Electrospun Fibrous Membranes Research Articles

Thymol-loaded polylactic acid electrospun fibrous membranes with synergistic biocidal and anti-bacterial adhesion properties via morphology control

Antibiotic resistance is a growing challenge in modern medicine, highlighting the urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies. The combination of synergistic sterilization and inhibition of bacterial adhesion presents a promising approach for achieving a long-lasting antibacterial effect. Herein, we report the fabrication of thymol-loaded polylactic acid (Thy-PLA) porous fibrous membranes that exhibit both bacteria-killing and bacteria-repellent functions, accomplished through control of microstructure and morphology during the electrospinning process. Notably, we employed the breath figure method, a humidity-induced morphology control technique, which significantly increased the surface roughness of the Thy-PLA fibers and resulted in a nano-porous structure for bacterial repulsion. Additionally, this method facilitated the enhanced release of thymol, thereby enabling efficient sterilization. By simply modifying the morphology, we achieved bacterial reduction rates of up to 99.92 % and 99.87 % for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, and robust mechanical properties (ultimate tensile stress of 20 MPa and elongation at break of 822.7 %). Furthermore, the fibrous membranes exhibited an impressive oil/water absorption capacity (∼36.7 g/g in 90 s) thanks to the interior and surface porosity. The porous fibrous membranes with synergistic antimicrobial efficiency and tunable mechanical properties demonstrate great potential for diverse applications, particularly in wound dressing and oil/water filtration.

Biomimetic nanonet membranes with UV-driven self-cleaning performance for water remediation

Water pollution caused by industrial and natural contaminants has placed a significant burden on environment and human health. The present filtration membranes, however, suffer from a series of issues involving low permeation fluxes and easy fouling issue during long-term water remediation, which seriously restricts their practical applications. Herein, inspired by royal water lily leaf, we construct biomimetic nanonet membranes (BNMs) composed of fractal network and mastoid structures by one-step phase inversion of PVDF/TiO2 solution using electrospun fibrous membrane as substrates. Benefit from the distinct structures, the BNMs show sub-micro pores, high porosity, and intriguing hydrophilicity, which result in excellent removal performance for 0.3 μm solid particle (efficiency of 99.88%, permeation flux of 3439 L m−2 h−1), E. coli (log reduction value = 8.39, permeation flux of 1242 L m−2 h−1), and oil-in-water emulsions (efficiency of 99.0%, permeation flux of 8312 L m−2 h−1). Importantly, the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles with UV-driven catalytic activity effectively endows the BNMs with desirable biocidal efficiency (LRV = 8.5) and excellent self-cleaning properties (flux recovery ratio of 98.1%). The synthesis of such membranes may open new avenues in the design of high-performance filtration membranes for remediation of large volumes of wastewater.

One-step fabrication of soot particle-embedded fibrous membranes for solar distillation using candle burning-assisted electrospinning

Solar distillation, a promising technique for water purification and desalination, requires photothermal materials to efficiently convert solar energy into heat. In this study, a novel method is proposed wherein fresh carbonaceous (soot) particles, as a photothermal material, are embedded into electrospun fibrous membranes by burning candles (to produce soot) and electrospinning of polymer material simultaneously. The proposed method can produce several types of membranes with various particle positions (interior or exterior) in the polymer fiber. The particle positions were adjusted by changing the introduction points of particles using a polymer jet. Polymer fibers with diameters of several hundred nanometers were fabricated. Experiments revealed that the soot particle position did not influence the photothermal conversion performance of the membranes. The fabricated membrane could improve the heat localization up to 194.5% and exhibited water distillation and desalination rates as high as 1.60 and 1.55 kg m−2h−1, respectively, under 1-sun solar light irradiation. The proposed method opens a new route for the functionalization of polymer membranes.

A thin film comprising silk peptide and cellulose nanofibrils implanting on the electrospun poly(lactic acid) fibrous scaffolds for biomedical reconstruction

Conjunctival reconstruction using biocompatible polymers constitutes an effective treatment for conjunctival scarring and associated visual impairment. In this work, a thin film comprising silk peptide (SP), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) that implanted on the poly(lactic acid) (PLA) electrospun fibrous membranes (EFMs) was designed for biomedical reconstruction. SP and CNF as thin films can improve the surface hydrophilicity of the as-prepared scaffolds, which synergistically enhanced the biocompatibility. In in vivo experiments, the developed PLA EFMs modified with 3 wt% SP/CNF/AgNPs could be easily manipulated and transplanted onto conjunctival defects in rabbits, consequently accelerating the structural and functional restoration of the ocular surface in 12 days. Additionally, incorporation of 0.30 mg/g AgNPs efficiently reduced the topical application of antibiotics without causing infections. Thus, these resultant scaffolds could not only serve as useful alternatives for conjunctival engineering, but also prevent infections effectively with a very low content of AgNPs.

Radially Electrospun Fibrous Membrane Incorporated with Copper Peroxide Nanodots Capable of Self-Catalyzed Chemodynamic Therapy for Angiogenesis and Healing Acceleration of Diabetic Wounds.

Vascular dysfunction severely hinders the healing process of diabetic wounds. Therefore, a radially structured fibrous membrane was fabricated through electrospinning by using a polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) mixed solution containing copper peroxide nanoparticles (CPs) as the chemodynamic therapy (CDT) agents, aiming to simultaneously accelerate tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. The fabricated membrane allowed for the in situ H2O2 generation activated by the acidic diabetic microenvironment and the subsequent Fenton-type reactions to realize 99.4% elimination against Staphylococcus aureus. Besides, the released Cu2+ ions significantly enhanced the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and they showed enhanced in vitro angiogenesis. Interestingly, the CP-embedded membrane also guided cell spreading and orientated migration of L929 fibroblasts along the fiber distribution through the radially aligned topology. The in vivo implantation indicated that the raidally structured membrane modified by CPs not only dramatically accelerated wound healing of diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats in 14 days but also promoted angiogenesis in wound sites. The combination of the in situ CDT with the radially structured morphology of the functional membrane is highly promising in applications to promote diabetic wound healing through anti-infection and revascularization.

Point-of-care applicable metabotyping using biofluid-specific electrospun MetaSAMPs directly amenable to ambient LA-REIMS.

In recent years, ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) including laser ablation rapid evaporation IMS, has enabled direct biofluid metabolome analysis. AIMS procedures are, however, still hampered by both analytical, i.e., matrix effects, and practical, i.e., sample transport stability, drawbacks that impede metabolome coverage. In this study, we aimed at developing biofluid-specific metabolome sampling membranes (MetaSAMPs) that offer a directly applicable and stabilizing substrate for AIMS. Customized rectal, salivary, and urinary MetaSAMPs consisting of electrospun (nano)fibrous membranes of blended hydrophilic (polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyacrylonitrile) and lipophilic (polystyrene) polymers supported metabolite absorption, adsorption, and desorption. Moreover, MetaSAMP demonstrated superior metabolome coverage and transport stability compared to crude biofluid analysis and was successfully validated in two pediatric cohorts (MetaBEAse, n = 234 and OPERA, n = 101). By integrating anthropometric and (patho)physiological with MetaSAMP-AIMS metabolome data, we obtained substantial weight-driven predictions and clinical correlations. In conclusion, MetaSAMP holds great clinical application potential for on-the-spot metabolic health stratification.

Protective effectiveness of electrospinning fibrous membrane in inguinal hernia repair

Polypropylene (PP) mesh is one of the most widely used artificial meshes to treat hernias. It has many advantages but can also cause chronic inflammation, pain, and adhesion. In inguinal hernia repair, PP mesh may have a negative effect on the reproductive system. In this study, the protective effect of an electrospun fibrous membrane was investigated in an autologous control experiment of inguinal hernia repair in rabbits. Tissue adhesions, obstructions of the spermatic cord, orchiatrophy, and reproductive system abnormalities were highly correlated and mainly appeared soon after implantation. The fibrous membrane, which serves as a biocompatible physical barrier, successfully reduced the deformity and dysfunction of the spermatic cord, testicle, and reproductive system, while polypropylene mesh caused severe damage. In the sub-chronic and chronic stages, at 90 and 180 days, respectively, the peritonealization of the remaining mesh was in the process while the fibrous membrane was degrading. The structure and function of the spermatic cord, testicle, and reproductive system were well protected and maintained because the newly formed tissue prevented contact between the mesh and the spermatic cord. Thus, introducing a fibrous membrane in inguinal hernia repair reduces the adverse effects of polypropylene mesh.

Constructing an electrospun fibrous membrane-based reaction pad design for enhancing the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

Although nitrocellulose (NC) membrane as a substrate material has been extensively utilized to fabricate lateral flow assays (LFAs), it still faces many challenges in the sensitivity of the assay. Herein, a facile strategy for improving LFAs sensitivity was developed by incorporating two kinds of electrospun fibrous membranes (EFMs) into LFAs: one composes of microfibers (MFMs), and the other consists of nanofibers (NFMs). Kanamycin (Kna) was recruited as the model target to demonstrate the concept, and a systematic study in optimizing assay parameters was carried out. The investigation confirmed that EFMs could regulate the flow rate of samples and the biomolecules' immobilization capacity of the substrate. Under optimal conditions, NFMs-based LFAs perform better than NFMs, achieving a naked eye detection limit of 0.25 ng/mL and excellent selectivity. Compared with the NC-based LFA, the results showed a twenty-fold increase in the sensitivity for Kna. Moreover, further studies have verified the applicability of LFAs in actual samples. The proposed method can be easily extended to sensitive detection of other targets by replacing the corresponding biomolecules, paving a new avenue for food safety, biomedical, and environment monitoring.

Promoting bone regeneration via bioactive calcium silicate nanowires reinforced poly (ε-caprolactone) electrospun fibrous membranes

Bone defects arise from tumors, trauma and congenital disease cause permanent damage to patients. Electrospun technique has attracted great attentions since it can produce nano-/micro-fibers continuously, Furthermore, materials prepared by electrospun can mimic the structure of natural extracellular matrix which play a good biomimetic effect and affect cell behaviors. Our study aimed to fabricate bioactive calcium silicate nanowires reinforced poly (ε-caprolactone) (CS-PCL) composite electrospun fibrous membranes (EFMs) to promote bone regeneration. To prepare CS-PCL composite electrospun fibrous membranes, firstly, hydrothermal treatment was applied to prepare CS nanowires. Secondly, CS were added into PCL solution to fabricate CS-PCL EFMs. The results indicated that the addition of CS into PCL can improve the mechanical properties and hydrophilicity of EFMs. In addition, cell adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of osteogenic genes were also improved via FAK/JNK/p38 signaling pathways. Lastly, according to the bone regeneration results in skull defect areas, the bone healing effect was significantly enhanced after the addition of CS nanowires. In conclusion, the fabricated CS-PCL EFMs can be a great candidate for bone regeneration.

A Review of the Release Profiles and Efficacies of Chemotherapy Drug-Loaded Electrospun Membranes.

Electrospun fibrous membranes loaded with chemotherapy drugs have been broadly studied, many of which have had promising data demonstrating therapeutic effects on cancer cell inhibition, tumor size reduction, the life extension of tumor-bearing animals, and more. Nevertheless, their drug release profiles are difficult to predict since their degradation pattern varies with crystalline polymers. In addition, there is room for improving their release performances, optimizing the release patterns, and achieving better therapeutic outcomes. In this review, the key factors affecting electrospun membrane drug release profiles have been systematically reviewed. Case studies of the release profiles of typical chemotherapy drugs are carried out to determine the preferred polymer choices and techniques to achieve the expected prolonged or enhanced release profiles. The therapeutic effects of these electrospun, chemo-drug-loaded membranes are also discussed. This review aims to assist in the design of future drug-loaded electrospun materials to achieve preferred release profiles with enhanced therapeutic efficacies.

Electrospun fibrous membrane reinforced hydrogels with preferable mechanical and tribological performance as cartilage substitutes.

Hydrogels have attracted much attention as cartilage substitutes due to their human tissue-like characteristics. However, developing cartilage substitutes require the combination of high mechanical strength and low friction. Despite great success in tough hydrogels, this combination was hardly realized. Inspired by the natural cartilage, electrospun fibrous membrane reinforced hydrogels with superior mechanical properties and low friction coefficient were designed using electrospinning, freeze-thawing, and annealing techniques. An ordered fibrous membrane was first constructed by electrospinning, in which the tensile strength and modulus have been improved successfully. Then the PVA/PAA/GO hydrogel was modified layer-by-layer by the multilayer ordered electrospun membrane of PVA/PAA/GO. The ordered fibrous membrane significantly enhanced the mechanical strength and friction properties in a manner that mimicked the collagen fibrils in the cartilage. When the number of the membranes was 4, the mechanical properties of the fibrous membrane reinforced hydrogel is maximized, which can be compared to natural cartilage, which can achieve a tensile strength of 13.7 ± 1.5 MPa, tensile modulus of 27.5 ± 3.2 MPa, compressive strength of 12.32 ± 1.35 MPa, compressive modulus of 20.35 ± 2.50 MPa. The ordered fibrous membrane endows the hydrogel with a higher tearing energy of 39.16 ± 4.05 KJ m-2, which is the 5 times that of pure hydrogel (7.74 ± 0.86 KJ m-2). In addition, the friction coefficient of the fibrous membrane reinforced hydrogel is as low as 0.039, 2 times smaller than that of the hydrogel without addition of the fibrous membrane. Therefore, such hydrogels had excellent mechanical properties and tribological properties, which could be widely used in tissue engineering such as in cartilage replacement.

Development of multiscale Fe/SiC–C fibrous composites for broadband electromagnetic and acoustic waves absorption

The explosive development of wireless communication devices and modern electronic machines raises concerns about potential human health threats from their extensive emission of electromagnetic waves (EMW) and acoustic noise. However, the insufficient lossy medium, monotonous structure, and large fiber diameters limit the broadband EMW and noise absorption of traditionally used fibrous materials. Here, we developed electro-spun Fe-doped and SiC nanoparticle-loaded carbon fibrous membranes (Fe/SiC–C) and their multiscale composites for effective broadband EMW and acoustic waves absorption performance. The Fe/SiC–C fibrous membranes show an excellent EMW absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.98 GHz at a thickness of 2.45 mm. Integrating a macroscale double-layer periodic cuboid design, we fabricated Fe/SiC–C fibrous metastructure composites that exhibit broadband EMW absorption with EAB of 15.2 GHz ranging from 2.8 GHz to 18 GHz at a total thickness of 8.45 mm. Additionally, using a simple roll-up method, we assembled the Fe/SiC–C fibrous membranes into a bulk sound absorber with a superior noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of 0.57 at a thickness of 30 mm. The multiscale development of carbon-based fibrous composites enables their potential application to electromagnetic and acoustic waves absorption.

Continuous release of mefloquine featured in electrospun fiber membranes alleviates epidural fibrosis and aids in sensory neurological function after lumbar laminectomy.

Recurrent low back pain after spinal surgeries, such as lumbar laminectomy, is a major complication of excessive epidural fibrosis. Although multiple preclinical and clinical methods have been aimed at ameliorating epidural fibrosis, their safety and efficacy remain largely unclear. Single implanted electrospun fibrous membranes provide physical barriers that can decrease tissue fibrosis after surgery; however, they also trigger local inflammation due to the implantation of a foreign body, thus subsequently attenuating their anti-fibrosis properties. Here, we designed a strategy that permits easy incorporation of mefloquine into polylactic acid membranes, and stable long-term mefloquine release, to potentially improve anti-fibrosis effects and relieve or prevent low back pain. The electrospun fibrous membranes grafted with mefloquine showed a well-controlled early temporary peak release, and secondary drug release occurred smoothly over several weeks. Histopathological and histomorphometric results indicated that the drug-loaded membranes had excellent anti-fibrosis effects after laminectomy in rats. Inflammation and neovascularization at the surgical site indicated that the mefloquine-grafted electrospun fibrous membranes provided sustained anti-inflammatory outcomes while effectively alleviating associated neuropathic pain hypersensitivity. In summary, our study indicated that polylactic acid-mefloquine grafted electrospun fibrous membranes may be a potential local agent to mitigate epidural fibrosis and support sensory neurological function after laminectomy, thereby potentially improving patients' postoperative outcomes.

Pickering Emulsion-Templated Nanocomposite Membranes for Excellent Demulsification and Oil-Water Separation.

A worldwide steady increase in oily wastewater, due to oil spillage and various industrial discharges, requires immediate efforts toward development of an effective strategy and materials to preserve the natural water bodies. Designing a superwettable fibrous membrane of robust structure and anti-fouling property for efficient separation of oil-water mixtures and emulsions is therefore highly demanding. The electrospun fibrous membrane, which possesses porosity and flexibility and properties including superwettability and tunable functionality, can be considered as apposite materials for this cause. In this approach, we combined two strategies, viz., Pickering emulsion and near gel resin (nGR) emulsion electrospinning together to produce a fibrous nanocomposite membrane for efficient oil-water separation and demulsification. nGR Pickering emulsions were stabilized using hydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles and successfully optimized for fabricating the crosslinked core sheath-structured fibrous membrane. The prepared membrane provided twofold functionality due to the core sheath structure of the fibers. The crosslinked polystyrene core offered high oil adsorption capacity, whereas SiO2-functionalized crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol sheath provided a rough, superhydrophilic surface with underwater oleophobic behavior to the membrane. The optimized SiO2-Pickering emulsion-templated nanocomposite membrane demonstrated excellent underwater anti-oil adhesion behavior (UWOCA ∼148°) with efficient oil-water separation capacity of more than 99% and separation flux up to 3346 ± 91 L m-2 h-1. The membrane was evaluated against various oil-water emulsions and found to have a superior separation efficiency. Moreover, excellent anti-oil adhesion property provided the intact membrane, where consistent separation performance was achieved up to 10 separation cycles without any loss. The membrane was used for separation of hot oil-water emulsions and showed no structural disintegration or loss in separation performance when exposed to elevated temperatures. The developed nanocomposite membranes could efficiently be used for separation and demulsification, and their applications can be explored in various other fields including selective sorption, catalysis, and storage in future.

Hierarchical structure design of electrospun membrane for enhanced membrane distillation treatment of shrimp aquaculture wastewater

Electrospun fibrous membranes with superhydrophobicity can reduce membrane wettability and maintain a long-term stable desalination process during membrane distillation (MD). In this study, we developed a novel approach to prepare superhydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) electrospun membranes (EMs) by constructing hierarchical microtextures on membrane surfaces via a template printing strategy. PVDF-HFP membranes with printed surface microtextures were successfully prepared using a stainless-steel mesh (SSM) template as a fiber collector. For the injection rate of 1.0 mL/h and the solvent weight ratio of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) of 1:1, the membrane exhibited optimal printed microtextures when electrospun at the temperature of 30 ± 2 °C and relative humidity of 70 ± 5 %. The microtexture template structure provides hierarchical micro- and nano-roughness on the membrane surface. The optimal membrane exhibits superhydrophobicity, with a static contact angle of water (WCA) of 158° and a low water sliding angle (WSA) of 8.5°. In the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) for treating shrimp farm wastewater, the initial permeation flux of the optimal membrane was as high as 33.45 kg·m−2·h−1. The superhydrophobic membrane exhibited a stable permeation flux of 29.06 kg·m−2·h−1 (only a 13 % reduction in flux) after long-term DCMD for 72 h, which portrays great potential for practical wastewater treatment, especially in nutrient-rich aquaculture wastewater.

Flexible and degradable polycaprolactone based phase change composites for thermal energy management

Electrospun fibrous membranes have potential applications in phase change materials(PCMs)for thermal energy storage and temperature regulation. However, challenges remain in the development of eco-friendly PCMs with flexibility and no leakage. Here, two kinds of degradable polymers, polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are selected to fabricate PCL@PEG shell@core phase change fibers composites by coaxial electrospinning technique, where supporting matrix PCL acts as shell layer and phase change ingredient PEG as core layer. An increase in PEG content of PCL@PEG would favor the gradual improvement in latent heat, and the maximum melting enthalpy could reach up to 39.5 kJ/kg. Also, the melting/crystallization temperature of PCL@PEG with various PEG content almost retain unchanged, and the temperature range is about 39 °C–33 °C. Besides, all PCL@PEG composites could be bendable coming from the designed shell@core structure and the desired mechanical properties of PCL. It is noteworthy that the shape-stabilized PCL@PEG composites possess the higher thermal reliability and temperature regulation capacity. The method thus opens an effective way for degradable phase change composites to simultaneously be flexible and leakage-free.

Preparation and Properties of Electrospun PLLA/PTMC Scaffolds.

Poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and PLLA/poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) scaffolds characterised by different PLLA:PTMC mass ratios (10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4 and 5:5) were prepared via electrospinning. The results showed that increasing the PTMC content in the spinning solution caused the following effects: (1) the diameter of the prepared PLLA/PTMC electrospun fibres gradually increased from 188.12 ± 48.87 nm (10:0) to 584.01 ± 60.68 nm (5:5), (2) electrospun fibres with uniform diameters and no beads could be prepared at the PTMC contents of >30%, (3) the elastic modulus of the fibre initially increased and then decreased, reaching a maximum value of 74.49 ± 8.22 Mpa (5:5) and (4) the elongation at the breaking point of the fibres increased gradually from 24.71% to 344.85%. Compared with the PLLA electrospun fibrous membrane, the prepared PLLA/PTMC electrospun fibrous membrane exhibited considerably improved mechanical properties while maintaining good histocompatibility.

Inflammation Self-Limiting Electrospun Fibrous Tape via Regional Immunity for Deep Soft Tissue Repair.

Overexpression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines occurs at deep soft tissue injury sites impeding the inflammation self-limiting and impairing the tissue remodeling process. Inspired by the electrostatically extracellular matrix (ECM) binding property of the inflammatory signals, an inflammation self-limiting fibrous tape is designed by covalently modifying the thermosensitive methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) and negatively charged methacrylated heparin (HepMA) hydrogel mixture with proper ratio onto the electrospun fibrous membrane by mild alkali hydrolysis and carboxyl-amino condensation reaction to restore inflammation self-limiting and promote tissue repair via regional immunity regulation. While the GelMA guarantees cell compatibility, the negatively charged HepMA successfully adsorbs the inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by electrostatic interactions and inhibits immune cell migration in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo inflammation self-limiting and regional immunity regulation efficacy is evaluated in a rat abdominal hernia model. Reduced local inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the early stage and increased angiogenesis and ECM remodeling in the later phase confirm that the tape is an approach to maintain an optimal regional immune activation level after soft tissue injury. Overall, the reported electrospun fibrous tape will find its way into clinical transformation and solve the challenges of deep soft tissue injury.

Hydrophobic/oleophilic polylactic acid electrospun fibrous membranes with the silicone semi-interpenetrated networks for oil–water separation

Hydrophobic/oleophilic polylactic acid electrospun fibrous membranes with the silicone semi-interpenetrated networks for oil–water separation

Functionalized Electrospun Double-Layer Nanofibrous Scaffold for Wound Healing and Scar Inhibition.

Considerable advances have been made in developing materials that promote wound healing and inhibit scar formation in clinical settings. However, some challenges, such as cumbersome treatment processes and determination of optimal treatment time, remain unresolved. Thus, developing a multifunctional wound dressing with both wound healing and scar inhibition properties is crucial. Here, we present an integrated electrospun fibrous composite membrane (MPC12) for wound healing and scar inhibition, consisting of a quaternized chitosan-loaded inner membrane (PCQC5) and quaternized silicone-loaded outer membrane (MQP12). The inner membrane effectively coagulates blood and promotes wound healing, and the outer membrane moisturizes, resists bacteria, and inhibits scar formation. In vivo evaluation in a rabbit ear model revealed that MPC12 treatment results in faster wound healing and better alleviation of scar hypertrophy than treatment with commercial products (KELO-COTE and MSSG). Our strategy offers an excellent solution for the potential integration of wound healing and scar inhibition.