Law Of Electromagnetic Induction Research Articles

The Mystery of Electromagnetic Connection

Magnetic field and electric field are two independent states. In order to explore the inner connection between the two transformations, we propose a new magnetic ring theory; it can reasonably explain many phenomena in Interdisciplinary such as magnetic materials, superconductors, and the electromagnetic induction law. What can be determined is that the magnetic field is a subsidiary product of atoms gaining or losing electrons, cannot exist independently, after the magnetic field touches the substance, it transforms into the only electric field, will not disappear in the space, only infinitely diluted.

Integration of MHD System to The Gas Turbine and The Steam Turbine Power Plant: A Brief Review

Electrical energy generation is essential for the survival of the modern society. Fossil fuels are limited and create pollution. Also the conventional power generation systems using fossil fuel have lesser efficiency due to higher amount of losses in different sections of the plants. The Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) is found as a nonconventional energy generation system which has the capability to enhance the thermal power plant efficiency significantly. The MHD is a direct energy conversion system that describes the interactions of a magnetic field and an electrically conductive fluid to produce electrical power. The system is simple and it avoids the difficulty of choosing a rotating turbine or engine and massive number of complex calculations. The high temperature tolerable materials can be used in the system due to the exponential development of material science. In MHD system, energy of plasma or ionized gas is directly converted into electric power. The conversion process of the system is based on the principle of Faraday’s Laws of electromagnetic induction and fluid dynamics. The MHD generator uses hot conductive ionized gas or plasma as the moving conductor whereas in the mechanical dynamo, in contrast, uses the motion of mechanical devices to accomplish this. Seeding materials such as potassium carbonate, potassium sulphates are used to enhance the conductivity of the ionized gas. The focus of the present study is to investigate alternative methods through which an MHD power generator can be coupled to the existing gas turbine and steam plants. In doing so, the thermal cycle efficiency of these conventional plants can be improved. A case study is also presented to calculate the power output and efficiency in a simple way.

Parameter Optimization for the Induction Magnetometer of 10 kHz to 100 kHz

The induction magnetometers are widely applied for magnetotelluric detection due to the characteristics of wide frequency band, large detection depth range and small size. However, the key part of the induction magnetometers – the magnetic core has eddy current loss and hysteresis loss, which significantly affects the sensitivity of the induction magnetometers. In order to improve the sensitivity of the induction magnetometers at high frequencies, this paper investigates various parameters related to the performance of the induction magnetometers working at 10 kHz to 100 kHz. Moreover, optimization method is proposed to realize the development of a wide-band, high-sensitivity, and low-noise induction magnetometer. First of all, the parameters related to the sensitivity of the sensor are investigated according to the law of electromagnetic induction. A three-dimensional finite element (3D-FE) simulation model was established to study the influence of various parameters of induction magnetometers. In addition, an analysis method combining orthogonal experiment and response surface method is adopted to reduce the quantity of computations and improve the efficiency of analysis. The orthogonal experiment is able to obtain preliminary optimal parameters with only a small amount of computation results. Based on the results of the orthogonal experiment, the response surface method is used to illustrate the relationship between the sensor parameters and losses, and hence the optimal sensor parameters can be obtained. Finally, the model is verified by other sets of simulations, and the results show the regression coefficient of the model <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R^{2}=0.9735$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , indicating the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Designing &amp; Analysis of Supercapacitor Hybrid Battery System with Regenerative Braking

Abstract: This work implements the help of a super capacitor hybridized with a battery pack to power a motor to work an electric bike. The supercapacitor of specification is built in combination with the battery pack to work in pair at instances where more load in needed. For example in situations like accelerating, decelerating, and climbing a slope. The supercapacitor is recharged while in motion using two different technologies: 1. Regenerative Braking and 2. Generator incorporated into wheel hub. Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism that slows down a moving vehicle or object by converting its kinetic energy into a form that can be either used immediately or stored until needed. In this mechanism, the electric traction motor uses the vehicle's momentum to recover energy that would otherwise be lost to the brake discs as heat. This contrasts with conventional braking systems, where the excess kinetic energy is converted to unwanted and wasted heat due to friction in the brakes, or with dynamic brakes, where the energy is recovered by using electric motors as generators but is immediately dissipated as heat in resistors. In addition to improving the overall efficiency of the vehicle, regeneration can significantly extend the life of the braking system as the mechanical parts will not wear out very quickly. The system uses Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction to induce an EMF and generate voltage by passing a current carrying conductor through a rotating magnetic field. Using this implementation, it has been noted that the battery life has been increased significantly and the total range of the bike has also increased considerably. Keywords: Batteries, Battery pack, Supercapacitor, Hybrid power system, Dynamo mechanism

Self-powered stretchable strain sensors for motion monitoring and wireless control

Smart skins and smart textiles equipped with strain sensors for motion detection are of prime significance for personalized health monitoring, lifestyle and fitness applications. Yet, the dependence of these devices on wired power supplies and rigid batteries limits their use in everyday settings. Here, we report self-powered and highly elastic strain sensors withstanding stretching to 200% for monitoring the human motion. The sensor is based on a torsional-spring-shaped coil of liquid metal wound around an elastomeric tubing and equipped with a tiny piece of a magnetic ring. The energy is harvested from the body motion relying on the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction when the coil is exposed to a time-varying magnetic field of the magnetic ring upon the mechanical deformation of the strain sensor. The max short-circuit current is 2 mA, which is much higher than previous work, and the peak power of our device is 20 µW, sufficiently high to drive conventional low-power electronics. We demonstrate the application potential of our sensor for wearable electronics for monitoring the motion of arms and legs during fitness workout and riding bicycle. The sensor can measure motion of fingers and wrist for health applications and establish wireless control of robotic hands.

Comparison of Coil Designs for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of a Pig Model.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a modulation tool that is non-invasive and used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders. Over the last decade, TMS has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). TMS is based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, involving the generation of time-varying magnetic fields from electromagnetic coils when intense pulses of current flow through the coils. This transient magnetic field, in turn, induces an electric field within the brain, which results in excitation or inhibition of the brain's neurons. Several coil designs have been proposed for achieving targeted stimulation at great depth within the brain. With the advancement in TMS technology, there is a need for preclinical studies and testing of proposed coil designs. Using animal models to conduct these preclinical studies becomes of utmost importance, especially since a successful animal trial precedes a human clinical trial. In this research, the authors model six different coil designs for an anatomically heterogeneous adult pig model. The magnetic field intensity, H (A/m), and electric field intensity, E (V/m), were calculated and compared for each coil configuration. The maximum induced electric field in the scalp and brain (grey matter) were compared for all the different coil configurations. The electric field distribution as a function of depth within the brain was also compared for the different coil configurations.Clinical Relevance- This study will be beneficial to TMS coil designers and researchers to treat neuropsychiatric disorders and in the preclinical development of TMS coils. Results from studies with pig models are easy to compare with that of humans, and this will help to guide our understanding of the mechanism of TMS.

Numerical Modelling of TEM Fields by the Edge-Based Finite Element Method Using Tetrahedral Element for Central Rectangular Loops

In this study, we have implemented an edge-based finite element method for the numerical modeling of the transient electromagnetic method. We took the Helmholtz equation of the electric field as the governing equation for the edge-based finite element analysis. The modeling domain was discretized using linear tetrahedral mesh supported by Whitney-type vector basis functions. We inferred the equations by applying the Galerkin method. The system of equation was solved using a corrected version of the Bi Conjugate Gradient Stabilized Method (BiCGStab) algorithm to reduce the computational time. We obtained numerical solution for electric field in the Laplace domain; then the field was transformed into the time domain using the Gaver-Stehfest algorithm. Following this, the impulse response of the magnetic field was obtained through the Faraday law of electromagnetic induction as it is considerably more stable and computationally more efficient than inversion using the Fourier Transform. 3D geoelectric models were used to investigate the convergence of the edge-based finite element method with the analytic solution. The results are in good agreement with the analytical solution value for two resistivity contrasts in the 3D geoelectric brick model. We also compared the results of tetrahedral elements with the brick element in the 3D horizontal sheet and 3D conductive brick model. The results indicated that these two elements show very similar errors, but tetrahedral reflects fewer relative errors. For the low resistivity geoelectric model, numerical checks against the analytical solution, integral-equation method, and finite-difference time-domain solutions showed that the solutions would provide accurate results.

Efeitos e Aplicações do Campo Eletromagnético de Alta Intensidade (PEMF) em saúde e estética: perspectivas e evidências clínicas

The increased interest and concern with physical fitness, not only from an athletic point of view, but also from an aesthetic point of view, has driven the search for new methods and technologies capable of helping to gain mass and muscle tone. Recent studies show that 81% percent of respondents reported dissatisfaction with their body image, even with 56% having a normal body mass index. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) muscle stimulation technology uses alternating magnetic fields based on the law of electromagnetic induction to promote supramaximal muscle contractions. PEMF generates impulses that are independent of brain function, and with such a fast frequency that it does not allow the muscle relaxation phase, characterizing tetanic contractions. Electric currents and electromagnetism have been used in physical therapy and rehabilitation, especially for muscle strengthening. However, the PEMF technology has emerged as a more efficient and comfortable alternative for the patient, with the primary objective of toning and strengthening muscle groups. In this work, we performed a literature review of all scientific articles available and indexed in Pubmed and Web of Science about this technology in the last 20 years and its effects on skeletal muscles. We discuss the scientific evidence available from clinical studies and discuss effects and possible mechanisms of action on muscle contraction.

Deicing Property of Asphalt Mixture Containing Steel Wool Fiber by Electromagnetic Induction Heating

Snow and ice is one of the main problems affecting road safety in winter. In order to effectively remove the snow and ice of covering the pavement, the deicing property of asphalt mixture pavement containing steel wool fiber was introduced and investigated by electromagnetic induction heating. Based on the deicing mechanism of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and the Joule’s law, the influences factors affecting deicing efficiency, including length and content of steel wool fiber, ice thickness, output current and ambient temperature were analyzed. Meanwhile, the grey correlation entropy analysis and t-test between the average deicing rate and various influencing factors were explored. BP neural network prediction models of predicting change laws of average deicing rate under different influencing factors were established. The results indicate that the average deicing rate of asphalt mixture adding steel wool fiber increases with the increase of length and content of steel wool fiber. The influence degree of each factor for the average deicing rate is in order as follows: steel wool fiber content, steel wool fiber length, output current, ambient temperature and ice thickness. BP neural network has high accuracy in predicting average deicing rate under various influencing factors and the better simulation results. It is of significance to apply the technology of “electromagnetic induction heating &amp; steel wool fiber” to the efficient deicing of asphalt pavement.

Non-contact measurement of impact load due to collision of ferromagnetic projectile based on electromagnetic induction

A non-contact measurement method of the impact load due to collision of a ferromagnetic projectile with a non-magnetic target was proposed and validated by conducting steel bar collision tests with an acrylic bar. In the measurement system, one coil connected to a stabilized power supply was set near the collision point to generate a magnetic field and the other was set near the magnet coil to measure the electromotive force induced by the disturbance of the magnetic field due to passing a ferromagnetic projectile through the coils. Because the induced electromotive force is proportional to the projectile velocity in accordance with Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the measured velocity of the projectile was differentiated to obtain the acceleration, which was then multiplied by the mass of the projectile to analyze the impact load. In the tests, a steel bar was collided with an acrylic bar to determine how well the proposed method could measure the impact load. The impact load analyzed from the electromotive force was compared with the impact load measured by strain gauges set on the acrylic bar and the two were found to be in good agreement. These results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for measuring the impact load resulting from collision of a small projectile, where conventional sensors are not applicable.

Chiral gold nanotubes for nano-solenoid magnetic receiving loop antennas

In the terms of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, we calculated a response of the electrons of chiral gold nanotubes (AuNTs) to an external alternating magnetic field. The dependences of electromotive force and induction currents on the field amplitude and frequency, as well as on the AuNTs chirality, radius, length, and electronic properties are determined. The chiral AuNTs behave electrically as the coils (inductors) and can be used as the receiving magnetic loop nano-antennas for the x-ray region. In addition, it is possible that they can be used in photothermal cancer therapy.

Event-triggered neural adaptive backstepping control of the K chaotic PMSGs coupled system

This paper presents an event-triggered neural adaptative backstepping control method for the K chaotic permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) coupled system. The actual wind farm is usually a complex coupled system, in which there are K identical generators operating simultaneously and forming a coupled electromagnetic field through the transmission bus. By using a series of capacitors and resistors to concatenate multiple identical PMSGs forming a coupled network, we firstly establish its dynamic model based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Then we conduct its dynamic analysis and find this coupled system can generate complex nonlinear dynamics like chaos oscillation, which, if not being compensated properly, could lead to severe deterioration of system performance. Here we propose an adaptive backstepping scheme by integrating the simplified interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (SIT2FNN), Nussbaum type function, improved saturation function reaching law, cosine barrier function, event-triggered strategy and tracking differentiator (TD). In the setting, the SIT2FNN is utilized to estimate unknown terms of the system and the improved reaching law is used to improve the stability of the controller along with the Nussbaum type function to approximate unknown parameters. Meanwhile, the event-triggered strategy is exploited to save computation and communication resources along with the second-order TD to avoid the term explosion associated with backstepping. The stability of the proposed scheme is proved by the Lyapunov function. Finally, the effectiveness of our scheme is verified by simulation results.

Magnetohydrodynamic system -- a need for a sustainable power generation source

The magnetohydrodynamic generator is one of the renewable energy generation methods which is primarily based on the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. This paper presents a detailed review about MHD -- its introduction and further advancement in its technology subsequently. An attempt has been made to make the reader understand the details about its operating principle. The MHD systems, being static, are much more efficient compared to conventional fossil fuel based generating systems. Also, these are more environment friendly as there are no emissions from the MHD generator. This paper also presents different types of MHD generators. The MHD generator can be considered to be a newest, efficient and reliable alternative to the conventional energy conversion system which would help to make a step forward towards the totally sustainable society. Figs 8, Refs 73.

Using magnetoelectric effect to reveal magnetization behavior of bulk and heavy ferromagnetic materials

Traditionally, magnetization performance of bulk ferromagnetic materials is evaluated mainly based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, magneto-optical effect, Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUID, only for small specimen), etc. Here, we report that the magnetoelectric (ME) coupling effect from a composited Terfenol-D alloy/PMN-PT single crystal under a constant-amplitude AC magnetic field excitation (Hac = 0.25 Oe at 1 kHz) can be used to reveal magnetization behavior of an approaching bulk ferromagnetic material. Investigations show that the magnetostriction λ33,m, piezomagnetic coefficient d33,m, ME voltage (VME) response spectrum of the ME composite have a strong dependence on the external ferromagnetic material. It is further found that the required DC magnetic field for domain switching in Terfenol-D alloy could be notably decreased from hundreds Oe to only 10 Oe once a high-μ permalloy is approached. This work shows that the ME composite has the potential to quickly, qualitatively evaluate the magnetization (M) or permeability (μ) behavior of an approaching bulk and heavy ferromagnetic material or alloy via ME effect.

Mitigating the effects of magnetic coupling between HV transmission line and metallic pipeline using slime mould algorithm

An aerial metallic pipeline experiences induced voltage if drawn in close vicinity of a high voltage power transmission line as suggested by Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Such voltages, if not appropriately mitigated, may prove fatal. This paper initially focuses on the evaluation of the induced voltage under the normal operating condition of power transmission lines followed by methods of passive mitigation of the induced voltages. The research also formulates the strategies to enhance mitigation efficiency by optimizing certain features of passive loop techniques using a new optimization algorithm called Slime Mould Algorithm (SMA). A 400 kV single circuit horizontal configuration line with an aboveground pipeline serves as a comprehensive test case to study the efficacy of the proposed algorithm. Results show that the induced voltage levels can be reduced up to 60% using the optimal location of loop conductors and the number of loops, in addition to using shielding material with high permeability. Comparing the obtained results with those obtained using Carson's formula and with genetic algorithm indicates the superior performance of the proposed technique.

Recent Progress of Fluxgate Magnetic Sensors: Basic Research and Application.

Fluxgate magnetic sensors are especially important in detecting weak magnetic fields. The mechanism of a fluxgate magnetic sensor is based on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. The structure of a fluxgate magnetic sensor mainly consists of excitation windings, core and sensing windings, similar to the structure of a transformer. To date, they have been applied to many fields such as geophysics and astro-observations, wearable electronic devices and non-destructive testing. In this review, we report the recent progress in both the basic research and applications of fluxgate magnetic sensors, especially in the past two years. Regarding the basic research, we focus on the progress in lowering the noise, better calibration methods and increasing the sensitivity. Concerning applications, we introduce recent work about fluxgate magnetometers on spacecraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, wearable electronic devices and defect detection in coiled tubing. Based on the above work, we hope that we can have a clearer prospect about the future research direction of fluxgate magnetic sensor.

Three-Phase Alternating Current Liquid Metal Vortex Magnetohydrodynamic Generator

Rapid advancements in mobile electronics stimulate the development of novel approaches to power such devices. Batteries tend to be the most common solution, but they have various limitations including limited life span, a need for recharging or replacement, and creation of toxic waste. To overcome these shortcomings, energy harvesting from various ambient energy sources like solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, and thermal energy can be used. However, these sources are not well suited for powering portable electronic devices. In addition, they are highly unpredictable and are affected by frequent changes in environmental conditions. Therefore, there is a need for alternative methods of energy harvesting. Magnetohydrodynamic generators (MHD) are a class of devices that can be used to harvest mechanical energy. They work on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and create an induced current due to the relative motion of the magnetic field and the working fluid. In this study, we have demonstrated a novel MHD, which is capable of directly converting the kinetic energy of the moving fluid to useful form of electrical energy. The proposed device is capable of producing up to 3 W power and can be scaled for various applications requiring power in a range from few mill watts to watts. The obtained modeling results also demonstrates the ability to produce a wide range of alternating current (AC) voltages without utilizing a transformer. Because of these advantages, our proposed approach can be potentially used to power a broad variety of portable electronic devices like laptops, mobile phones, and smartwatches, greatly alleviating a need for traditional batteries.

Mathematical Model of the Process of Pallet Movement Along the Magnetic Type Centrifugal Brake Roller

One of the main elements of safe operation of gravity flow racks used in pallet racks is a brake roller. The most promising design is a centrifugal brake roller of magnetic (eddy current) type. The principle of operation of such rollers is based on the laws of electromagnetic induction and involves the deceleration of a conductor moving in a magnetic field, due to the interaction of eddy currents (or Foucault currents) arising in the volume of the conductor, with an external magnetic field. The mathematical model of the process of pallet movement along a centrifugal brake roller of magnetic type is developed in the article. The equation of the speed of movement of the pallet along the centrifugal brake roller of magnetic type is obtained. Comparative analysis of the speed of movement of a pallet along centrifugal and disc brake rollers of magnetic type is carried out.

Modeling and Analysis of a Linear Generator for High Speed Maglev Train

This paper investigates a linear generator (LIG) for application in high speed maglev train. Its configuration and working principle are introduced in detail. The mathematic models of magnetic field and induced voltage are established by the equivalent magnetic circuit method and the law of electromagnetic induction respectively, through which the characteristics of LIG and impact factors are analyzed preliminarily. An analytical and numerical method is proposed to analyze the characteristics of LIG further, in which the finite element model is applied to calculate the magnetic field accurately and the analytical model is used for the induced voltage calculation in a discrete way. The relationships of induced voltage amplitude and speed, induced voltage frequency and speed are clarified, providing the basis for the design of power supply system on vehicle. Finally, the experiments for the magnetic field and induced voltage are carried out on the performance test bench of magnet and real vehicle respectively to validate the analysis results.

Study of faradey's law of electromagnetic induction in physical experience

Study of faradey's law of electromagnetic induction in physical experience