Cognitive Elements Research Articles

Treatment for OCD and Their Effectiveness

This research looks at a variety of aspects related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), such as symptoms, possible factors diagnosis, and treatment methods. OCD's distinctive ritualistic compulsions, which frequently manifest as uncontrollable thought and behavior patterns, are brought on by distressing obsessions. According to this study neurotransmitter and Corticostriatal circuits abnormalities have been linked to this disorder, although the exact cause is still unknown. Increased susceptibility among blood relations of sick individuals suggests a role for genetics. Obsessions and compulsions are diagnosed based on predetermined criteria that highlight their irrationality and disruptive nature. The connection between obsessive thoughts and anxiety can be broken by a number of treatments, the foundation of which is behavioral therapy. By gradually confronting anxiety-inducing circumstances, exposure and response prevention (ERP) has proven successful. According to this paper the main objectives of cognitive therapy are to address dysfunctional thought processes, such as overestimating threats or taking on excessive responsibility. This paper contends that by cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combining behavioral and cognitive elements is both economical and efficient. The studies under review in this paper demonstrate differences in treatment effectiveness, accentuating the necessity for more studies with larger sample sizes in making definitive judgments on treatment outcomes.

EXPLORING THE COGNITIVE DIMENSIONS OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Cognitive Linguistics, as an expanding discipline in language study, delves into language as a mental phenomenon, presenting a holistic approach that integrates linguistic and cognitive elements. Unlike traditional linguistics, which scrutinizes syntactical patterns, word structures, grammar rules, phonology, semantics, and lexical meanings, Cognitive Linguistics offers a comprehensive model that interweaves various closely connected theories. This study seeks to elucidate the manifestations of Cognitive Linguistics in language, providing scholars with a discerning analysis of existing theories. Furthermore, employing methods of descriptive and comparative analysis, this study aims to demonstrate the impact of Cognitive Linguistics on language processing and acquisition. It highlights its significance in second language acquisition while elucidating the underlying mental processes involved. The paper offers a succinct overview of this evolving discipline, encapsulating its unique characteristics within the encompassing term Cognitive Linguistics.

Fostering autonomy in vocational college students: A fusion of metacognitive strategies and social cognitive learning theory

The aim of this study is to investigate how to foster vocational college students' autonomy in learning by integrating metacognitive strategies and social cognitive learning theory. The study uses social cognitive learning theory to look at metacognitive strategies in a systmematic and thorough way. It looks for similarities and places where the two can be combined in order to come up with a new and effective way to teach. 1) The integration of metacognitive strategies and social cognitive learning theory offers innovative perspectives and strategies for educational practice, fostering students' autonomy and social adaptability; 2) Through dual monitoring of cognition, nurturing social cognition, and deep integration of metacognitive strategies, educational practices can enhance students' cognitive control and social interaction abilities. 3) Future educational endeavors should focus on eliciting metacognitive awareness, integrating metacognitive strategies into teaching practices, and emphasizing social cognitive elements in evaluation mechanisms to address the complex challenges of modern education. 4) The fusion of these theories presents challenges in theoretical integration, teaching practices, assessment systems, and professional development, requiring innovative solutions and comprehensive support for educators and students alike. This study emphasizes the importance of teaching students reflective learning practices and actively cultivating metacognitive regulation abilities through cooperative learning. Furthermore, it underscores the necessity of integrating social cognitive aspects into assessment practices, thereby proposing an innovative educational approach.

The local governance of Swedish schools in light of a new educational policy landscape empirical exploration and theoretical elaboration

ABSTRACT In the Nordic curriculum theory (CT) tradition, questions linked to educational change and school governance have long been a crucial research issue. However, despite several decades of decentralized school systems, local school governance has been a highly neglected field of research. Considering the changing landscape of school governance in terms of re-centralization, where the state’s aim is to take stronger control of school outcomes, the conditions for local school governance have changed. Based on results from two research projects in two Swedish municipalities, and from a neo-institutional theoretical perspective, the aim of this article is to contribute to the CT research field by exploring and theorizing on local school governance. Four management strategies that local educational authorities (LEAs) employed to manage the schools could be distinguished: local school management via i) data use, ii) the standardization and formalization of schools’ quality assurance processes and routines, iii) quality dialogues, iv) professional learning and best practices. These management strategies and activities were mostly organized, and conducted within the scope of the LEAs’ quality assurance systems and were primarily built on normative and cultural – cognitive elements. A way to conceptualize this form of governance is through the concept of ‘local quality management’.

Metaphorical translation strategies of the white paper "China's Green Development in the New Era"

In recent years, the use of metaphor in white papers has proliferated as it plays a significant role in cognitive processing. In order to shed light on the intricate relationship between humans and the natural environment, this study focuses on the analysis of metaphor usage in a particular white paper titled "China's Green Development in the New Era" within the field of ecopolitics. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, namely the utilization of a self-built corpus and case studies, is employed to categorize the translation strategies of metaphors. The findings of this study demonstrate that the metaphors utilized in the white paper effectively capture elements of social cognition and ideology. Moreover, with the assistance of part-of-speech tagging tools, it is observed that most translated metaphors strive to maintain the salient features of the source text, aiming to achieve equivalence in both form and meaning.

Herbal For Anxiety In Psychology Case: Bibliometric Analysis

This research aims to carry out an in-depth analysis of the effects of herbs on anxiety in psychological cases. In order to address the complex character of anxiety disorders, there is a link between herbal therapies for anxiety in psychological cases and the integration of psychological and herbal viewpoints. Herbal treatments provide supplementary options for modifying neurobiological mechanisms underpinning symptom presentation, whereas psychological therapies focus on the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural elements of anxiety. Bibliometric analysis was done using VOSviewer software, and data was taken from the Scopus database. Data was taken by searching for keywords that were appropriate to this research, namely "herbal,” “anxiety,” and “psychology.”Herbal remedies are a viable means of supplementing psychological therapy and fostering overall well-being while reducing anxiety in psychological problems. In psychological circumstances, the link between herbal therapies for anxiety entails integrating herbal and psychological viewpoints to address the intricate interaction of behavioural, affective, cognitive, and neurobiological components that underlie anxiety disorders. Healthcare professionals should stay up to date on the growing body of research supporting herbal therapies and participate in collaborative decision-making with patients on available treatments, taking into account each patient's unique preferences, values, and cultural beliefs. The research's methodological approach, which combines bibliometric analysis with data retrieved from the Scopus database, offers a methodical and objective way to compile the body of knowledge on herbal remedies for anxiety in psychiatric problems.

"I felt like a little kind of jolt of energy in my chest": embodiment in learning in continuing professional development for general practitioners.

Learning in medical education encompasses a broad spectrum of learning theories, and an embodiment perspective has recently begun to emerge in continuing professional development (CPD) for health professionals. However, empirical research into the experience of embodiment in learning in CPD is sparse, particularly in the practice of general medicine. In this study, we aimed to explore general practitioners' (GPs') learning experiences during CPD from an embodiment perspective, studying the appearance of elements of embodiment-the body, actions, emotions, cognition, and interactions with the surroundings and others-to build an explanatory structure of embodiment in learning. We drew on the concepts of embodied affectivity and mutual incorporation to frame our understanding of embodiment. Four Danish and three Canadian GPs were interviewed to gain insight into specific learning experiences; the interviews and the analysis were inspired by micro-phenomenology, augmented with a complex adaptive systems approach. We constructed an explanatory structure of learning with two entrance points (disharmony and mundanity), an eight-component learning phase, and an ending phase with two exit points (harmony and continuing imbalance). All components of the learning phase-community, pride, validation, rehearsal, do-ability, mind-space, ambiance, and preparing for the future-shared features of embodied affectivity and mutual incorporation and interacted in multi-directional and non-linear ways. We discuss integrating the embodiment perspective into existing learning theories and argue that CPD for GPs would benefit from doing so.

Effects of Square Stepping Exercise on cognitive, physical, psychological, and group functioning in sedentary older adults: A center-based hybrid trial

BackgroundThe Square Stepping Exercise (SSE) is an exercise training program that integrates physical exercise and cognitive elements and can be conducted in a group setting. The potential of SSE in delaying cognitive decline in older adults is promising. However, the coronavirus pandemic has made it more difficult for older adults worldwide to exercise together in person. To address this issue, this study conducted a wholistic evaluation of the effects of a center-based hybrid SSE trial on cognitive, physical, psychological, and group functioning in sedentary older adults.MethodsA total of 93 older adults (19 men, 74 women) participated in the study. Fifty-eight participants (9 men, 49 women) completed center-based hybrid SSE sessions over 12 weeks under coronavirus pandemic circumstances, whereas other 35 participants in the control group maintained their current level of daily activities. Cognitive functions focused on executive functions assessed by the Stroop Color-Word Test (inhibition) and the Trail Marking Test (TMT) (set-shifting). Psychological and group functioning were assessed by the Subjective Vitality Scale and the Physical Activity Group Environment Questionnaire. Physical function was evaluated by measuring gait speeds. A repeated ANOVA was conducted on the measured variables separately for the intervention and control groups to focus on the change of participant’s performance over data collection points.ResultsOutcomes of the Stroop Color-Word Test and the TMT revealed that the hybrid SSE was highly effective in improving executive function. Stroop performance (correct trials) was significantly improved in the incongruent condition, as well as both TMT-A and -B over the intervention period in the intervention group. The hybrid SSE was also beneficial to improve physical (gait speed at usual pace and at the maximum pace) as well as psychological functioning (subjective vitality). Furthermore, SSE participants reported increased engagement with the SSE task, social communication, and increased bonding and closeness with their group members through the hybrid SSE.ConclusionsIn this study, hybrid SSE was found to be effective in enhancing cognitive, physical, psychological, and group functioning in sedentary older adults. The findings of this study are crucial to provide older adults with a safer and efficient option to exercise.

Re-examining the Mysterious Role of the Cerebellum in Pain.

Pain is considered a multidimensional experience that embodies not merely sensation, but also emotion and perception. As is appropriate for this complexity, pain is represented and processed by an extensive matrix of cortical and subcortical structures. Of these structures, the cerebellum is gaining increasing attention. Although association between the cerebellum and both acute and chronic pain have been extensively detailed in electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies, a deep understanding of what functions are mediated by these associations is lacking. Nevertheless, the available evidence implies that lobules IV-VI and Crus I are especially pertinent to pain processing, and anatomical studies reveal that these regions connect with higher-order structures of sensorimotor, emotional, and cognitive function. Therefore, we speculate that the cerebellum exerts a modulatory role in pain via its communication with sites of sensorimotor, executive, reward, and limbic function. On this basis, in this review, we propose numerous ways in which the cerebellum might contribute to both acute and chronic pain, drawing particular attention to emotional and cognitive elements of pain. In addition, we emphasise the importance of advancing our knowledge about the relationship between the cerebellum and pain by discussing novel therapeutic opportunities that capitalize on this association.

HodgeRank as a new tool to explore the structure of a social representation

Social representation theory is a branch of social psychology that aims to identify the framework of concepts, ideas, opinions, beliefs, or feelings shared by the individuals within a social group, regarding a social object. Two main problems arise in this theory. The first concerns the identification of the content of the representation, which is the set of cognitive elements shared by the group; the second concerns its structure, which is the way these elements are organized and related among themselves. It is desirable that the methods to address these problems be simple, in regards to the feasibility of the data collection, and reliable, in the sense that they should provide a clear picture of the content and the structure of the representation. No single method proposed in the literature until now fully satisfies these features at the same time. Here we propose the use of HodgeRank, a global ranking method based on the Hodge combinatorial theory, as a new tool to explore the structure of a social representation. In this proposal, the input data is the same as those required for the hierarchical word associations, which is the main method in the field of social representations. However, the HodgeRank provides richer results when compared to the usual approach to analysing this kind of data, based on the Vergés’ double-entry table. The main outcome of the HodgeRank is a graph, analogous to an electric circuit, from which some structural elements of the representation can already be identified. Moreover, the HodgeRank technique identifies the sources of inconsistencies between the global ranking and the aggregated answers within the social group. We interpret such inconsistencies in terms of the stability of the representation and use them to raise conjectures about the potential dynamics of the representation. We illustrate the application of this method in the study of a social representation of COVID-19 within a group of students and also within a group of faculty members from higher education institutions in Brazil.

The Leuven Prolonged Acute Stress Test (L-PAST): A novel paradigm to induce a subjective and glucocorticoid stress response for at least ninety minutes

Laboratory stress tests typically administer stress acutely, ranging from 3 to 15 minutes. However, everyday stressors usually last longer than ten minutes (e.g., examination stressors, work stressors, and social stressors. Moreover, in some studies, it may be relevant to induce stress for a longer period to affect certain psychological or physiological parameters. To this end, we developed a novel stress test that intends to induce psychosocial stress for 90 minutes. The Leuven Prolonged Acute Stress Test (L-PAST) combines physical (hand immersion in cold water), cognitive (mental arithmetic), and psychosocial (social evaluation and feelings of failure) stress elements of two well-known laboratory stress tests, the Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST) and the Montreal Imaging Stress Test (MIST). Fifty healthy women were subjected to both the L-PAST and a sham (control) test in a randomized and counterbalanced manner. The stress response was determined by salivary cortisol measurements and assessment of subjective stress ratings at regular time points during the time preceding the stress period (5 min), the stress period (90 min), and the recovery period (35 min). Cognitive reactivity to failure and subjective pain levels were also assessed at various time points. The childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and the perceived stress scale (PSS) were administered prior to the testing phase. As expected, linear mixed models revealed that the stress response was significantly higher during the L-PAST as indicated by a significant time point by condition interaction effect for both the cortisol response (F(10,450)=12.21, p < 0.0001, ηp2=0.11) and the subjective stress response (F(13,637)=13.98, p < 0.0001, ηp2 = 0.12). Moreover, there was a significant time point by condition interaction effect for cognitive reactivity to failure (F(13,637) = 7.97, p < 0.0001, ηp2 = 0.07) and subjective pain (F(13,637) = 38.52, p < 0.0001, ηp2 = 0.27), indicating that the levels were higher during the L-PAST at most stress induction time points. Lastly, higher CTQ scores were associated with higher subjective pain levels during the L-PAST (F(1,44)=6.05, p = 0.02). Collectively, our results confirm the efficacy of the L-PAST in inducing a prolonged subjective as well as cortisol stress response.

Investigating Collective Emotional Structures: Theoretical and Analytical Implications of the ‘Deep Story’ Concept

Since Hochschild proposed the notion of a ‘deep story’ to address a collective emotional structure (particularly resentment) underpinning political attitudes and social divisions in the contemporary USA, this category has been widely embraced across social sciences to reflect upon links between sedimented emotions, motivations, actions and means of social mobilization. Simultaneously, however, criticism of this concept has been articulated which pointed out that Hochschild was inconsistent in her understanding of deep stories and the role this category performs in a sociological investigation. Acknowledging critical addresses presented so far, the article aims at the reconstruction of this concept as an analytical device which can be used to account for collective emotional dynamics accompanying prolonged social transformations. I propose that a deep story can be best understood as a social space in which emotions emerge through an interactional, collaborative process of storytelling. I draw, first, from social-psychological investigations into collective processes of meaning-making to analyse the interplay between the emergence of group-based cognitive categories and their affective implications. Second, I employ narrative theories to account for socio-psychological processes in which group-based, collectively generated cognitive and affective elements are integrated into actual lifeworlds and deployed in sense-making. Finally, I consider the insights pertaining to emotions collectively felt and practised to reflect upon the social dynamic of emotion-sharing. I argue that the notion of a ‘deep story’ is analytically useful only insofar it is embedded in clearly articulated theoretical assertions about cognitive and affective, collective and interpersonal, dynamics of meaning-making.

Assessing the impact of an integrated educational program on Greek students' knowledge about coastal lagoons and attitudes towards marine environment conservation

The primary objective of this study is to contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of seas by promoting Ocean Literacy. It investigates the impact of an educational program on Greek primary and secondary public school students' knowledge about coastal lagoons and attitudes towards marine environment conservation. An educational resource titled “Exploring the Coastal Lagoons” was developed to facilitate the non-formal educational intervention. The program involved classroom, fieldwork/outdoor and laboratory activities, focusing on enhancing understanding of coastal lagoons' abiotic and biotic characteristics and human interconnection. Results showed improved knowledge and slightly more positive attitudes after the didactic intervention. The study underlines the effectiveness of targeted educational interventions in marine sciences, suggesting that non-formal educational settings influence student outcomes more than family or informal sources. Younger students appeared more adaptable and responsive to educational stimuli. The study advocates for refined educational strategies integrating cognitive and emotional elements, emphasizing real nature experience.

Когнитивный механизм мировоззренческих моделей: структура и принципы функционирования

The work is devoted to the little-studied problem of cognitive elements of worldview. The subject of analysis is the cognitive mechanism of functioning of worldview models. A theoretical and methodological construct for studying the dynamic states of various worldview models was developed, which was based on the functional directions of the philosophy of cognitive science and cognitive science. The goal is to identify predictors of dynamics (prognostic parameters of variables) that make it possible to predict trends in changes in worldview models. The structure of the cognitive mechanism of worldview models is described, the elements of which are cognitions - cognitive elements of consciousness, or mental processes of information processing. The empirical part of the study, devoted to testing the hypothesis about the principles of functioning of the cognitive mechanism of worldview models, made it possible to conduct a quantitative analysis of some parameters that are most susceptible to external influence. The result was the conceptualization of the cognitive mechanism of worldview models and the identification of criteria for its dynamics. It has been established that the functional cognitive-value mechanism is represented by a set of processes of perception, reception, representation and memory. It has been proven that parameters such as assessment of the surrounding world, assessment of threats and risks, personal control, and memory can become objects of influence on the worldview in order to change it. The results obtained made it possible to formulate the principles of cognitive technologies of consciousness control necessary to control destructive forms of behavior. The study was conducted with the financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the framework of the project “Cognitive and value structure of worldview models of modern Russians: generational and regional differences.”

국내 고급 부티크 호텔의 고객 경험 요인 특성 연구

In the experience economy era, with a growing interest in unique boutique hotels in South Korea, this study explores the significance of “experience” in luxury boutique hotels. It examines two domestic hotel cases that successfully integrate rich experiential content to create exemplary luxury boutique hotel experiences. Data were collected through literature reviews and interviews with 14 participants who had visited each hotel. Each hotel's key contents were evaluated using a 5-point scale, resulting in a total of 70 evaluations. The analysis revealed that sensory and emotional aspects were the highest-rated experiential elements, while cognitive elements were rated the lowest. This research offers insights into the distribution of experiential elements in domestic luxury boutique hotels, aiding future development and planning, and guiding the identification of key experiential factors.

공감의 관점에서 분석한 연극교육의 가치 연구

In this study, we attempted to reveal, by analyzing the experience structure of ‘creating an impromptu play,’ that theater education in a competencybased curriculum can improve empathy. For this purpose, we looked at empathy. Empathy is the ability to understand others and is a concept that combines the cognitive element of being able to think from the other person's perspective and the emotional element of being able to feel the emotions of others. Empathy can be expressed through face-to-face social interaction experiences, as revealed by mirror neurons, so diverse direct experiences are of utmost importance. Based on this, the experience structure of ‘creating an impromptu play’ was divided into three stages and analyzed to be an experience structure that can promote empathy. The first step is ‘creating a story.’ This is a process that is premised on empathy from another person’s perspective, and when imagining a story, the body can promote empathy because it reenacts actions as if they were real. Since this process is structured through group cooperation, it can be analyzed as an immediate empathy training process from the perspective of others. The second step is ‘expressing roles.’ Depending on the body's operating principles, role experience can promote actions appropriate to one's imagination or fragmentary expressions can stimulate the rest of the body to provide sufficient role experience. Therefore, it is an experience structure that allows us to understand others in the most direct way. Additionally, since it is a face-to-face social interaction, you can practice empathy by experiencing the non-verbal behavior of others. The third step is ‘appreciating it as an audience member.’ Appreciation experience is an experience structure that allows one to escape the physical limitations of everyday life, understand others from their perspective, and internalize the life knowledge they have acquired through this, according to the body's operating principle of internal imitation. In this way, theater education has an experience structure based on empathy, so it can be an educational alternative for improving empathy in a competency-centered curriculum. By proving the value of theater education through this study, we hope that theater education will be more actively applied and expanded in various educational fields.

Peripheral inflammation is associated with impaired sadness recognition in euthymic bipolar patients

BackgroundInflammation impairs cognitive function in healthy individuals and people with psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder (BD). This effect may also impact emotion recognition, a fundamental element of social cognition. Our study aimed to investigate the relationships between pro-inflammatory cytokines and emotion recognition in euthymic BD patients and healthy controls (HCs). MethodsWe recruited forty-four euthymic BD patients and forty healthy controls (HCs) and measured their inflammatory markers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and TNF-α. We applied validated cognitive tasks, the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST) and Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and a social cognitive task for emotion recognition, Diagnostic Analyses of Nonverbal Accuracy, Taiwanese Version (DANVA-2-TW). We analyzed the relationships between cytokines and cognition and then explored possible predictive factors of sadness recognition accuracy. ResultsRegarding pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α was elevated in euthymic BD patients relative to HCs. In euthymic BD patients only, higher TNF-α levels were associated with lower accuracy of sadness recognition. Regression analysis revealed that TNF-α was an independent predictive factor of sadness recognition in patients with euthymic BD when neurocognition was controlled for.Conclusions: We demonstrated that enhanced inflammation, indicated by increased TNF-α, was an independent predictive factor of impaired sadness recognition in BD patients but not in HCs. Our findings suggested a direct influence of TNF-α on sadness recognition and indicated vulnerability to depression in euthymic BD patients with chronic inflammation.

Self-Consciousness as a Construction All the Way Down.

Contemporary mind and brain sciences provide theories and data that seem to confirm a hypothesis about human nature that we might formulate as follows. Human life is conditioned by a need that is no less important than elementary biological needs (such as survival and reproduction) or universal forms of social competition: the need to build and, indeed, defend a subjective identity whose solidity and clarity are the foundation of our intra- and inter-personal equilibrium and therefore of psychological well-being and mental health. In this article, distancing ourselves from a neo-Cartesian position still prevalent in the philosophy of mind and approaching instead the outcomes of contemporary cognitive sciences, we sketch the complex interweaving of the cognitive, emotional, and affective elements that are constitutive of subjective identity, with a focus on the role played in self-identity construction by Theory-of-Mind abilities. We will suggest that, at every stage of self-construction, individuals engage in processes of understanding others that have a largely innate basis. In this perspective, a mature self-awareness is somewhat secondary to the knowledge of others, an evolutionarily refined acquisition primarily serving as a defense mechanism.

Cognitive Improvement in Thermodynamic Functions With Calculus Chain Rule

This research was motivated by the low ability of students to apply mathematical solution methods to thermodynamic functions. Thermodynamic functions are functions that consist of pressure, temperature, volume and enthalpy functions where changes in one function can occur due to changes in other functions. The aim of this research was to show the implementation of chain rules in thermodynamic function problems by relying on a process technique to improve students' cognitive awareness of thermodynamic functions. The place of this research was at the TD Pardede Institute of Science and Technology. The process of understanding chain rules is very impactful for understanding thermodynamic state functions. Differential decomposition of functions within functions is also described in the chain rule method. Thermodynamic functions which consist of pressure, temperature, volume and enthalpy functions can depend on each other so that the chain rule analysis method can be clearly used. With this method students will also be given the opportunity to connect one concept with other thermodynamic concepts. Apart from that, this method can be used anywhere. This shows a cognitive increase in terms of cognitive elements, cognitive structure and cognitive function.

Inhibitors and Supporters of Policy Change in the Regulation of Unhealthy Food Marketing in Australia.

Evidence on the impact of policies that regulate unhealthy food marketing demonstrates a need for a shift from pure industry self-regulation toward statutory regulation. Institutional rules, decision-making procedures, actor practices, and institutional norms influence the regulatory choices made by policy-makers. This study examined institutional processes that sustain, support, or inhibit change in the food marketing regulation in Australia using the three pillars of institutions framework - regulatory, normative, and cultural cognitive pillars. This was a qualitative study. Twenty-four in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with industry, government, civil society, and academic actors who are involved in nutrition policy in Australia. The regulatory pillar was perceived to inhibit policy change through the co-regulation and self-regulation frameworks that assign rulemaking, monitoring and enforcement to industry bodies with minimal oversight by regulatory agencies and no involvement of health actors. The normative pillar was perceived to provide pathways for comprehensive statutory regulation through institutional goals and norms for collaboration that centre on a whole-of-government approach. The framing of food marketing policies to highlight the vulnerability of children is a cultural cognitive element that was perceived to be essential for getting support for policy change; however, there was a lack of shared understanding of food marketing as a policy issue. In addition, government ideologies that are perceived to be reluctant to regulate commercial actors and values that prioritize economic interest over public health make it difficult for health advocates to argue for statutory regulation of food marketing. Elements of all three pillars (regulatory, normative, and cultural-cognitive) were identified as either inhibitors or pathways that support policy change. This study contributes to the understanding of factors that inhibit policy change and potential pathways for implementing comprehensive statutory regulation of unhealthy food marketing.