Nutritional Elements Research Articles

CONTRIBUTION OF MOTHER’S KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER OF FOOD UNIFICATION AS SUPPLEMENTS ON CHILDREN

The manifestation of human resources begins in the womb until the first 1000 days of life. Increased nutritional needs in the body that are not met while in the womb can result in various nutritional problem such as low birth weight, malnutrition, iron deficiency. The completeness of nutritional elements in food is often experienced by toddlers as having an impact on stunting, one of the influencing factors is the mother’s knowledge about the nutritional adequacy of toddlers and how to process food as Makanan Pendamping Air Susu Ibu (MPASI, weaning food) ingredients. The most common commodities in Srigonco village are green bananas, tuna, and red spinach but these commodities are sold at the Bantur market and families only eat rice, salt and crackers. In April 2023 survey through cadres, there were 30 stunted children. The solution offered is in the form of training, mother’s assistance for 3 months in making daily food menu variants using natural ingredients in Srigonco village with the combination of green bananas, tuna, and red spinach as MPASI which are adapted to the child age group. The service implementation procedure provides training and assistance to mothers who have stunted children and are at risk of stunting.

Crop Yield and Balance of Nutrition Elements in the Grain-Steam Crop Rotation in the Conditions of the Dry Steppe of Buryatia

In the field agrochemical experiment, the potential of crop productivity and the balance of nutrition elements in the grain–steam crop rotation with alternating crops of steam–wheat–oats–oats per grain crop under conditions of increased aridization of the climate of the dry-steppe zone of Buryatia were investigated. It was revealed that the main application of N40P40 for grain crops and N40P40K40 for fodder (oats for grain planting) was the most effective among the mineral options and equal in effect and aftereffect to the application of manure 40 t/ha and organo-mineral fertilizer manure 10 t/ha + N50P25K60. A deficiency-free nitrogen balance was obtained when manure was applied at a dose of 11 t/ha of crop rotation area. The use of the recommended dose of mineral nitrogen fertilizers of 30 kg/ha did not compensate for nitrogen losses, its deficit was 12 kg/ha per year. A positive phosphorus balance was obtained when applying phosphorus fertilizers at a dose of 33 kg/ha, as well as the effects and aftereffects of manure 11 t/ha. The potash regime of soils in the experiment was the most deficient, the use of potash fertilizers (30 kg/ha of arable crop rotation), organic and organo-mineral fertilizers could not compensate for the loss of potassium in crop rotation.

The Effect of some Soil Conditioners on the Readiness and Absorption of Nutrients

In the fall of 2022–2023, students from the Department of Plant Production at the Technical College / Musayyib, which is part of the Musayyib project area, conducted a potting experiment under the canopy of the college to investigate the impact of various soil conditioners on nutrient availability and uptake. The experiment followed a completely randomized block design (R.C.B.D.), with four replicates (1, 2, 3, 4 replicates) using four different soil conditioners (humic acid, agricultural sulfur, stucco and vermicompost waste). With 48 treatments across three replicates, we were able to compare means using the L.S.D. (0.05) test for statistical significance. The results showed that the readiness and absorption of nutritional elements were significantly affected by the overlap between the type of conditioners and the number of batches, that agricultural sulfur treatment was significantly superior compared to the rest of the treatments, and that the fourth batch was superior to the first.

Hubungan Pemberian Asi Eksklusif Dengan Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Pada Bayi Usia 7-12 Bulan di Puskesmas BP Nauli Kec. Siantar Marihat, Kota Pematang Siantar Tahun 2023

Breast milk is the perfect and best food for babies, especially babies 0-6 months because it contains the nutritional elements needed for optimal growth and development of babies (Ministry of Health, 2021). Exclusive breastfeeding is breastfeeding for 6 months without giving any drinks or food, including clear water, vitamins and medicine (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2020). Exclusive breastfeeding can be given directly or indirectly. Direct breastfeeding is by breastfeeding, while indirect breastfeeding is done by expressing or pumping breast milk, storing it, and then giving it to the baby. Giving breast milk based on the definition above, the mother is said to give exclusive breast milk if the baby is only given breast milk for the age of 0-6 months, while the mother is said to give non-exclusive breast milk if the baby is given other additional food or drink at the age of 0-6 months (Proverawati, 2015). Exclusive breastfeeding with growth in babies aged 7-12 months at the BP Nauli Community Health Center, Kec. Siantar Marihat Pematangsiantar City In 2023, the majority will be given exclusive breast milk with 18 people growing fat, 15 people will not be given exclusive breast milk with a normal body.The results of the Chi-square test show that with a p-value of 0.000 < 0.05, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and growth in babies aged 7-12 months at the BP Nauli District Health Center. Siantar Marihat, Pematangsiantar City in 2023. Based on the results of the research, it can be seen that out of the 62 respondents, 35 babies were given exclusive breast milk (56.6%) and 27 people were not exclusively breastfed (43.5%). There were 27 mothers who did not give exclusive breast milk to their babies (43.5%). This is due to the mother's lack of knowledge about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding and there are also mothers who work so they say they do not give exclusive breast milk to their babies because of the mother's lack of knowledge about expressed breast milk.

Effect of phosphorus fertilization on nodulation, growth, yield and quality of soybean varieties

Phosphorus is a very important nutritional element that affects soybean growth and nodule nitrogen fixation. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of phosphorus on the growth, yield and quality of different soybean varieties. In this regard, five different doses of phosphorus viz., control (no phosphorus), 50% of the recommended dose (RD) (18 kg ha-1), 100% of RD (36 kg ha-1), 150% of RD (54 kg ha-1) and 200% of RD (72 kg ha-1) were applied on eight distinct soybean varieties namely Shohag, BARI Soybean-5, BARI Soybean-6, PB-1, Binasoybean-1, Binasoybean-2, Binasoybean-3 and Binasoybean-4. The experiment was set up using a randomized complete block design with three replications, Soybean varieties showed variability in terms of plant stature, number of branches plant-1 and number of nodules plant-1. Application of 100% of RD of phosphorus gave maximum plant height, number of branches plant-1 and nodules plant-1 at 45, 60 and 75 DATs. In the case of variety, Binasoybean-1 showed the maximum number of pods plant-1, 100-seed weight, and seed yield. Application of 100% RD of phosphorus exhibited maximum number of branches plant-1, pod length, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, seed yield, protein and oil contents. Considering the interaction effect, Binasoybean-1 responded well to the application of 100% of RD of phosphorus and gave the maximum seed yield with the highest protein content. Finally, it may be concluded that Binasoybean-1 with the application of 100% RD of phosphorus would be recommended to get desirable yield and quality of soybean.

Study on environmental factors affecting the quality of codonopsis radix based on MaxEnt model and all-in-one functional factor

Owing to the increasing market demand of Codonopsis Radix, the cropper blindly cultivates to expand planting area for economic benefits, which seriously affects the quality of Codonopsis Radix. Therefore, this study synthesized 207 batches of Codonopsis Radix and 115 ecological factors, and analyzed the suitable planting areas of Codonopsis pilosula under current and future climate change based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and MaxEnt model. Secondly, we evaluated the quality of Codonopsis Radix based on the all-in-one functional factor including chromatographic fingerprint, the index components, the effective compounds groups, the nutritional components, and the nutritional elements, and the quality regionalization of Codonopsis Radix was analyzed. Finally, the ecological factors affecting the accumulation of effective components of Codonopsis Radix were analyzed. This study found for the first time that the highly suitable area of Codonopsis pilosula was mainly distributed in the Weihe River system and the Bailongjiang River system in Gansu Province. There were differences in the quality of Codonopsis Radix from different ecologically suitable areas based on the all-in-one functional factors, and the comprehensive high-quality area of Codonopsis Radix was mainly distributed in Longnan and Longxi district of Gansu Province. The precipitation, temperature and altitude play a key role in the accumulation of chemical components in the 10 ecological factors affecting the distribution of Codonopsis pilosula. Under future climatic conditions, the highly suitable area of Codonopsis pilosula is decreased.

Experience using organomineral fertilizer on potatoes

Relevance. Potatoes are one of the most important food crops in the Russian Federation and CIS countries. For the normal growth and development of the potato plant, it is necessary to provide sufficient nutrition elements. The modern direction is the selection of drugs based on natural sources that improve the mineral nutrition of plants and meet environmental requirements, which is relevant.Methods. Determination of the effectiveness of the use of organomineral fertilizer Adgelar for foliar top dressing of potato tubers. The objects of the study were potatoes of the Salsa variety and the organomineral fertilizer Adgelar. The experiment was carried out on gray forest soil.Results. It was revealed that foliar fertilization with Adgelar fertilizer contributed to increasing yields and improving the quality of potato tubers of the Salsa variety. The increase in potato yield was 17.5% at a dose of 0.3 l/ ha, 23.2% at a dose of 0.75 l/ha, 31.0% at a dose of 1.2 l/ha. With the use of fertilizer, the number of tubers increased (from 1 m²) by 16 17.8%, the average mass of commercial tubers (from 1 m²) – by 16.3–34.8% compared to the control. The share of the seed fraction of tubers increased by 1.5–6.2%, food – by 1.1–3.2%. The starch content in the dry matter increased (by 8.2–11%). There was a decrease in vitamin C by 7–18% compared to the control. In the variants with fertilizer in doses of 0.3 l/ha and 1.2 l/ha, nitrate nitrogen was higher by 10 and 49 mg, respectively.

Predictive modeling of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in rivers using a machine learning framework: A case study in an urban-rural transitional area in Wenzhou China

Rapid urbanization in China since 1980 generated environmental pressures of non-point source pollution (NPSP) and increased wide public concerns. Excessive quantities of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) is a significant source of aquatic pollution, despite of their roles as essential nutritional elements for aquatic life processes. In this study, we present a new framework using random forest (RF) as a powerful machine learning algorithm driven by geo-datasets to estimate and map the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) at a spatial resolution for the Wen-Rui Tang River (WRTR) watershed, which is a typically urban-rural transitional area in east coastal region of China. A comprehensive GIS database of 26 in-house built environmental variables was adopted to build the predictive models of TN and TP in open waters over the watershed. The performances of the RF regression models were evaluated in comparison with in-situ measurements, and the results indicated the ability of RF regression models to accurately predict the spatiotemporal distribution of N and P concentration in rivers. Charactering the explanatory variable importance measures in the calibrated RF regression model defined the most significant variables impacting N and P contaminations in open waters across the urban-rural transitional area, and the results showed that these variables are aquaculture, direct domestic sewage, industrial wastewater discharges and the changing meteorological variables. Besides, mapping of the TN and TP concentrations across the continuous river at high spatiotemporal resolution (daily, 1 km × 1 km) in this study were informative. The results in this study provided the valuable data to various different stakeholders for managing water quality and pollution control where similar regions with rapid urbanization and a lack of water quality monitoring datasets.

Brain Iron Homeostasis and Mental Disorders.

Iron plays an essential role in various physiological processes. A disruption in iron homeostasis can lead to severe consequences, including impaired neurodevelopment, neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and cancer. Interestingly, the link between mental health disorders and iron homeostasis has not received significant attention. Therefore, our understanding of iron metabolism in the context of psychological diseases is incomplete. In this review, we aim to discuss the pathologies and potential mechanisms that relate to iron homeostasis in associated mental disorders. We propose the hypothesis that maintaining brain iron homeostasis can support neuronal physiological functions by impacting key enzymatic activities during neurotransmission, redox balance, and myelination. In conclusion, our review highlights the importance of investigating the relationship between trace element nutrition and the pathological process of mental disorders, focusing on iron. This nutritional perspective can offer valuable insights for the clinical treatment of mental disorders.

PEMBERIAN EDUKASI GIZI DAN PSIKOLOGI PERKEMBANGAN ANAK KEPADA ORANGTUA SISWA DI SD INPRES OEPURA 3 KOTA KUPANG

School-age children are children aged between 6-12 years. The 6-12 years period is a time when children experience rapid growth and development. Foods that contain nutritional elements are needed for the growth and development process of children. The 2018 Riskesdas results show that nutrition problems in school-age children need attention from all parties. In NTT, the prevalence of very short and short in children aged 5-12 years reached 41.1%, very thin and thin reached 18.5%, and fat and obese 6.1%. One of the efforts to improve the nutritional status of school children is to provide education to parents about balanced nutrition and child development psychology so that there is an increase in maternal knowledge and children's nutritional status. Baseline results at SD Impres Oepura 3 parents have never done nutritional status screening and education on balanced nutrition and psychology of school children's development. The purpose of this community service is to increase parents' knowledge about balanced nutrition and child development psychology and have a picture of the nutritional status of elementary school students. Activities were carried out at SD Inpres Oepura 3. Activities were carried out in the form of counseling using lecture methods and pocket book tools involving parents. Evaluation of activities is carried out in the form of pre-post tests. The results of education have increased parental knowledge by 81.5%.

The Influence of Mineral NPK Fertiliser Rates on Potassium Dynamics in Soil: Data from a Long-Term Agricultural Plant Fertilisation Experiment.

A fertilisation experiment, with the aim to determine the effects of different potassium fertiliser rates and their interactions with nitrogen and phosphorus on field-rotation productivity, potassium balance, fertiliser utilization, and changes in the content of potassium in soil, was carried out in Lithuania between 1971 and 2020. The multi-factorial scheme with 45 treatment plots, where seven rates (including zero) of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilisers were studied. The experimental treatments during the study period were carried out on winter wheat, spring wheat, spring barley, sugar beet, spring rapeseed, and annual and perennial grasses. It was found that potassium fertilisers were the most effective on agricultural crops when used in combination with other major plant nutrients-i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus. The required balance of potassium (K2O) in the soil was measured, when nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers were applied together to compensate for potassium removal; when applying low nitrogen (N) (72 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (P2O5) (64 kg ha-1) fertiliser rates, 128 kg ha-1 of potassium fertilisers are required. When using high nitrogen (180 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (160 kg ha-1) fertiliser rates, 160 kg ha-1 of potassium is needed. The highest potassium uptake, reaching 51.6%, was achieved when plants had been fertilised with nitrogen (108 kg ha-1), phosphorus (96 kg ha-1), and potassium (96 kg ha-1). When fertilising with potassium fertilisers alone, the content of plant-available K2O content in the soil increased, whereas with fertilisation with nitrogen and phosphorus combined K2O content is decreased, except in the plots where the plants had been fertilised with potassium fertiliser at rates of 128 kg ha-1 and higher. Due to the influence of fertilisers, the amount of non-exchangeable potassium in the soil also increased, but relatively little compared to the amount of available potassium content. Thus, one of the main conditions for the effective use of potassium fertilisers is ensuring optimal plant nutrition with other nutrition elements, especially nitrogen and phosphorus.

Millets: A Nutritional Powerhouse With Anti-cancer Potential.

Millets are important food crops widely grown by smallholder farmers in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Millets are rich in protein, dietary fiber, micronutrients, and have a low glycemic index (GI)and desirable bioactive compounds. Due to their higher nutritional content, millets are popularly known as "nutricereals".Coinciding with the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization's declaration of 2023 as the "International Year of Millets," this reviewunderscores the nutritional value of these grains from the Poaceae family. The consumption of nutricereals is associated with several health benefits including lowering of blood sugar levels (diabetes), controlling blood pressure, and providing protection against thyroid, cardiovascular, and cancer diseases. A review of the literature from PubMed and Google Scholar was done focusing on the health benefits and anti-cancer properties of different millets.Millets have a rich content of macronutrients like carbohydrates and proteins, as well as micronutrients and bioactive compounds, including dietary fibers, essential fatty acids, and phytochemicals. This article exploresmillets' nutritional elements, i.e., macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds, and provides insights into the types of carbohydrates present, the prebiotic function of dietary fibers, and millets' low GI. The study identified the mechanisms by which millets may deter cancer growth, focusing on the roles of dietary fibers, plant protease inhibitors, and bioactive peptides.Additionally, it compared the mineral and vitamin content of millets to other common grains, such as rice and wheat, and explored the potential health advantages of millets over other cereal crops. This review systematically investigatedthe health advantages of millets, particularly, their anti-cancer capabilities. Dietary fibers, plant protease inhibitors, and bioactive peptides present in millets have the capacity to induce apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation, and interact with gut microbiota leading to potential anti-cancer effects. This review also identifiedexisting challenges in the bioavailability and effective delivery of millets' bioactive peptides, advocating for further research to maximize their health benefits.

SIDERATION — A FACTOR OF THE FORMATION OF THE MAIN INDICATORS OF THE SOIL IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

The article proves the relevance of using sideral crops in organic farming technologies. The results of scientific research on the use of sideration as an ecologically safe factor in the formation of the main indicators and properties of the soil are analyzed. It is noted that nowadays the cultivation of sideral crops is one of the main alternatives for replacing chemically synthesized fertilizers. Examples of the use of siderates as environmentally safe types of fertilizers that contribute to the restoration of soil fertility and the increase in the yield of agricultural crops are given. It was noted that side crops under organic land use are an effective and productive component of the technology of growing agricultural crops, contribute to improving the structure and quality of the soil, providing mineral nutrition and creating favorable conditions for the growth and development of plants, which affects the increase in yield with the complete rejection of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides. It is noted that when using sideration in organic technologies for growing agricultural crops, it is necessary to make a reasonable selection of sideration crops with a high adaptive potential, taking into account their biological characteristics. The selection of siderates must be carried out taking into account the soil and climatic zone of cultivation, moisture availability and temperature regime of the soil, biological features of growing siderate cultures and the agronomic value of their introduction, features of the effect of siderate on the structure of the soil, its density and porosity, providing the soil with organic matter (humus) and nutritional mineral elements, as well as the yield and quality of agricultural products.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ И УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ САХАРНОЙ СВЕКЛЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ БУИНСКОГО МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОГО РАЙОНА РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article presents the results of an agroecological assessment of the use of mineral fertilizers on sugar beet crops in the Buinsky municipal district over the past eight years (2015-2022). The scientific novelty lies in considering the issue of statistical processing of actual data on sugar beet yields and the level of application of mineral fertilizers for this crop in relation to a specific municipal district, which certainly has practical significance when making management decisions, determining the structure of the specific composition of mineral fertilizers. As a result of the study, the dependence of sugar beet yield on the amount of the main types of mineral fertilizers applied for the period from 2015 to 2022 was analyzed. Correlation analysis of sugar beet yield and the amount of various types of mineral fertilizers applied to this crop revealed the dependence of yield on the amount of potash fertilizers applied.Next, the formula for regression analysis of the dependence of sugar beet yield on the amount of potassium-containing mineral fertilizers was determined. Regression and correlation analyses of sugar beet cultivation have shown that the level of natural fertility of arable soils in the Buinsky district provides only 20 t/ha of root crops. The application of mineral fertilizers ensures the production of 35,5 t /ha of sugar beet. The increase in yield at the same time will be 15,5 t/ ha. The closest relationship between the increase in yield and nutrition elements was observed in potassium-containing fertilizers (coefficient 0.45). A slight tightness of dependence on the Cheddock scale was noted between an increase in yield and the level of application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers (0.08 and 0.11). This causes the fact that the soils under sugar beet are highly fertile and well provided with these nutrients.

Measures to reduce sugar, fat, and salt content of food and beverages in selected European countries

Abstract Introduction Improving food environments to promote healthy diets is a core element of many nutrition and health policies. Government-driven attempts at achieving such improvements comprise mandatory and voluntary measures to reduce the content of sugar, fat, and salt in food and beverages. Here we provide an overview of the different measures taken in selected European countries. Methods A systematic internet search for ongoing or planned national reduction measures in each of the three categories of taxation, legal limits/bans, and self-commitments was conducted for 19 European countries. Core characteristics of each measure, including evaluations thereof, were extracted and summarized. Results The measures varied in, e.g., the nutrients, product groups, and sectors addressed (manufacturing, retail, out-of-home), the timeframe, and the target values. Taxation (15 countries) mainly concerned sweetened beverages, with tax levels mostly depending on the sugar content. Independent evaluations concluded that the tax introduction had led to the sugar content being reduced as well as consumer demand shifted towards lower-sugar options. Six countries had legal limits for the salt content in bread (limits between 1.3 g and 2 g/100 g bread), and nine countries set legal limits for sugar, fat, and salt in food or meals or vending bans for products high in these nutrients in food service for the public sector. The limited evaluations of compliance with the upper limits were ambivalent. Voluntary commitments (12 countries) mainly concerned the reduction of salt and sugar. Independent studies and monitoring results on the achievement of the agreements showed mixed results. Conclusions National measures to reduce sugar, fat, and salt in food and drinks varied in content and depth, and thus in their likely ability to contribute to a healthier food environment. More comprehensive monitoring and evaluation is needed to better assess the effectiveness of the different approaches.

Dried blood spot analysis for elements of nutritional concern as demonstrated in studies of Galápagos land iguanas (Conolophus species)

BackgroundDried blood spot (DBS) technology is valuable in providing simple means of storing blood samples from wildlife with small blood volumes. Methods designed for heavy metal analysis on DBS become more useful if extended to elements of nutritional significance. Purpose(1) Development of procedures for measuring Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo in DBS; (2) use the designed methods in health assessments of Galápagos land iguanas (Conolophus species). ProceduresElements were measured by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) following acid digestion of whole blood or DBS from the same animal for direct comparison. Study animals comprised free-ranging iguanas from separate islands in the Galápagos archipelago. Main FindingsDBS spikes (Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo) demonstrated accuracy to ∼100 ppb; reporting limits were set there except for Fe and Zn which were set at 1000 ppb. Plasma samples – generally preferable for nutritional element diagnostics – were submitted from Galápagos land iguanas along with DBS as part of a large-scale health assessment. In plasma versus DBS concentration comparisons, Fe, Cu, Se and Mn correlated well with R^2 values of 0.799, 0.818, 0.896 and 0.899, respectively, and slopes ranging 0.88 – 1.3. Co and Zn showed greater scatter. Mo had insufficient points above its reporting limit and offered advantages for toxicity assessments. Bland-Altman diagrams showed flat scatter between 2x standard deviation boundaries with no undue trends except for Mn which had few points above its reporting limit. Bias, defined as the average difference [DBS – plasma] divided by the average value, was relatively low throughout, with values of − 19.3 % (Fe), − 48.7 % (Co), − 19.6 % (Cu), − 6.9 % (Zn), − 21.4 % (Se) and + 40.7 % (Mn). Normal distribution assessment of iguana Cu, Zn, Se and Fe plasma values showed unanticipated divergences between two species. ConclusionsThe DBS approach for nutritional element analysis offers a suitable methodology for determining crucial elements Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, and Mo in veterinary samples. Analyses of samples from Conolophus species revealed interesting divergences particularly for Cu, Zn, Se and Fe, elements generally associated with defense against oxidative stress.

Metabolic Responses to Manganese Toxicity in Soybean Roots and Leaves.

Soybean is one of the most crucial beans in the world. Although Mn (manganese) is a kind of important nutritive element helpful to plant growth and health, excess Mn is harmful to crops. Nevertheless, the effect of Mn toxicity on soybean roots and leaves metabolism is still not clear. To explore this, water culture experiments were conducted on the development, activity of enzyme, and metabolic process of soybeans under varying levels of Mn treatment (5 and 100 μM). Compared with the control, the soybeans under Mn stress showed inhibited growth and development. Moreover, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and the soluble protein content in leaves and roots of soybean were all increased. However, soluble sugar and proline contents in soybean roots and leaves showed the opposite trend. In addition, the Mg (magnesium) and Fe (iron) ion contents in soybean leaves significantly decreased, and the Mn ion content greatly increased. In roots, the Mn and Fe ion content increased, whereas the Mg ion content decreased. Furthermore, the metabolomic analysis based on nontargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 136 and 164 differential metabolites (DMs) that responded to Mn toxicity in roots and leaves of soybean, respectively. These DMs might participate in five different primary metabolic pathways in soybean leaves and roots, suggesting that soybean leaves and roots demonstrate different kinds of reactions in response to Mn toxicity. These findings indicate that Mn toxicity will result in enzymes activity being changed and the metabolic pathway being seriously affected, hence inhibiting the development of soybean.

Potential hazards of typical small molecular organic matters in shale gas wastewater for wheat irrigation: 2-butoxyethanol and dimethylbenzylamine

2-butoxyethanol (BE) and dimethylbenzylamine (DMBA) are small molecular organic compounds commonly found in shale gas wastewater (SGW) and environmental samples, yet their environmental risks in exposure and irrigation reuse have not been thoroughly studied. From the perspectives of physicochemical properties and toxicity, seven groups of irrigation treatment were designed for wheat irrigation according to the concentration gradient. Overall, wheat growth was normal, but higher DMBA concentrations resulted in more severe growth inhibition. The absorption of BE by various tissues of wheat was positively correlated with its concentration, while the absorption of DMBA by wheat stems showed the same trend. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the absorption of DMBA by wheat grains in different groups. The detection results of nutritional and heavy metal elements in wheat tissues showed that the presence of organic compounds changed the relative sensitivity of wheat leaves and grains to some elements (such as Mg, Mn, Mo, etc.) enrichment. The Cd and Pb contents of wheat grains in all groups complied with national safety standards, but the As or Cr concentration in wheat grains treated with BE or DMBA exceeded the limits in some cases. Transcriptome sequencing, GO annotation, and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed similar gene functions and metabolic pathways enriched by BE and DMBA. The safe and sustainable agricultural reuse of SGW still has great potential as a promising water resources management strategy.

The effect of bio-organic fertilizers the productivity of potatoes and vegetable root crops in the conditions of the south-east of Kazakhstan

Organic vegetables and potatoes are not produced in Kazakhstan. In this regard, the development of organic agricultural technologies is very important. Mineral fertilizers cannot be used in organic production. There are difficulties in preserving and increasing soil fertility, providing vegetables with all the necessary elements of nutrition. Therefore, the role of organic fertilizers and biological stimulators increases in soil and plant formation. Organic fertilizers are an important factor in preserving and increasing soil fertility, increasing yields, and improving quality, including the ecological purity of products, potatoes, and vegetables. The influence of local organic fertilizers, a new bio-organic fertilizer Baraebong Organic Fertilizer (Republic of Korea), and biological products on the nutritional regime of the soil and the productivity of potatoes and root crops (carrots and beets) was studied on the dark chestnut soil of the foothill zone of the south-east of Kazakhstan. Scientific research was carried out at the experimental station of the Regional branch "Kainar" LLP "Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing". The research uses “The Methodology of Agrochemical Research”, “The Methodology of Experimental Work in Vegetable Growing and Melon Growing”, ‘The Methodology of Field Experience in Vegetable Growing”, and the methodological recommendations "Transition from Traditional to Bioorganic Farming in the Republic of Belarus". The positive effect of different types of bioorganic fertilizers on the nutritional regime of the soil was established such as the content of mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increased in it. The yield of potatoes from the introduction of bio-organic fertilizers into the soil increased by 17.4-87.5 %, carrots by 12.8-38.3 %, and beets by 14.0-46.2 %. Bio-organic fertilizers did not adversely affect the quality of potatoes in terms of nitrate content. The level of nitrates in tubers was at the level of 65-215 mg/kg with a MPC of 250 mg/kg. Carrots grown with the use of various bio-organic fertilizers contained 47-136 mg/kg of nitrates at MPC 400 mg/kg, and beet contained 132-429 mg/kg of nitrates at MPC 1400 mg/kg.

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Response Mechanisms of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) to Phosphorus Deficiency.

Phosphorus (P) is an important nutritional element needed by plants. Roots obtain P as inorganic phosphate (Pi), mostly in H2PO-4 form. It is vital for plants to have a sufficient supply of Pi since it participates in important processes like photosynthesis, energy transfer, and protein activation, among others. The physicochemical properties and the organic material usually make Pi bioavailability in soil low, causing crops and undomesticated plants to experience variations in accessibility or even a persistent phosphate limitation. In this study, transcriptome data from pepper roots under low-Pi stress was analyzed in order to identify Pi starvation-responsive genes and their relationship with metabolic pathways and functions. Transcriptome data were obtained from pepper roots with Pi deficiency by RNASeq and analyzed with bioinformatic tools. A total of 97 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified; Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment revealed that metabolic pathways, such as porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, were down-regulated, and galactose and fatty acid metabolism were up-regulated. The results indicate that bell pepper follows diverse processes related to low Pi tolerance regulation, such as the remobilization of internal Pi, alternative metabolic pathways to generate energy, and regulators of root development.