Electronic Instrument Research Articles

Effect of Pulsed Laser Irradiation on Microstructure and Evolution of Residual Stress for Gold Film

Gold film is extensively used in a variety of electronic, optical, and magnetic instruments or devices. Effect of pulsed laser irradiation on microstructure and evolution of residual stress for gold film is studied. Gold film deposited on a silica substrate is irradiated by pulsed laser with different energy densities. Microstructures of the gold film before and after laser irradiation are studied by using scanning electron microscope, scanning transmission electron microscope, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry. Recrystallization occurs during laser irradiation. Most of the original defects in the as‐deposited gold film are eliminated, and the films become smooth and more compact after laser irradiation. Curvature‐based technique using Stoney formula is applied to evaluate the residual stress. Pulsed laser irradiation results in the increase in tensile residual stress and stability of the residual stress.

THE INFLUENCE OF SERVICE QUALITY AND PERCEPTION OF BENEFITS ON GO-PAY SERVICE USER SATISFACTION

One of the electronic payment instruments is known as electronic money (emoney). E-money is a form of digital money. E-money functions to transfer the money balance data contained in our e-money to a computer or sales information system, so that the goods we want are purchased without spending additional cash. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of service quality and perceived benefits partially and simultaneously on Go-Pay service user satisfaction. In this study, the method used is primary data, namely data taken from distributing questionnaires to Gundarma University students majoring in management class of 2017 who use Go-Pay services. The analytical tools used are Likert scale, validity test, reliability test, classic assumption test, determination, RLB, t test, and f test.
 From the results of the analysis tested, it can be concluded that service quality (X1) has no partial effect on user satisfaction of Go-Pay services, while the perceived benefits variable (X2) has a partial effect on user satisfaction of Go-Pay services. Service quality and perceived benefits simultaneously influence Go-Pay service user satisfaction. This confirms that perceived benefits have a positive influence on Go-Pay service user satisfaction.

Pengaruh Uang Elektronik dan Surat Berharga Syariah Negara (SBSN) terhadap Jumlah Uang Beredar di Indonesia


 As the central bank of the Republic of Indonesia, Bank Indonesia has three main responsibilities: creating and implementing monetary policy, regulating and maintaining a seamless payment system, including cash and non-cash payments, and financial system stabilization. To achieve this goals, Bank Indonesia can use one of the sharia monetary instruments, specifically Government Islamic Securities and it is authorized to provide efficient payment instruments such as non-cash electronic money payment instruments, the development of which may have an effect on the money supply. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of electronic money and Government Islamic Securities on Indonesia's money supply. The data used in this analysis is secondary data in the form of a time series of 84 observations that includes monthly data on electronic money, Government Islamic Securities and the money supply from Bank Indonesia publications for the period January 2015 to December 2021. Using the EViews 10 program, this study technique employs the restricted VAR (Vector Autoregression)/VECM (Vector Error Correction Model) analysis method. The results of this study reveal that the variable of electronic money in the short term does not significantly affect the money supply. Electronic money, on the other hand, has a long-term positive influence on the money supply. The variable of Government Islamic Securities in the short term does not significantly affect the money supply. Meanwhile, Government Islamic Securities have a negative impact on the money supply in the long term.
 Keywords: Electronic Money, Government Islamic Securities and Money Supply.

An electronic musical instrument approach to training of expiratory and hand muscle movements

An electronic musical instrument approach to training of expiratory and hand muscle movements

Meet the Editors

Meet the Editors

(Invited) The Long Reach of Impedance Measurements: From Flow Cells and Dielectrics to Experimental Artifacts

The motivation for this presentation is to bring into perspective experience in collecting and interpreting impedance data and put this in interesting and relevant form in front of specialists in electronic materials and processing.Impedance spectroscopy became very popular among electrochemists ever since most modern potentiostats started incorporating hardware for collecting impedance and software, for interpretation of putative equivalent circuits. The popularity stems both from usefulness of the method, when judiciously applied, and from the ease to obtain graphs suitable for pondering their meaning. In fact, the method became so commonplace that it acquired the acronym EIS which electrochemists somewhat vainly explain as the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy even though in many situations, it is spectroscopy just electrical as there may not be electrochemical processes even going on.The current turnkey potentiostats give capable electronic instrumentation to hands of people who do not need to be experts in electronic circuitry. This can lead to overinterpretation of data, particularly at higher frequencies. We will show on a case study how real-life input impedance of the instrument, which is typically and often successfully, ignored in data interpretation, can contribute to appearance of additional elements in fitted equivalent circuits.With the turnkey hardware is also provided powerful software as a tool for assignment of physical or chemical properties of the studied sample. On a case study of a dielectric electronic material with a leakage we will show how interpretation with overlooked leakage contribution leads to incorrect interpretation of material permittivity, indicating its frequency dependence.The attached figure shows impedance response of an active mass in a lead-acid battery studied for purpose of modern application for energy recuperation. This is one data set for an active lead acid mass 80 % discharged from a series of a full set of 0-100% discharged and 0-100% charged steps. The interpretation complication arises from the high frequency data (emphasized in the inset), where an inductor as an element in equivalent circuit might be called for. We will demonstrate how this response can be contributed to the real-life behavior of the impedance analyzer itself. Figure 1

Knowledge Transfer in Higher Education Institutions Focused on Entrepreneurial Activities of Electronic Instrumentation

Although society, governments and the business sector are increasingly demanding that Higher Academic Centers translate their innovative potential into products and services that affect society, little is known or done about the entrepreneurial skills that both lecturers and students need in the context of electronic engineering academic degrees. Inevitably, the fact that some teachers lack certain skill sets will have a negative impact on some students’ professional careers. This article demonstrates a range of initiatives in knowledge transfer which have been carried out over more than 30 years by the university research team making the proposal. Such initiatives have allowed the integration of, not only creative thinking, but also other skills differing from traditional teaching and which can help students to successfully compete for jobs requiring higher qualifications. Following the methodology of a case study within the framework of the Polytechnic University School of Vilanova i la Geltrú (EPSEVG) of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), the novelty of the research lies in its focus on the results obtained. In the 1990s, entrepreneurial initiatives encouraged the creation of reference laboratories and the teaching of innovative subjects in the field of virtual instrumentation. Years later, this teaching activity would be complemented by the launch of lines of research/technology transfer. It should be noted that, in its initial stages, this entrepreneurial trajectory was characterized by limited material and human resources, but thanks to the discovery of little-explored areas of activity (niches), opting for working in cooperation networks (science-technology symbiosis), and the entrepreneurial profile of the members of the research team, it has been possible to gain a space in the research/development of marine technologies in the national and European context, as stated in the text. This empirical research has contributed significantly to shaping a new degree in Marine Sciences and Technologies. Likewise, the results of this study reveal that a significant number of electronic engineering students have acquired entrepreneurial skills by engaging in teaching and research and development activities in different Higher Academic Centers.

Design and implementation of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) using artificial intelligent for mobile-healthcare

The newest phase of the Internet of Things is the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), which has applications for smart healthcare systems. In a pandemic, healthcare workers face many issues while treating patients. IoMT equipment keeps tabs on the patient's wellbeing. The initial safety measures can be implemented individually based on the outcome. The healthcare sector is heavily relying on it to boost the precision, dependability, and effectiveness of electronic instruments. IoMT can link actual, physical objects in the physical environment for communication and information exchange. It also guarantees the standard of service. To diagnose, simple communication protocols are utilized to track biological signals. The IoMT will assist doctors, nurses, public health officials, and patients in monitoring, identifying, educating, and directing them to receive the proper medical care as well as ensuring the quick and accurate dissemination of data in a controlled situation.

Establishment of a Bama miniature pig burn model with different burn depths.

The skin morphological characteristics of the Bama miniature pig are very similar to those of humans; thus, the Bama miniature pig is an ideal choice for establishing a skin burn model. In this study, 6 ordinary, male, Bama miniature pigs (weight: 23-28 kg and length: 71-75 cm) were used to establish burn models. A mixture of 1 mg of Ketamine and Sumianxin II was used for Bama miniature pigs anesthetizing, and 1 mg of Pentobarbital sodium was added as necessary. The different burn depths were made using a continuous pressure of 1 kg and contact times of 0 s, 10 s, 15 s, 20 s, 25 s, 30 s, 35 s, 40 s, and 45 s by the newly invented electronic burn instrument. The burned tissues were collected and examined with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson staining. Burning for 10-15 s caused a first-degree burn; the blood vessels in the superficial dermis were dilated and congested, and necrosis occurred above the basal layer of the epidermis. Burning for 20-25 s caused a superficial partial-thickness burn; the whole epidermal layer was necrotic, and the collagen fibers were slightly deformed. Burning for 30-35 s caused a deep partial-thickness burn; the whole epidermal layer and dermal layers were necrotic with leukocyte infiltration zones, and the collagen fibers were disordered, degenerated, and necrotized. Burning for 40-45 s caused a third-degree burn; the skin layers and adipose tissues were necrotic, and the thick blood vessels in the skin adipose tissues were full of disintegrated and agglutinated red blood cells. Stable burn depth models of Bama miniature pigs were constructed using a new and innovative electronic burn instrument. Our findings provide a basis for further research on the burn mechanism and evaluations of therapeutic drugs.

Global Perspectives on Orchestras: Collective Creativity and Social Agency

Global Perspectives on Orchestras: Collective Creativity and Social Agency

The Great Seal

The Great Seal (also known as “The Thing”) was an ingenious covert eavesdropping device deployed by the Soviets against staff at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. It was devised by the Russian scientist Leon Theremin, who also invented the electronic musical instrument which bears his name (perhaps most familiar in the theme music for the TV program “Star Trek”).

Measurement and modeling of an electromechanical spring reverb device

A spring reverb is an electromechanical device used to artificially reverberate an audio signal, i.e. to impart a sense of spaciousness to the audio signal, as if the sound were being emitted into a reverberant acoustic space. The device consists of a number of helical springs set into motion by electrically driven magnetized beads, with the elastic wave motion along the springs being analogous to acoustic waves propagating along the various dimensions of a room. While originally invented by the Hammond organ company to add a sense of spaciousness to the sound of their electric organs, spring reverbs have been used in a number of electronic instruments and audio devices over the years, with probably the most iconic and enduring use being in classic electric guitar amplifiers. In this talk, a general overview of the history and technical aspects of spring reverb devices will be given, with particular emphasis placed on the highly dispersive nature of elastic wave propagation along helical springs, which it will be argued is primarily responsible for the distinctive sound of the device. Finally, a simplified computation model will be presented that captures the salient features of a spring reverb device.

Characterization of Greenhouse Gases Emissions by Economic Sectors Using Environmentally Extended Input-Output Analysis (EEIOA)

Objectives : As climate change deepened, the concept of 2050 carbon neutrality was introduced. The COP 26 Glasgow Agreement strengthened the national greenhouse gases (GHGs) target of 2030. However, there are controversies over the feasibility of these GHGs reduction goals, considering the economic sectors energy policy and the attributes of GHGs emissions. Taking this into consideration, this study aimed to formulate the 2017 Environmentally Expanded Input-output Table to analyze the characteristics of GHGs emissions in Korea's economic sectors.Methods : The carbon dioxide emission was calculated by multiplying carbon dioxide emission factors to fuel consumption in the 2017 energy balance table, while other GHGs emissions are taken from the national GHGs inventory. All the GHGs emissions calculated and taken were allocated to 381 basic sectors of the Input-Output Table to represent each sector's characteristics of GHGs emissions. Then 381 sectors are combined into a large category of 35 sectors to formulate the 2017 Republic of Korea Environmentally Extended Input-Output Table (ROKEEIOT). Using this ROKEEIOT, the emission of Scope 1. 2, and 3 by economic sectors were estimated, and the GHGs emissions and GHGs intensity by economic sectors.Results and Discussion : The carbon dioxide emissions calculated by the 2017 ROKEEIOT prepared in this study showed a difference of 2% from the 2017 national GHGs emission statistics, confirming that the 2017 ROKEEIOT is very effective. The three economic sectors with the highest direct GHGs emissions were electricity, steam, chilled or hot water, air conditioning supply (262,280 kt CO2eq.), primary metal products (117.098 kt CO2eq.), and transportation equipment (58,332 kt CO2eq.). However, the total GHGs emissions were different in the order of construction (151,476 kt CO2eq.), transportation equipment (112,168 kt CO2eq.), computer, and electronic and optical instruments (107,868 kt CO2eq.). As a result of classifying the scope of GHGs emissions, 6 industries exceeded 50% in Scope 1, and 29 sectors exceeded 50% in Scope 3, indicating that GHGs reduction measures were necessary for the supply chain in consideration of the GHGs emissions characteristics by economic sectors. In particular, 41.68% of GHGs emissions induced by final demand were generated by exports confirming, confirming the urgent need to strengthen the carbon competitiveness of export industry in preparation for the introduction of the carbon border adjustment mechanism.Conclusion : The economic contribution, direct GHGs emissions of industries, and the amount of GHGs emissions induced by supply chains and value chains show very different patterns by economic sectors. Therefore, it was confirmed that scientific policies to reduce GHGs emissions, such as net-zero and climate change measures, should reflect the characteristics of Scope 1, which is direct emission by industry, Scope 2 emissions caused by electricity and steam consumption and scope 3 emissions generated along the supply chain or value chain.

A Survey of Electron Conics at Jupiter Utilizing the JADE‐E Data During Science Orbits 01, 03‐30

AbstractWe present a survey of electron conics over Jupiter's high latitude regions utilizing 22.6 hr of data from the Jovian Auroral Distribution Experiment electron instrument aboard NASA's Juno spacecraft during science orbits 01 and 03‐30. We observed electron conics for about 2.5% of this time and characterized them into three types based on their direction of motion along Jupiter's magnetic field lines: upward, downward, and bidirectional. We observed the upward electron conics most often and at energies of 0.057–80.1 keV, while we observed the downward electron conics least often and at energies of 0.073–1.2 keV. We observed bidirectional electron conics mostly around the same times and places as the upward electron conics having energies of 0.081–49.6 keV. We observed all electron conic types to occur mostly at altitudes 0.3–0.4 RJ and local times 15–16 hr. Furthermore, we observed all electron conic types to have energies greater than 0.7 keV below an altitude of 0.5 RJ and over the main auroral region.

Electronic Money in Iraq: Reality and Challenges

The aim of our research is to shed light on electronic money in Iraq and the extent of its development during the time period in which we conducted our study, which began in the year 2017, where the impact of the salary settlement law for employees in the public and private sectors, which caused an increase in the use of electronic cards used. We tried through our research this definition of money The electronic money, which consisted of (magnetic plastic cards, electronic instruments and others), and then explained the characteristics of that money from the regular money that we used to use, which is paper money or metal alike, in addition to addressing the impact of its use on the banking sector in any country, as well as we explained the advantages of using Electronic money with an explanation of its risks that may lead to some reluctance to use it. As for the second topic, we touched on the reality of electronic money in Iraq, where we worked to clarify the settlement that the Central Bank carried out with the Iraqi government and the percentages of achievement achieved until the year 2020, in addition to the spread of money changers. The mechanism in Iraq and the percentage of money transferred by companies (Zain, Asia Hawala, Nass Iraq) adding the market share of each portfolio, and then we were raised to the obstacles to the development of electronic money in Iraq, leading to conclusions and recommendations

Application of Virtual Instrument Technology in the Teaching of Embedded System Course

The development of information technology has brought tremendous changes to our lives. It has applications in industry, agriculture, and other fields, especially in the education industry. Virtual instrument technology is a new technology that combines computer and electronic instruments. It not only has low application cost but also has excellent performance. It can be used for measurement analysis, experimental simulation, and other applications, and it can also play a great role in course teaching. Based on this, this paper proposes the application research of virtual instrument technology in embedded system course teaching. This article adopts the method of literature data, questionnaire survey, and mathematical statistical analysis to design a research experiment of embedded system course teaching application based on virtual instrument technology and compare and analyze the results of the control group and the experimental group. The average score difference between the experimental group and the control group in the embedded system course is 3.62 points, especially in the practice score. The practice score of the control group is 58.34 points, while the practice score of the experimental group is 85.22 points, which fully explains virtual reality. With the aid of instrument technology, the embedded course teaching of the experimental group has obtained more practical opportunities; the students’ hands-on experiment ability is also stronger; and the overall learning effect is better.

Electrospun carbon fibers embedded with core–shell TiC@TiO[formula omitted] nanostructures and their epoxy composites for potential EMI shielding in the Ku band

The demand for developing efficient shielding materials to safeguard electronic instruments from unwanted electromagnetic waves and their associated interference is growing. The present work reports on one such effective material, electrospun TiC@TiO 2 core–shell carbon fiber mats, synthesized by directly electrospinning nano titanium carbide embedded polyacrylonitrile fibers. The morphology of prepared mats and carbonized mats were observed using electron microscopy and the results are presented. The XRD, Raman spectra, XPS and EMI shielding characteristics of these carbon fiber samples were tested and are also presented. The results show the surface oxidation of TiC to TiO 2 during the conversation of the PAN fiber to carbon fiber. The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of these TiC@TiO 2 carbon fiber mats was tested in the Ku band (12–18 GHz) and an excellent shielding effectiveness of ∼-33.31 dB for a single layer (thickness: 0.21 mm) was observed. Further, these mats were impregnated in an epoxy matrix and electrospun carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites were prepared. The ease of preparation, enhanced mechanical performance and excellent shielding capability makes these TiC@TiO 2 embedded carbon fiber mats and their epoxy composites promising structural EMI shielding materials.

Reliability and Usability Analysis of an Embedded System Capable of Evaluating Balance in Elderly Populations Based on a Modified Wii Balance Board.

This paper analyzes the reliability and usability of a portable electronic instrument that measures balance and balance impairment in older adults. The center of pressure (CoP) metrics are measured with a modified Wii Balance Board (mWBB) platform. In the intra- and inter-rater testing, 16 and 43 volunteers (mean 75.66 and standard deviation (SD) of 7.86 years and 72.61 (SD 7.86) years, respectively) collaborated. Five volunteer raters (5.1 (SD 3.69) years of experience) answered the System Usability Scale (SUS). The most reliable CoP index in the intra-examiner tests was the 95% power frequency in the medial-lateral displacement of the CoP with closed-eyes. It had excellent reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient ICC = 0.948 (C.I. 0.862–0.982) and a Pearson’s correlation coefficient PCC = 0.966 (p < 0.001). The best index for the inter-rater reliability was the centroidal frequency in the anterior-posterior direction closed-eyes, which had an ICC (2,1) = 0.825. The mWBB also obtained a high usability score. These results support the mWBB as a reliable complementary tool for measuring balance in older adults. Additionally, it does not have the limitations of laboratory-grade systems and clinical screening instruments.

Thado Bhaka: A Source of Social Intercourse

Thado bhaka is one of the popular genres of folk songs in the Gandaki region. The territory of the Gandaki region is extended from Budhigandaki in the east to Kaligandaki in the west. Thado bhaka is the diminishing musical genre. The habitual and experienced performers of thado bhaka are dying out. These days a handful of people from the old and new generations are capable of performing it. This article aims at introducing thado bhaka connecting it to its history, nature, and style. Observation, interview and secondary sources were used to collect information for this study. It is found that thado bhaka has a typical tune, language, style and meaning and become an identity of the Dura people of the Gandaki region. However, the study has pointed out some influences on its originality because of the growing wave of modernisation, especially after the development of electronic instruments.

DIGITAL NOTARY: CURRENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS

In this article, the author considers the development of digital technologies, the development of an electronic notary system, as well as national and international experience in this area, and the work carried out to create an electronic notary system. There are hypotheses that the global pandemic of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has accelerated the digitization of all areas of the world, including the notarial sphere. The article analyzes the current state of the electronic notary on a global and national scale. Opinions about its prospects are expressed as well. The notary should be recognized as a unique legal institution in the mechanism of regulation of public relations. The number of services they provide is growing day by day. In 2021, we can observe significant changes that will affect notary actions – some of them are planned to be transferred to scientific interdisciplinary research in a remote format. In the conditions of the digital economy, the notary has already quite modern services that fully ensure the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, and help to conduct the necessary transaction, while saving both their time and material costs, without wasting time on trips to unnecessary authorities to receive or deliver the necessary documents. And over time, information technologies will only improve, because the notary does not stand still, and every day more and more changes are being made to legislation that simplifies obtaining certain notary services, and new electronic legal instruments are being introduced, which indicates the constant development of the digitalization process.