Electron Mean Research Articles

Study on the parameters of non-thermal plasma degradation process based on the combination of simulation and experiment

The destruction of benzene in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was studied in this work. The effects of specific energy density, initial concentration and oxygen content on benzene degradation efficiency were investigated by experiment and matrix correlation analysis. The results showed that specific energy density was the most important factor on benzene removal with a Pearson's coefficient of 0.7, meanwhile both initial concentration and oxygen content presented the inverse influence. In addition, a model to study the plasma discharge process was developed by COMSOL simulation software and surface reactions were included in the model. The behavior of the plasma was described by the coupled equations of electron density, heavy matter density and electron mean energy, and the drift-diffusion equation was calculated. When the peak voltage is 30 kV, the terminal current obtained by the simulation is 0.03 A, and the corresponding output current measured by the experiment is 0.013 A. Simulated and experimental current change trends are the same, indicating that the method simulation is correct and reasonable.

The Criminal Prosecution for the Crime of Electronic threat According to Jordanian Legislation

This study addresses an important and emerging topic, which is electronic threat crimes and their criminal consequences according to the new Jordanian Cybercrime Law of 2023. The study is divided into two sections. The first section discusses the legal nature of electronic threat crimes, divided into two parts: the nature of electronic threat crimes and the elements of electronic threat crimes. The second section discusses the mechanism of combating electronic threat crimes, also divided into two parts: how to prove electronic threat crimes and the penalty for threat crimes using electronic means. The study concludes with important findings that highlight the need for specialized teams to investigate electronic threat crimes and adapt to modern developments in dealing with intelligent criminals who possess different characteristics from traditional criminals. The conclusion also includes recommendations to establish units within security institutions to handle electronic threat crimes, receive threat reports, and develop high-level skills to track such intelligent criminals.

Harassment of interns, medical interns and residents: consequences and complaints

Abstract Introduction Workplace harassment manifests in various forms for healthcare students, potentially leading to modifications in their lives and academic activities. Objectives To describe the type of harassment experienced by interns, medical interns, and residents, and its consequences. Methods A cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted, including medical interns, social service interns, and residents from Veracruz who reported experiencing harassment in their assigned areas during their last academic year. Direct and virtual invitations were sent through various electronic means. Results 58 students were included, with 39 (67.2%) being women. 50% reported experiencing psychological abuse, and 65.5% reported experiencing sexual harassment. The most severe sexual harassment incidents included sexual assault with physical force (1.7%) and three instances of non-consensual sexual relations (5.2%), while the most common were sexual jokes/comments (72.4%). Following harassment experiences, 25% of participants reported feeling anxious, 22% stressed, and 17% angry. Students who perceived psychological abuse reported anger (69%), stress (58.6%), and anxiety (58.6%) as the most frequent consequences, while those reporting sexual abuse indicated anger (73.7%), shame (68.4%), and anxiety as primary consequences. The most frequently identified harassers were attending physicians (56.9%), senior students (34.5%), and non-medical personnel (34.5%). Students filed complaints with hospital authorities (6.9%), university authorities (6.9%), and external agencies (5.2%). The individual who experienced sexual assault with physical force did not file any complaint, while only one person reported non-consensual sexual relations to hospital authorities. Conclusions It is crucial to establish safe spaces for students within the hospital environment to promote their overall well-being and academic success, as well as to encourage a culture of reporting. Key messages • Highlighting the need for intervention within the work teams where our students are placed, promoting a violence-free environment. • Annexing a therapist as part of the work team could favor the well-being of students, since mental health is one of the main points affected within a violent environment.

Issues and Challenges of the Digitisation of the Capital Market in India

Governance involves the use of political, economic, and administrative power to manage a nation's affairs and ensure citizens' rights. E-governance utilizes electronic means for efficient, transparent public service delivery. India's National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) aims to enhance governance through a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, establishing over 100,000 Common Service Centres (CSCs). These CSCs act as delivery hubs for public and private services, addressing regional development while fostering private sector and community participation for sustainable livelihoods. Mitigating the challenges of digitization requires raising user awareness and advancing the regulatory system through the use of cybersecurity practices

Evaluating size effects on the thermal conductivity and electron-phonon scattering rates of copper thin films for experimental validation of Matthiessen’s rule

As metallic nanostructures shrink towards the size of the electronic mean free path, thermal conductivity decreases due to increased electronic scattering rates. Matthiessen’s rule is commonly applied to assess changes in electron scattering rates, although this rule has not been validated experimentally at typical operating temperatures for most of the electronic systems (e.g., near room temperature). In this study, we experimentally evaluate the validity of Matthiessen’s rule in determining the thermal conductivity of thin metal films by measuring the in-plane thermal conductivity and electronic scattering rates of copper (Cu) films with varying thicknesses (27 nm — 5 µm), microstructures, and grain boundary segregation. Comparing total electron scattering rates measured with infrared ellipsometry to infrared ultrafast pump-probe measurements, we find that the electron-phonon coupling factor is independent of film thickness, whereas the total electronic scattering rate increases with decreasing film thickness. Our findings provide experimental validation of Matthiessen’s rule for electron transport in thin metal films at room temperature and also introduce an approach to discern critical heat transfer processes in thin metal interconnects, which holds significance for the advancement of future CMOS technology.

İNFORMASİYALARIN MƏNİMSƏNİLMƏSİNDƏ KOQNİTİV BACARIQLARIN ROLU

The article discusses the role of cognitive skills in the absorption of information provided in modern information communication systems. It is shown that currently both the old and the young generation have a number of difficulties in the assimilation of information provided by electronic means. Difficulties are caused by different forms of information, used symbols, etc. The article justifies the role of cognitive skills and competencies in solving those difficulties. In this field, the tasks facing the education system are explained. The directions of the works to be carried out are indicated.

Current legal activities come to the complexity of the term "electronic commerce": international and national level

The article provides a comprehensive study of various approaches to defining the term «electronic commerce» in the context of modern legal, economic and technological challenges. The analysis begins with an overview of scholarly perspectives on e-commerce, which range from narrow interpretations that focus on basic online sales contracts to broader concepts that encompass all aspects of electronic interaction between business entities, including logistics, marketing, financial operations and international transactions. The term «e-commerce» is clearly distinguished from related concepts, such as «e-commerce», «e-business», which mostly focuses on the sale of goods and services. The article also explores the positive aspects of e-commerce, such as increasing the efficiency of business processes, reducing transaction costs, access to global markets, increased convenience for consumers, etc. At the same time, a number of negatives have been identified, including the risk of personal data theft, payment fraud, and other types of cybercrime. The normative regulation of electronic commerce at the level of international law and in Ukraine is separately analyzed. The main legislative acts and their impact on the development of e-commerce are highlighted. On the basis of the conducted research, three key criteria for a clear definition of e-commerce are formulated, including legal relations arising through electronic means, interaction of entities through the Internet, and multi-level business processes, namely: basic e-commerce, integrated e-commerce and global e-commerce. As a result, a proper understanding of e-commerce as a form of business activity is proposed, which involves the implementation of commercial transactions using information and telecommunication means, covering a wide range of processes, including the conclusion and execution of contracts for the sale of goods and services, payment processing, logistics, marketing and advertising , as well as management of currency and customs operations during international transactions, which allows to increase business efficiency and reduce costs due to process automation, optimization of resource management, rapid exchange of information, reduction of transaction costs and simplification of communication between market participants.

Electronic commerce as a tool for implementation of the constitutional right to business activity

The scientific article examines the essence and development of e-commerce as a key element of the modern economy, which significantly changes traditional business models and creates new opportunities for entrepreneurs and consumers. The impact of information and communication technologies on economic development is analyzed and their decisive role in the implementation of electronic commerce is indicated. Several key innovations that have fueled the rapid growth of e-commerce are explored, namely: AI-powered personalization, omni-channel commerce across platforms, and the integration of secure electronic payments using emerging technologies such as blockchain. In addition to technological aspects, social and economic factors that contributed to the development of e-commerce are considered, including the COVID-19 pandemic, changing consumer habits and the growth of logistics companies. The article also covers the issue of legal regulation of electronic commerce, analyzing international legal acts. It is concluded that e-commerce is a complex phenomenon that includes not only trade transactions but also related business processes such as marketing, data processing and supply chain management. The need for further development of the legal framework for its effective functioning in Ukraine and the world is indicated. E-commerce is proposed to be understood as the process of buying, selling or exchanging goods, services and information using electronic means, mainly through Internet platforms, covering a variety of business processes, such as: online trade, electronic payments, digital marketing, supply chain management, etc. . It was established that the relationship between the right to entrepreneurial activity and e-commerce is that e-commerce is one of the forms of entrepreneurial activity that is adapted to the modern conditions of the digital economy and the development of information technologies, in particular, this relationship is embodied through the prism the following legal relations: the right to entrepreneurial activity as a basis. The constitutional right to entrepreneurial activity provides an opportunity to freely choose and carry out economic activity for the purpose of obtaining profit. This right covers the freedom to choose the form of doing business, dispose of profits and protect one’s interests in the process of carrying out economic activities; digitalization as a form of entrepreneurship. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) expands the traditional possibilities of conducting business, offering new ways for entrepreneurs through the Internet. It covers not only the purchase and sale of goods and services, but also various business processes related to the exchange of digital information, conducting financial transactions and managing logistics; digital capabilities. Thanks to electronic commerce, the right to do business is expanded by accessing global markets and simplifying interaction with customers, which allows doing business regardless of geographical boundaries and time. Entrepreneurs can quickly implement new technologies, automate business processes and provide an individual approach to consumers through digital platforms; protection, security and settlement. Thus, the state, realizing the constitutional right to entrepreneurial activity, must ensure legal regulation of electronic commerce. This includes the protection of consumer rights, control over the quality of services, regulation of digital signatures, protection of personal data and support for the security of online payments; innovation and competition. E-commerce stimulates the development of entrepreneurship, increasing competition through opportunities for innovation. Entrepreneurs working in e-commerce gain competitive advantages due to the efficiency of digital technologies and global opportunities.

«ОПТИКА» БӨЛІМІ БОЙЫНША ЭЛЕКТРОНДЫҚ ОҚУЛЫҚТАРДЫҢ ЗАМАНУИ БІЛІМ БЕРУ ҚҰРАЛЫ РЕТІНДЕ РӨЛІ

The article examines the effectiveness and role of the use of electronic textbooks in the education system. And, including in the section «Optics», optical phenomena and patterns are taken as a basis. The creation of electronic textbooks is one of the most pressing problems of the educational process today. The expansion of the use of modern information technologies has led to the need to develop electronic learning tools that increase the effectiveness of self-learning and the quality of learning for students. The use of electronic means in the learning process is effective for both the teacher and the student. The use of electronic learning tools in the educational process does not contradict the traditional teaching method, but rather complements the use of its achievements. Comparison parameters are also considered: page and rotation; reader's movement through the book; plane and depth; book block; personal appearance of the book; text; illustration; tactile sensations; reliability of information storage and accessible information update; one can say about the pros and cons of this and other types of books. The advantages of an electronic textbook in terms of printing are accompanied only by sound effects associated with its large information capacity and ease of use. With all the convenience of the e-book format, the reader may want to see it directly on the site if he does not want to download it, or, as in a bookstore, first view the publication and then decide whether to download it or not. The main disadvantages of the electronic textbook are due to its loss of personal artistic appearance. Currently, there are many tools for creating electronic textbooks. For example, the possibilities of the program SunRav BookEditor, SunRav BookReader, TurboSite, Flipsnack, EdApp, Canva, etc. are considered. In the article, we will define the role of analyzing the digital literacy of students using an electronic textbook. Examples of electronic forms of a physics textbook for grades 7-9 can be given.

The Role of Electronic Notification in Accelerating the Litigation Proceedings in Civil Lawsuits: (A Comparative Study)

Objective: The purpose of the article research of the topic is represented in showing the role of E-notification in accelerating the litigation proceedings in civil lawsuits, as it saves time, effort, and expense, as well as addressing the problems of traditional notification, and propose recommendations to complete the legal system concerned. Method: In the current research, which is based on the analysis of legal texts, the analytical approach and the comparative approach were adopted. A comparison was made among the" Iraqi Civil Procedure Law No. (83) of 1969 amended by Law No. (10) of 2016", and the UAE Federal Civil Procedure Law No. (11). ) for the year 1992 amended by Law No. (15) for the year 2021 and its bylaw No." (57) for the year 2018 amended by Law No. (75) for the year 2021". Results: Some valuable findings have been revealed such as The electronic notification is an effective way to accelerate the judicial proceedings because it prevents the recurrence of notification, and reduces the objection to the judgments in absentia due to the certainty of informing the defendant in addition to the ease of the notification process, regardless of the location of the defendants. Conclusion: The research employs theories that Electronic notification is a result of the advancement of current communication techniques as well as the pervasive use of mobile devices and the Internet across a variety of aspects of economic and social life. Despite this development, the Iraqi legislator still maintains the same traditional means that he put in place when enacting the Civil Procedure Code. He excluded the electronic means from all judicial proceedings from the scope of the electronic signature law, including proceedings related to the judicial notification. On the contrary, the UAE legislator adopted electronic judicial notification in order to accelerate such civil litigation proceedings.

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF DANGER OF AN AIR TARGET BY CREW OF A COMBAT VEHICLE WITH A TURRETED MACHINE GUN

In the course of hostilities in eastern Ukraine, the main threat to critical infrastructure is posed by airborne attack weapons, in particular, the “Shahed-136” kamikaze drone and its russian counterpart, the “Geranium-2”. A combat vehicle with a turreted machine gun mount, which is part of mobile fire groups, has a limited number of means that provide high-quality visual observation, detection and recognition of air targets. Therefore, the task of determining the degree of danger of a detected and recognized drone is relevant in order to make an adequate decision on its destruction. The paper considers methods for detecting and recognizing an aerial target, determining its angle and direction of movement by the human visual system using optical and electronic devices and optical means of visual observation. The article proposes a scientific and methodological approach that allows detecting and recognizing an aerial target such as a kamikaze drone and determining the degree of its danger, which minimizes the time for the commander of a combat vehicle equipped with turreted machine guns to make a quick and adequate decision on destruction.

Performance of State Corporations in Kenya: The Role of Electronic Supplier Relationship Management

This paper aims to examine the relationship between electronic supplier relationship management (e-SRM) and the performance of state corporations in Kenya. Effective management of supplier relationships is crucial for enhancing suppliers' contributions to organizational performance. However, the adoption of electronic means for managing these relationships has been insufficiently explored, particularly in the public sector. The study focused on all 248 state corporations in Kenya, from which a sample of 153 corporations was selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Employing a descriptive correlational research design, primary data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings indicate a significant relationship between electronic supplier relationship management and the performance of state corporations in Kenya (β = 0.843, P = 0.0001 < 0.05). The study concludes that the persistent underperformance of state corporations is significantly linked to the limited adoption of electronic supplier relationship management practices. Therefore, it is recommended that state corporations, through their senior management, including heads of procurement and supply chain, integrate electronic supplier relationship management to streamline their supplier relationships and enhance overall performance.

Considerations Regarding the Conclusion of the Insurance Contract by Electronic Means, Remotely, and Through Intermediaries

Considerations Regarding the Conclusion of the Insurance Contract by Electronic Means, Remotely, and Through Intermediaries

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE SHAREHOLDERS’ RIGHTS AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIA

This study argues that deploying Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in corporate governance will strengthen the rights of shareholders and promote their effective participation in the affairs of the company in Nigeria. Nevertheless, the present corporate law on the right of shareholders in Nigeria are largely defective and inconsistent in creating enabling environment for shareholders to take the benefits of ICT in the exercise of their rights. For instance, section 240(2) of the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 2020 promoted electronic meetings for private companies, but restricted public companies that would have needed electronic meetings the most. Besides, there are no rules for determining the specific electronic means that is suitable for the shareholders, thereby allowing company to provide electronic means that may be beyond the reach of the shareholders. Also, the Securities and Exchange Commission established e-dividend regime in 2015, but it is limited to companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Therefore, this study analyzed comparative lessons from Canada and Europe, and recommended that the Nigeria’s Corporate Affairs Commission should, as a matter urgency, introduce standard guidelines for ICT and shareholders’ rights in Nigeria.

Формализованные схемы механизма управления организационной системой, реализующей циклы производства как совокупность разнородных бизнес-процессов

The article is devoted to the development of a mechanism for the efficient use of available resources of the organiza-tional system (OS) of a manufacturing enterprise with a cascade model of the production life cycle, in the context of the need to promptly increase the volume of manufactured products and reduce the time of delivery of products to the customer. Object of study: mechanism of resource management of the OS. Subject of study: formal aspects of this mechanism that help reduce the risk of making irrational heuristic decisions. Purpose of study: development of a for-mal-ized description of an effective mechanism of resource management of the OS. Methods: resource and process approach to management, project management and analogy method, methods and means of schematic modeling of electronic means. Main results and their significance: for individual business processes and the entire production cycle, based on the introduced components, formalized diagrams of the mechanism of optimal resource management of the OS were constructed, which made it possible, based on their application, to increase the efficiency of using the availa-ble re-sources of the enterprise and increase the output (rate of production) of its final products. Limitations of the de-veloped approach are shown.

Цифровой образовательный контент для современного урока: технология экспертизы качества

Widely and universally used e-learning systems (ELS) remain the subject of close attention of researchers. An integral and most important part of the ELS is digital educational content. This is a key element for both distance and full-time education, and in recent years it has been widely used not only in higher education, but also in general education. Assessing the quality of educational content for the expert community is a delicate issue, the complexity of which is due to the examinator subjectivity. Modern automation tools, developed within the framework of the artificial intelligence paradigm, which have already demonstrated the ability to solve various problems, allow us to approach this issue from a new position. The purpose of the article is to present the results of a preliminary study of approaches to increasing the accuracy and objectivity of the examination of the quality of digital educational content through partial automation of expert procedures. The leading research methods are analysis, examination, modeling, ascertaining experiment, description. As a result, a theoretical justification for automating the examination of the quality of digital educational content as a new interdisciplinary scientific research area is presented, tasks are set, goals and methods are defined, and the first results obtained within this area are presented. It is shown that the development goal will be the formation of an expanded description of the process of examination of the quality of digital educational content, including proposals for expert procedures implemented only by automation means, description of the examination information model and interpretation of the results of automatic examination. The novelty of the results obtained lies in the formation of the theoretical foundations for automatic analysis of the digital educational content quality. This will form a fundamentally new quality of assessment procedures in relation to electronic means of teaching and education, based on objective and measurable qualitative characteristics and indicators, formalized stages (processes) of examination, and quantitatively qualified assessment results.

Achieving a Noise Limit with a Few-layer WSe2 Avalanche Photodetector at Room Temperature.

We engineered a two-dimensional Pt/WSe2/Ni avalanche photodetector (APD) optimized for ultraweak signal detection at room temperature. By fine-tuning the work functions, we achieved an ultralow dark current of 10-14 A under small bias, with a noise equivalent power (NEP) of 8.09 fW/Hz1/2. This performance is driven by effective dark barrier blocking and a record-long electron mean free path (123 nm) in intrinsic WSe2, minimizing dark carrier replenishment and suppressing noise under an ultralow electric field. Our APD exhibits a high gain of 5 × 105 at a modulation frequency of 20 kHz, effectively balancing gain and bandwidth, a common challenge in traditional photovoltaic-based APDs. By addressing the typical challenges of high noise and low gain and minimizing dependence on high electric fields, this work highlights the potential of 2D materials in developing efficient, low-power, and ultrasensitive photodetections.

High-Performance Planar Broadband Hot-Electron Photodetection through Platinum-Dielectric Triple Junctions.

Recently, planar and broadband hot-electron photodetectors (HE PDs) were established but exhibited degraded performances due to the adoptions of the single-junction configurations and the utilizations of absorbable films with thicknesses larger than the electronic mean free path. In this work, we present a five-layer design for planar HE PDs assisted by triple junctions in which an ultrathin Pt layer dominates the broadband and displays strong optical absorption (>0.9 from 900 nm to 1700 nm). Optical studies reveal that the optical admittance matching between optical admittances of designed device and air at all interested wavelengths is responsible for broadband light-trapping that induces prominent energy depositions in Pt layers. Electrical investigations show that, benefitting from suppressed hot-electron transport losses and increased hot-electron harvesting junctions, the predicted responsivity of the designed HE PD is up to 8.51 mA/W at 900 nm. Moreover, the high average absorption (responsivity) of 0.96 (3.66 mA/W) is substantially sustained over a broad incidence angle regardless of the polarizations of incident light. The comparison studies between five-layer and three-layer devices emphasize the superiority of five-layer design in strong optical absorption in Pt layers and efficient hot-electron extraction.

Program pembelajaran bagi peserta didik autis di Raudhatul Athfal Maestro NU Purbalingga

The study conducted at Raudhatul Athfal NU Maestro Purbalingga outlines the learning program for autistic students in group A as well as the problems faced by teachers in the 2022/2023 school year. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The subjects of this study consisted of a class teacher and a group A student who had been detected as autistic. Data collection was done through interviews and observations. The data obtained was tested for validity by increasing persistence, triangulation, and using reference materials. Data analysis techniques were carried out by collecting data, reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. Without special preparation, autistic students joined their classmates. Teachers use various learning approaches, such as games and movements, and adjust their schedules accordingly. Due to limited electronic means, learning media is more traditional. Standardized adjustments for autistic children are used to conduct holistic evaluations. The absence of special preparation, the absence of a dedicated space, and the difficulty of handling and evaluating autistic students, which interferes with the overall learning process, are the main obstacles.

THE CONCEPT OF THE FORMATION THE ELECTRONIC DEMOCRACY AS A TOOL OF REGIONAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

The article proposes a conceptual model of regional electronic democracy as a cognitive scheme for the analysis of this tool of local public administration in Ukraine. It is noted that the local levels of the implementation of electronic democracy are theoretically capable of demonstrating the greatest effectiveness of using this tool, as they are related to the immediate environment of everyday life of citizens and relate to solving urgent problems of community residents. The author emphasizes the predominant research interest in e-democracy at the national level and insufficient attention to regional features of e-democracy. The key role of digital participation in the formation and development of electronic democracy is argued. The author examines various scientific approaches to considering the forms and levels of public participation in regional public administration and supports the conclusion that there is a tendency to expand the meaningful characteristics of participation in administration and the arsenal of electronic tools for its implementation Using the analytical method and the method of theoretical generalization, the author analyzes the functioning of electronic democracy at the local level. For formulating her own concept, the author relies on the theoretical work of foreign e-democracy researchers, in particular, the concept of invited and invented public space and the classification of types of e-democracy. The model of regional e-democracy is defined as a set of types of electronic participation of the citizens in governance and e-democracy tools as electronic means of implementing this participation. Forms of participation and their corresponding e-tools are grouped into three blocks: transparent e-democracy, deliberative e-democracy and participatory e-democracy. The author draws attention to the heterogeneity of the public sphere as a place for the implementation of local electronic democracy and claims that the identification of the invented space as a place for the implementation of civil self-organization contributes to a deeper understanding of the modern processes of transformation of public administration under the influence of information and communication technologies. The importance of taking into account the social context and the possibilities of technological support for evaluating the effectiveness of the processes of local democracy is emphasized.