbocations in Organic Synthesis.

This Minireview examines a selection of case studies that showcase distinctive and enabling electrochemical approaches that have allowed for the generation and reaction of carbocation intermediates under mild conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the progress that has been made in this area of organic synthesis and polymer chemistry over the past decade.

Hydrodeuteroalkylation of Unactivated Olefins Using Thianthrenium Salts

AbstractIsotopically labeled alkanes play a crucial role in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. While some deuterated methylating agents are readily available, the limited accessibility of other deuteroalkyl reagents has hindered the synthesis of corresponding products. In this study, we introduce a nickel‐catalyzed system that facilitates the synthesis of various deuterium‐labeled alkanes through the hydrodeuteroalkylation of d2‐labeled alkyl TT salts with unactivated alkenes. Diverging from traditional deuterated alkyl reagents, alkyl thianthrenium (TT) salts can effectively and selectively introduce deuterium at α position of alkyl chains using D2O as the deuterium source via a single‐step pH‐dependent hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE). Our method allows for high deuterium incorporation, and offers precise control over the site of deuterium insertion within an alkyl chain. This technique proves to be invaluable for the synthesis of various deuterium‐labeled compounds, especially those of pharmaceutical relevance.

Hydrodeuteroalkylation of Unactivated Olefins Using Thianthrenium Salts.

Isotopically labeled alkanes play a crucial role in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. While some deuterated methylating agents are readily available, the limited accessibility of other deuteroalkyl reagents has hindered the synthesis of corresponding products. In this study, we introduce a nickel-catalyzed system that facilitates the synthesis of various deuterium-labeled alkanes through the hydrodeuteroalkylation of d2-labeled alkyl TT salts with unactivated alkenes. Diverging from traditional deuterated alkyl reagents, alkyl thianthrenium (TT) salts can effectively and selectively introduce deuterium at α position of alkyl chains using D2O as the deuterium source via a single-step pH-dependent hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE). Our method allows for high deuterium incorporation, and offers precise control over the site of deuterium insertion within an alkyl chain. This technique proves to be invaluable for the synthesis of various deuterium-labeled compounds, especially those of pharmaceutical relevance.

Mechanochemical Synthesis of a Sodium Anion Complex [Na+(2,2,2-cryptand)Na-] and Studies of Its Reactivity: Two-Electron and One-Electron Reductions.

Group 1 metal molecular chemistry is dominated by a +1 oxidation state, while a 0 oxidation state is widespread in the metals. A more exotic, yet still available, oxidation state of group 1 metal is -1, i.e., alkalide. Reported as early as the 1970s, the alkalides appear in every modern inorganic chemistry textbook as an iconic chemical curiosity, yet their reactivity remains unexplored. This is due to their synthetic hurdles. In this work, we report the first facile synthesis of the archetypical alkalide complex, [Na+(2,2,2-cryptand)Na-], which allows us to unveil a versatile reactivity profile of this once exotic species.

Integrating Bifunctional Catalysis into Senior Undergraduate Organic Chemistry: A Laboratory Experiment on the Asymmetric Michael Addition Reaction

Integrating Bifunctional Catalysis into Senior Undergraduate Organic Chemistry: A Laboratory Experiment on the Asymmetric Michael Addition Reaction

An updated review on 1,2,3-/1,2,4-triazoles: synthesis and diverse range of biological potential.

The synthesis of triazoles has attracted a lot of interest in the field of organic chemistry because of its versatile chemical characteristics and possible biological uses. This review offers an extensive overview of the different pathways used in the production of triazoles. A detailed analysis of recent research indicates that triazole compounds have a potential range of pharmacological activities, including the ability to inhibit enzymes, and have antibacterial, anticancer, and antifungal activities. The integration of computational and experimental methods provides a thorough understanding of the structure-activity connection, promoting sensible drug design and optimization. By including triazoles as essential components in drug discovery, researchers can further explore and innovate in the synthesis, biological assessment, and computational studies of triazoles as drugs, exploring the potential therapeutic significance of triazoles.

Catalytic Asymmetric Aza-Electrophilic Additions of 1,1-Disubstituted Styrenes.

Electrophilic addition of alkenes is a textbook reaction that plays a pivotal role in organic chemistry. In the past decades, catalytic asymmetric variants of this important type of reaction have witnessed great achievements by the development of novel catalytic systems. However, enantioselective aza-electrophilic additions of unactivated alkenes, which could provide a transformative strategy for the preparation of synthetically significant nitrogen-containing compounds, still remain a formidable challenge. Herein, we have developed unprecedented Au(I)/NHC-catalyzed asymmetric aza-electrophilic additions of unactivated 1,1-disubstituted styrenes by the utilization of readily available dialkyl azodicarboxylates as electrophilic nitrogen sources. Based on this approach, a series of transformations, including [2 + 2] cycloaddition, intermolecular 1,2-oxyamination, and several types of intramolecular hydrazination-induced cyclizations, have been realized. These transformations provide a previously unattainable platform for the divergent synthesis of hydrazine derivatives, which could also be converted to other nitrogen-containing chiral synthons. Experimental and computational studies support the idea that carbocation intermediates are involved in reaction pathways.

Recent developments in metal-catalysed transamidation of quiescent amides

Amides played a vital role in the development of organic synthesis in recent years. These structural motifs are found in several biologically important synthetic and naturally occurring compounds. Developing efficient methods for their synthesis is crucial for drug discovery. Transamidation is a prominent tool in organic and medicinal chemistry, enabling the replacement of the amine group in an existing amide with new functionalised amines. Additionally, Transamidation process is used significantly in the total synthesis of few naturally occurring compounds. Transamidation reaction has been achieved significantly by using metal catalysis but there are several metal-free approaches have been employed to achieve the same reaction. This review focuses on recent literature concerning metal-catalysed transamidation reactions, highlighting the use of alkaline earth metals, transition metals, lanthanides, actinides, alkali metal salts or complexes, and metalloids. Both catalytic and stoichiometric quantities of catalysts are discussed for their roles in enhancing reaction efficiency.