Logic Elements Research Articles

РАЗРАБОТКА ИСПЫТАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧЕБНОГО СТЕНДА ДЛЯ ПНЕВМАТИЧЕСКИХ СРЕДСТВ АВТОМАТИЗАЦИИ

The results of the development of a test pneumatic automated stand designed to study the elements of pneumo-automation and teaching students and trainees are presented. The pneumatic stand is a set field on which actuating elements (pneumatic cylinders) are fixed, and various elements of the control system (pneumatic distributors with mechanical, pneumatic and electric control, logical elements, etc.) can also be installed.

Rational and irrational influences on investing decisions

This study analyzes rational and irrational influences on individual investors’ investing decisions in the Nepalese stock market. By utilizing a sample size of 300 individuals, our research employs a dual-pronged approach involving exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA). One-dimensionality evaluation involves frequency and descriptive analyses, followed by the EFA and structural equation modeling (SEM). Principal component analysis (PCA), coupled with Varimax rotation, identifies five crucial factors (behavioral, accounting, firm image, attitude towards risk, and investing decisions) from the initial 32 variables. SEM revealed the significant influence of rational and irrational factors (Shefrin, 2016). The study has found some common behavioral aspects in most respondents; for example, most of them sell shares that have experienced an increase in value and avoid selling shares that have exhibited a decline in value. Likewise, most of them are heavily influenced by the opinions and actions of others. Accounting information and a firm’s image have a considerable favorable influence on investing decisions (Sachdeva et al., 2023). The implications of this research extend to investors, practitioners, and regulators, encouraging informed decision-making and market stability. This research enhances our understanding of investment dynamics by integrating logical and irrational elements.

On the Non-Commutative Logical Rings As Novel Extensions of Neutrosophic Rings

This paper uses some logical algebraic elements to extend any ring into a non-commutative ring containing the original ring with many generalized substructures and special elements. On the other hand, we study the substructures of non-commutative logical rings such as AH-homomorphisms and AH-ideals with many examples that explain their algebraic validity. Also, we discuss the possibility of solving a linear Diophantine equation with two variables in the non-commutative logical ring of integers, where we present an easy algorithm to solve this kind of generalized Diophantine equation.

Modulating photothermocapillary interactions for logic operations at the air-water interface.

We demonstrate a system for performing logical operations (OR, AND, and NOT gates) at the air-water interface based on Marangoni optical trapping and repulsion between photothermal particles. We identify a critical separation distance at which the trapped particle assemblies become unstable, providing insight into the potential for scaling to larger arrays of logic elements.

DEVELOPMENT OF PARAMETERIZED MODEL OF LOGIC ELEMENTS AT CLOCK TREE SYNTHESIS

Clock synthesis, routing optimization, placement and logic optimization are the three primary phases of physical design implementation. Since clock network synthesis uses at least 30% of the entire power budget, it is one of the crucial steps. Power consumption for high-performance blocks can reach 50% of the entire power. Not only would a high-quality clock tree will fix timing violations, but it will also minimize power usage and routing resource use. A new neural network based parameterized model is proposed in this paper, which can be used to obtain not only the list of logic elements, but it also can predict the circuits timing behaviour. Different ICs using SAED 14 and 32 nm technologies are designed using the proposed method.

Fire risk forecasting for preschool and educational institutions

Using the statistical data on fires in Russia, the study concludes that it is necessary to assess fire risks for preschool and educational institutions. The factors influencing the occurrence of fires are considered. Tools and resources for predicting fire risks are described. The methodology of assessing fire risks for preschool and educational institutions is analyzed. A fire risk for the facility under study is caluclated. The calculation is based on the method of constructing “bounce” trees, successfully used in the graph theory. The key event is a fire, the risk of which is etermined. The logic elements “and”, “or” and “inverter” are used in the construction. The block diagram has several levels - from the key to the simplest failures. The advantage of this scheme is described. In addition to the main fire risk for the facility, the professional risk is caluclated. Taking into account the result, measures aimed to ensure fire safety at these facilities are suggested. The article concludes that it is necessary to use the fire risk assessment method.

ALGORITHM OF FUZZY PRIORITIES FOR ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

It is rather problematic to approximate the real decision management process with a mathematical model. Most decisions in the economy are complex in structure, multi-criteria tasks containing a set of descriptive, probabilistic, undefined characteristics. Such problems are solved by methods of system analysis. One of these methods is the method of analyzing hierarchies, which is used for models of personnel management, resource allocation, and evaluation of investment projects. The possibility of practical application of the method of analysis of hierarchies is limited by the requirement of complete certainty of alternative evaluations. Practical situations are characterized by uncertainty and limited information about the object or the decision-making process. Combining a systems approach with elements of fuzzy logic can correct this situation for the better. System models developed on the basis of the theory of fuzzy sets use the method of paired comparisons to rank management objects by factors and determine the importance of factors within the model. The article examines the algorithm for the synthesis of the vector of weighting coefficients of alternative decisions based on the matrix of pairwise comparisons with fuzzy estimates of alternatives. The possibility of combining elements of the theory of fuzzy sets and the method of analysis of hierarchies for the problem of decision-making is considered.

Operational determination of current-voltage characteristics welding power sources in nuclear engineering

Welding equipment is everywhere equipped with modern digital welding arc power systems based on microprocessor and other logical element bases. At the same time, there is a tendency to minimize information not only for Chinese, but also for equipment of well-known brands, so it is important to quickly monitor the accuracy of the accompanying documentation in order to avoid deterioration in the quality of products and waste of time re-equipment. Modern recorders of welding processes allow several times to reduce the time for checking the declared characteristics of all power sources certified for use in the nuclear power industry. Among the characteristics and service functions analyzed by the recorder, it should be noted static current-voltage characteristics, oscillograms of «hot start», «afterburner» and «anti-sticking». The paper presents the data of selective tests for compliance with the declared passport data of inverter power supplies INEM-200T (MMA process), Artsen CM-500 (MAG process) and ION 48-900 (SAW process). Based on the results of the research, conclusions were drawn about the benefits of using the proposed model of the welding process recorder at enterprises of heavy nuclear engineering.

Control and diagnostics of sequential digital structures.

In the modern world of digital electronics, sequential digital structures are integral components of many electronic systems and devices. Such systems and devices find extensive applications across various domains of human endeavor, including communication systems, automatic, and automated devices. The tasks associated with monitoring and diagnosing these systems come with certain challenges. Research in this field holds particular significance for ensuring the resilience and reliability of digital systems in contemporary technological environments. In this context, the study of the characteristics of diagnosing sequential digital structures assumes a special importance. Diagnosing, in this context, refers to the systematic solving of problems related to determining the technical condition, localizing malfunctions (down to individual radio-electronic components), and forecasting the technical state over a specific period. Identifying individual Radio-Electronic Components (RECs) within a digital system means pinpointing a specific microchip whose functioning does not meet the technical specifications. This is crucial, as microchips, despite their complexity and multifunctionality, constitute minimal replaceable units. Monitoring the technical condition is especially crucial in systems containing a large number of interacting sequential digital elements. One of the key challenges in developing methods for monitoring sequential digital structures is their sheer numerical size and the presence of a multitude of logical elements, each of which can be a potential source of error when performing basic logical operations. Hence, engineers have to devise novel, efficient methods and algorithms for error detection in such systems.

ОРИЕНТАЦИЯ ПЛАСТИНЧАТЫХ ДЕТАЛЕЙ ПРИ СБОРКЕ

The article presents an analysis of methods of logical recognition of the position and orientation of parts during assembly, which allowed us to establish that among them, pneumatic methods implemented by jet-logical orienting devices have undoubted merits. The process of recognizing the position of parts based on the theory of continuous flow of compressed air flow in the gap between the planes of the reactor and the part is considered. The use of self-powered jet sensors and jet logic elements together representing the recognition cells that create control signals by supplying a stream of compressed air into the gap between the sensor and the part using a cen-tral channel is shown. The recognition cells expand the possibilities for the orientation of plate parts, and also exclude individual channels for supplying power to each sensor of the orienting device. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods of orientation of plate parts during assembly are considered

MOF thin film memristor prototype of 10×10 memory cells for automated electronic data recording

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently emerged as a new class of functional materials for opto- and micro-electronic applications. Herein, the transition from laboratory samples of devices to their prototypes remains a challenge. Here we report a prototype of memristive device based on MOF (HKUST-1). The MOF thin film with a thickness of 130 nm and a size of 1 × 1 in. has been fabricated Layer-by-layer technique on a conductive substrate followed by the deposition of top Ag contacts. A fully automated process of applying voltage to write the binary data (at 0.8 ± 0.1 V), read it (by 0.4 V) and then erase (by inverted polarity with 0.4 ± 0.1 V) made it potentially possible to process arbitrary words for at least 10 cycles. The provided prototype, consisting of 10 × 10 memory cells, opens up prospects for real-life application of MOF-based logic elements, as well as reveals the challenges for their fabrication and exploitation.

Identification of Public Service Logic (PSL) and Public Service Motivation (PSM) elements in Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives

AbstractWhile previous research on Open Government Data (OGD) has primarily focused on reuse and adoption, this study aims to explore the implications of the Public Service Logic (PSL) and Public Service Motivation (PSM) dimensions in the context of OGD initiatives. This study is contextualized in Tanzania wherein the OGD initiatives are at an evolving stage. For the present study, the perspectives of the 15 public officials involved in the management of the OGD initiatives are being solicited. Findings underscore the need for furthering the marketing and refurbishing the OGD initiatives' quality alongside the increased involvement of the stakeholders to engage in value co‐creation. Furthermore, as a study contextualized in a developing country to understand the involvement of the public personnel in the refurbishment of the OGD initiatives, the study contributes to the extant OGD literature while identifying the OGD publisher‐side challenges and strengths in a still‐evolving OGD initiative. Finally, with its societal implications in terms of the impact on societal stakeholders' engagement with OGD given the PSL‐PSM of the public officials, the study's relevance is also clinched.

Design and Implementation of Multi Player Pong Game using Altera DE2 Board

Pong game is a simple but entertaining game of logic control. This research paper presents the design and implementation of an FPGA-based Pong game that runs on an Altera DE2 board using Verilog HDL. This article explains the VGA controller, object creation and animation, and text subsystem and of course how to link them all together to build a functioning circuit. There is an interesting multi-player mode and single-player mode feature in this design scheme. This game's multiplayer mode features both real-time and automatic players to create a competitive atmosphere. This design method followed less complicated, fastest processing, and utilized memory requirements and logic elements. The single-player mode uses 1.3% of total logic elements, the two-player mode uses 1.32%, and automatic player vs. real player uses 1.456% of total logic elements which is very small compared to the other gaming schemes and it reduces the processing time that is cost-effective for universal use. All the modules are designed by using Verilog HDL. The synthesis is done with the help of Altera DE2 FPGA. Functional simulation and synthesis prove that the design is universally usable and combines different modules in one module that presents sound entertainment and extends the electronics application-based work in the future.

Soliton solution for the integrable spin model with self-consistent potential

Integrable spin systems with potential are of great interest from the point of view of theoretical and applied physics. They make it possible to obtain accurate analytical solutions and study the properties of solitons - nonlinear wave structures that can be stable and move without distortion. The study of solitons in spin systems is of great importance not only for developing new methods for transmitting and processing information but also for developing spintronics and magnetoelectronics in general. These areas of technology are based on the use of the properties and control of the spin moment of electrons. Understanding and controlling spin dynamics in various systems opens up new possibilities for creating more efficient and powerful devices such as magnetic memories, spintronic transistors, and logic elements. This paper considers occurence of soliton in magnetic medium described by Generalized Landau-Lifshitz equation with self-consistent potential.

Interference logic elements based on a Y-shaped defect photonic crystal

We discuss prospects of using a photonic crystal with a Y-shaped defect for the implementation of interference logic elements. By the numerical modeling we demonstrate that such photonic-crystal elements can implement logic operations such as "AND", "OR", "XOR" and "NOR". Particular attention is given to demonstrating the possibility of cascading such elements with the aim of synthesizing composite interference logic elements capable of implementing other logic operations.

Arithmetic calculator based on neural logic elements

Arithmetic calculator based on neural logic elements

Implementation of the SoftMax Activation for Reconfigurable Neural Network Hardware Accelerators

In recent decades, machine-learning algorithms have been extensively utilized to tackle various complex tasks. To achieve the high performance and efficiency of these algorithms, various hardware accelerators are used. Typically, these devices are specialized for specific neural network architectures and activation functions. However, state-of-the-art complex autonomous and mobile systems may require different algorithms for different tasks. Reconfigurable accelerators can be used to resolve this problem. They possess the capability to support diverse neural network architectures and allow for significant alterations to the implemented model at runtime. Thus, a single device can be used to address entirely different tasks. Our research focuses on dynamically reconfigurable accelerators based on reconfigurable computing environments (RCE). To implement the required neural networks on such devices, their algorithms need to be adapted to the homogeneous structure of RCE. This article proposes the first implementation of the widely used SoftMax activation for hardware accelerators based on RCE. The implementation leverages spatial distribution and incorporates several optimizations to enhance its performance. The timing simulation of the proposed implementation on FPGA shows a high throughput of 1.12 Gbps at 23 MHz. The result is comparable to counterparts lacking reconfiguration capability. However, this flexibility comes at the expense of the increased consumption of logic elements.

The Method of Dynamic Characterization of Standard Cell Libraries for Field Programmable Gate Arrays

In this paper, the problem of accelerating the development of standard cells libraries for field programmable gate arrays is solved. The target libraries contain the timing characteristics of cells, which are various configurations for the logic element of a field programmable gate array. The method of dynamic characterization of standard cells libraries for solving the problem is proposed. It is based on three stages. The first stage is the decomposition of the logic element. The second stage is the preliminary characterization of the logic element components. The third stage is the cell library generation based on the results obtained after the logical synthesis of the designed circuit. The method allows not to perform calculations for all possible logic element configurations, which significantly reduces the characterization time. The method also considers all structural changes in the element and makes it possible to perform static timing analysis of the designed circuit without a critical loss of accuracy.

The chiroptical properties of plasmonic dimer metamaterials based on the extended Born–Kuhn model

Plasmonic dimer metamaterials have been widely utilized in the study of chiral nanophotonics due to their special chiroptical properties. The chiroptical properties of simple rod-like dimer metamaterials can be intuitively described by the Born–Kuhn (BK) model, in which the coupling parameter between oscillators is commonly used as a constant. However, the BK model is limited for complex dimer metamaterials because the behavior of the oscillators is constrained by the geometry of the structure. In this paper, inspired by equivalent LC-coupled circuits, we develop the BK model to predict the chiroptical properties of the split-ring resonator (SRR) dimer metamaterials, where the coupling of oscillators depends on both the twist angle of the SRR dimers and the frequency of the incident light. Using the extended BK model, we predict that there exists a special twist angle, which will cause the chirality of the SRR dimer metamaterials to reverse. More importantly, in such specific spatial configurations, the SRR dimer metamaterials with rectangular slits not only retain the enhancement of the chiral near-field, but also limit the chiroptical far-field response because the interactions of electricity and magnetism cancel each other out. In addition, combined with simulation calculations, we find that the rectangular SRR dimer metamaterials have strong robustness within a certain range of structural regulation. Our work will be helpful for the design and optimization of optical logic elements, chiral sensor components, and coding devices.

A problem with the fixed past fixed

A novel fatalistic argument that combines elements of modal, temporal, and epistemic logic to prove that the fixed past is not compatible with the open future has recently been presented by Lampert (Analysis 82(3):426–434, 2022). By the construction of a countermodel, it is shown that his line of reasoning is defective. However, it is also explained how Lampert’s argument could be corrected if it were supported with an extra premise regarding the temporal status of a priori knowledge. This additional assumption—which was tacit in the original presentation—is shown to be the weakest link, and it is argued that, despite Lampert’s assurance, it can be plausibly rejected in a roughly Ockhamist framework. Thus, it is concluded that the fixed past poses no threat to the open future; however, a few different lessons about knowledge, necessity, and time are drawn from careful reflection on this novel argument.