Electromagnetic Compatibility Research Articles

The Influence of Viscosity on Heat Dissipation under Conditions of the High-Frequency Oscillating Magnetic Field

High-frequency components such as microprocessors, transistors, antennas, voltage-controlled oscillators, and many others generate a large amount of heat. In the absence of satisfactory cooling, these components may suffer damage or even destruction. Therefore, it is important to find effective ways to cool these components. A possible solution is to use oil-based magnetic fluids. Magnetic fluids contain magnetic particles dispersed in oil, and their properties, including viscosity, affect their cooling capabilities. Viscosity can be changed by adding various additives or by adjusting the concentration of magnetic particles. The advantage of using oil-based magnetic fluids for cooling is that they allow for precise dosing and control of the amount of fluid applied to the component, reducing thermal losses and increasing cooling efficiency. In addition, oil-based magnetic fluids can also act as a dielectric, reducing electrical noise and increasing electromagnetic compatibility with the components. Analyzing the heating rate of magnetic fluids consisting of mineral oils in an alternating magnetic field with a frequency of 500 kHz, we have shown the capability of controlling thermal losses by adjusting the viscosity of the carrier liquid.

Fourier metasurface cloaking: unidirectional cloaking of electrically large cylinder under oblique incidence.

The existence of a non-electrically-small scatterer adjacent to the source can severely distort the radiation and lead to a poor electromagnetic compatibility. In this work, we use a conducting hollow cylinder to shield a cylindrical scatterer. The cylinder is shelled with a single dielectric layer enclosed by an electromagnetic metasurface. The relationship between the scattering field and the surface impedance is derived analytically. By optimizing the Fourier expansion coefficients of the surface impedance distribution along ϕ-dimension, the scattering cross-section can be effectively reduced. This unidirectional cloaking method is valid for both TM/TE and non-TM/TE incident field and is not limited to a plane-wave incident field. The accuracy and effectiveness of the method are verified by four cloaking scenarios in microwave regime. We demonstrate that with the surface impedance obtained by the proposed method, a metasurface is designed with physical subwavelength structures. We also show a cloaking scenario under a magnetic dipole radiation, which is closer to the case of a realistic antenna. This method can be further applied to cloaking tasks in terahertz and optical regimes.

Retracted: New Energy Vehicle Electromagnetic Compatibility Test and Closed-Loop Simulation Analysis

Retracted: New Energy Vehicle Electromagnetic Compatibility Test and Closed-Loop Simulation Analysis

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ТА ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ СИСТЕМ ЗАЗЕМЛЕННЯ ПІДСТАНЦІЙ ВИСОКОЇ НАПРУГИ

The article conducted research aimed at studying the modern challenges and prospects of improvement and optimization of grounding systems at high voltage substations. High -voltage power systems require high attention to safety and reliability, especially when designing, equipping and operating grounding systems. This is critical for protecting people and equipment from electrical shocks and overvoltages, as well as reducing the risk of accidents. The development of grounding systems is closely related to the technologies of production and transmission of electricity, with requirements for protection against atmospheric discharges, transitional processes and ensuring electromagnetic compatibility. Modern grounding systems should take into account not only safety and reliability, but also environmental standards, efficiency of resource use and integration into different energy systems. This requires the use of new materials, design, maintenance and innovative technologies. The design of an effective grounding system should take into account various factors: type of equipment, geological conditions, climatic features, electromagnetic interference. The choice of materials for grounding depends on their electrical characteristics, durability and corrosion resistance. Scientific studies in the field of grounding systems include modeling current and the impact of pulse currents, analysis of transitional behavior in grounding networks, development of parametric databases for design, influence of the state of contact on grounding behavior in transitional processes, as well as investigation.The purpose of the work was to search for factors that influence the operation of grounding systems during impulse transitional processes to optimize these systems. The use of theoretical research, the analysis of regulatory bases and the use of software complexes made it possible to visualize the picture of the voltage distribution in impulse transitional processes. Such studies emphasize the importance of ensuring pulsed grounding stability, which depends not only on geometry, but also on the electromagnetic properties of the soil. Under the effect of high pulse currents, grounding systems require accurate design for effective "discharge" of pulse currents and ensuring the proper level of electromagnetic compatibility at substations.

Failure Mechanism Analysis of the Stochastic Galerkin Method in EMC Simulation Considering Geometric Randomness

By virtue of its high calculational accuracy and efficiency, the stochastic Galerkin method (SGM) has been successfully applied many times in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) simulation in recent years. This paper proposes a calculating example taking geometric uncertainty factors into consideration. As is proved in the paper, there is a relatively large error when using the SGM to solve the example mentioned above. According to failure mechanism, the fundamental reason of the failure of the simulation lies in the additional error caused by using numerical integration to solve the inner product formula. Meanwhile, it is proved that no additional errors are introduced when using the stochastic collocation method (SCM), so the SCM is better than the SGM in stability. In the end, the paper revised the general selective strategy for uncertainty analysis methods, thus providing theoretical basis for their universal application in EMC field.

Investigation and Analysis of Electromagnetic Interference for PWM Encoder of Urban Rail Train

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is an important factor in ensuring the safe operation of the sensitive electronic equipment on urban rail trains. The pulse width modulation (PWM) encoder of an urban rail train exported from China to Brazil is sometimes affected by electromagnetic interference (EMI), which causes the train to fail to run properly. To solve this problem, the EMC test is performed on the PWM encoder to identify the coupling path and the type of interference source. The EMI coupling model and the vehicle-catenary-rail model are established by using an electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) to analyze the mechanism of interference coupling. It is shown that the unbalanced voltage of the train body caused by the backflow of the grounding current is the root cause of the interference of the PWM encoder. The maximum voltage coupled to the internal port of the PWM encoder is about 1894 V, which is sufficient to burn out the encoder. A measure to suppress the interference by installing thyristor surge suppressors (TSS) P0300SC is proposed, which effectively solves the EMI problem of the PWM encoder.

Realization of an ultra-thin absorber with fragmented magnetic structure at L-, S-, and partial C-bands

In this paper, an ultra-thin absorber with a total thickness of 9.2 mm is designed and verified at the frequency band of 1–5.34 GHz. The absorber is composed of a layer of metasurface, multi-layered magnetic substrate, a layer of fragmented magnetic structure obtained by improved MOEA/D-GO (Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm based on Decomposition combined with Enhanced Genetic Operators), and a copper back plate. The absorber is achieved by two steps. First, we designed and measured an ultra-thin absorber at 0.78–2.04 GHz by adding a layer metasurface onto the top of a basic multi-layer absorber composed of magnetic materials. The fractional bandwidth (FBW) of the absorber is 89.4%, and the electrical thickness is only 0.024λ0 at the lowest operating frequency. Second, to broaden the bandwidth, we use an improved MOEA/D-GO to optimize one magnetic layer of the absorber. The working frequency band of the optimized absorber is 1–5.34 GHz, covering L- (1–2 GHz), S- (2–4 GHz), and partial C-bands (4–8 GHz). Furthermore, we modified the structure of the metasurface to make the absorber polarization-independent. The FBW of the final absorber is 136.4%, and the electrical thickness is 0.031λ0 at the lowest operating frequency. The prototype of the absorber is measured, and the experimental results agree well with the simulated performance. The results show that the improved MOEA/D-GO can be used to design and optimize sophisticated electromagnetic (EM) structures with the predesigned properties, and the absorber with ultrathin thickness and light weight verified in this paper have great application potentials in EM compatibility, EM shielding, and radar cross section reduction at the low bands of the microwave spectrum.

Predicting of spatial electric field generated by substation switch operation based on AOS-GCN-LSTM Model

The radiation of adjacent field sources has a specific spatial correlation. In order to suppress electromagnetic disturbance and improve the electromagnetic compatibility of secondary equipment, the electric field’s spatial coupling characteristics and distribution law should be mastered. Therefore, a method for predicting the spatial electric field generated by substation switching operation based on the Atomic Orbital Search-Graph Convolution Network- Long and Short-Term Memory (AOS-GCN-LSTM) model is presented to deal with this problem. First, the GCN is used to construct graph data according to node characteristics and topology information. The feature selection uses the Maximum Information Coefficient (MIC) to extract the spatial correlation of the adjacent field source radiation. At the same time, the LSTM is used to capture the temporal correlation characteristics of different position field strengths in space. Then, the AOS is used to optimize the model with a hyperparameter. In addition, the simulation data of the full-wave simulation model of the spatial electric field generated by switch operation in a 220 kV GIS substation is an example of verification. The results show that the prediction error of the proposed method is below 3%, and it has strong adaptability to the application environment and good prediction performance.

A MOSFET EMC modeling method based on electrical characteristic measurement and simplex optimization and particle swarm optimization

SummaryMetal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) are widely used in various power electronic systems, and the establishment of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) model for MOSFETs is crucial for EMC analysis of these systems, especially high‐frequency switching circuits. In this paper, a MOSFET EMC modeling method is proposed based on electrical characteristic measurement, simplex optimization, and particle swarm optimization (PSO), to make MOSFET models meet both functionality and EMC analysis requirements. First, systematic methods for extracting SPICE parameters based on physical MOSFETs are presented, including a proposed curve‐fitting method based on PSO for extracting the CDS‐VDS and ID‐VGS characteristic parameters. Second, parametric influence analyses are conducted on some important model parameters, and the law that these parameters affect the EMC of MOSFETs is obtained. Finally, the preliminary MOSFET model was optimized comprehensively using the simplex method. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement in both time domain and frequency domain. It proves that the established model meets the requirements for model accuracy in terms of both EMC and functionality. Therefore, the proposed EMC modeling method is feasible.

Structural, magnetic, and microwave features of Sc3+ ions substituted Sr0.5Ba0.5Fe12O19 nanohexaferrites

In this study, magnetic, structural, and hyperfine interactions of Sc3+ ion substituted Sr0.5Ba0.5Fe12O19 (Sr0.5Ba0.5ScxFe12−xO19 (x ≤ 0.1)) nanohexaferrites (Sc→SrBa NHFs) have synthesized through the sonochemical approach. The structure and morphology were studied by XRD, SEM, HR-TEM, and TEM along with EDX. XRD analysis confirmed the hexaferrite formation having crystallite within the range of 45 to 79 nm. Both TEM, HR-TEM, and SEM analyses proved the hexagonal morphology of all products. All products show ferrimagnetic hysteresis loops at both Ts. The evaluation of M(H) hysteresis loops indicated that the Ms (saturation magnetization), Mr (remanence), Hc (coercivity), and nB(Bohr magneton number) gradually decline with the incorporation of Sc3+ ion. Higher doping contents (x ≥ 0.08) revealed a considerable decline in Mr and Hc, showing significant changes from hard to soft magnetic behavior at higher contents. Mössbauer spectra show that Sc3+ ions are located at commonly octahedral (Oh) 4 f2 site. It was also determined that a small amount of Sc3+ occupied the 2b site. The microwave features of the products were determined by measuring S-parameters within the 2–10 GHz range. It was presumed that the energy losses resulting from reflection encompass both electrical and magnetic loss components. The average value of the reflection coefficient is − 14.48–14.24 dB. A noteworthy attenuation of the reflected wave energy opens up broad prospects for practical applications as coatings for providing electromagnetic compatibility.

Impact of the Sc3+/In3+ co-substitution on the structural, magnetic, and microwave characteristics of Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nanospinel ferrites

In this article, In3+ and Sc3+ ions dual-substituted NiCo nanospinel ferrites (ScIn→CoNiFe2O4 NSFs) have been synthesized through citrate-gel auto combustion method to investigate the effect of In3+ and Sc3+ ions on magnetic, and microwave characteristics. The following techniques TEM, SEM, EDX, and XRD were applied to characterize surface morphology, chemical composition, phase identification, and crystallinity of products, respectively. The XRD verified a phase formation of spinel structure with a minor amount of Sc2O3 was observed for products having x ≥ 0.04. The average crystal size (DXRD) of the products was estimated within the 33–68 nm range using the Scherrer equation. SEM and HR-TEM analyses exhibited accumulating sphere-shaped particles. By fitting the room-temperature spectra obtained from Mössbauer spectroscopy (Moss), Hyperfine interactions were determined. The cation distribution shows that there is a migration of In3+ ions in the lattice in an A→B direction with increasing concentrations while the B site is preferred by the larger Sc+3. M−H plots for 300 and 10 K illustrated all products carried out with a ferrimagnetic character. An enhancement in saturation magnetization (Ms) was remarked with Sc–In doping ratio up to 0.04 and thereafter a drop as the Sc–In concentration increased. The tendency in Ms values might be described by correlating it to the cation distribution amongst Oh and Td (octahedral and tetrahedral, respectively) sublattices. Temperature-dependent magnetization measurements were also investigated, which further confirmed the maintenance of the ferrimagnetic character throughout the temperature range 10–300 K. The peculiarities of the microwave properties have been analyzed by the measured S-parameters in the range of 6–18 GHz. It was assumed that the energy losses due to reflection are a combination of electrical and magnetic losses due to polarization processes and magnetization reversal processes in the region of inter-resonant processes. The average value of the reflection coefficient is −14.48 … −14.24 dB. A significant attenuation of the reflected wave energy opens up broad prospects for practical applications as coatings for providing electromagnetic compatibility.

Exoskeleton-like mechanical enhanced low-density aerogel with electromagnetic interface shielding and infrared stealth

The integrated design and mechanical enhancement of multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding and infrared stealth aerogels are challenging for the development and application of novel aerogels. Here, inspired by the biological exoskeleton to enhance the body, we develop the exoskeleton-like aramid nanofiber/polyimide/MXene (APM) aerogel through a secondary impregnation strategy. For APM aerogel, the polyimide reinforcement layer makes the aerogel more elastic and tough; the Ti3C2Tx-MXene exoskeleton enhances the strength and stiffness of the aerogel. Importantly, Ti3C2Tx-MXene forms a continuous conductive network on the surface of the airgel backbone, resulting in high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding (EMI shielding efficiency reached 55.315 dB at an ultra-low Ti3C2Tx content of 0.58 vol%), high-efficiency infrared radiation (IR) stealth (ultra-low thermal conductivity of 0.0666 W·m−1·K−1 and IR emissivity of 0.566 at 3–5 μm and 0.55 at 8–14 μm). This study provides a way to design robust aerogel materials with infrared stealth and electromagnetic shielding compatibility.

Image-Guided Surgical and Pharmacotherapeutic Routines as Part of Diligent Medical Treatment

This contribution is part of the objective of diligent universal care that ensures the well-being of a patient. It aims to analyze and propose enriched image-guided procedures for surgical interventions and restricted delivery of implanted drugs in minimally invasive and non-ionizing circumstances. This analysis is supported by a literature review conducted in two ways. The first aims to illustrate the importance of recent research and applications involved in different topics of the subject; this is mainly the case for the introduction’s literature. The second concerns the literature dedicated to having more detailed information in context; this mainly concerns the citations in the different sections of the article. The universal goals of medical treatments are intended to involve the well-being of the patient and allow medical personnel to test new therapies and carry out therapeutic training without risk to the patient. First, the various functionalities involved in these procedures and the concerns of the magnetic resonance imaging technique (MRI) and ultrasound imaging technique (USI), recent contributions to the subject are reviewed. Second, the intervention procedures guided by the image and the implemented actions are analyzed. Third, the components of the fields involved in MRI are examined. Fourth, the MRI control of the treatments, its performance and its compliance are analyzed. Compatibility with MRI via electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is conferred and demonstrated for an actuation example. Fifth, the extension of the concepts mentioned in the article, in the context of patient comfort and the training of medical staff is proposed. The main contribution of this article is the identification of the different strategic aids needed in healthcare related to image-assisted robotics, non-ionized, minimally invasive and locally restrictive means. Furthermore, it highlights the benefits of using phantoms based on real biological properties of the body, digital twins under human control, artificial intelligence tools and augmented reality-assisted robotics.

Preface

The purpose of the three-day 2023 3rd International Conference on Electronic Communication, Computer Science and Technology (ECCST 2023), held via hybrid form on September 15th to 17th, 2023 in Shanghai, China, was to create a timely forum for multi-disciplinary discussions related to the recent developments on electronic communication, computer science and technology.As usual, the program of the meeting mainly consisted of keynote speeches, oral presentations and poster presentations, with the former including speeches delivered by six sophisticated professors from different countries and regions. The keynote speeches covered six main topics, including the one Network AI: Enabling 6G Pervasive Intelligence given by Prof. Yang Yang (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), China). In this presentation, he first coined the concept of Service Requirement Zone (SRZ) on the user side to characterize and visualize the integrated service requirements and preferences of specific tasks of individual users. Then, he proposed a network Artificial Intelligence (AI) architecture with integrated network resources and pervasive AI capabilities for supporting customized services with guaranteed QoEs. Finally, extensive simulations show that the proposed network AI architecture can consistently offer a higher USR performance than the cloud AI and edge AI architectures with respect to different task scheduling algorithms, random service requirements, and dynamic network conditions.In the framework of experimental and theoretical approaches, the Conference gathered about 80 delegates from all over the world and addressed a number of highly relevant aspects of electronic communication, computer science and technology. Covering Nonlinear Circuits and Systems, Low Power Design and VLSI Physical Design, Electromagnetic Compatibility, Computer and Data Communication, Computer Programming, etc., the selected contributions of this special issue provide guidance for future interdisciplinary developments. In this way, the multi-scale aspects of electronic communication, computer science and technology should be considered.We received various manuscripts of invited papers and contributions presented at the Conference. All of these have been peer reviewed and are collected in this volume. We would like to thank all the anonymous colleagues who have acted as referees to assess the suitability of the various articles for publication in Journal of Physics: Conference Series. We are confident that the high quality of both invited and contributed papers contained in this Proceedings will be appreciated by electronic and computer communities.We would like to express our thanks to all the authors for their time and genuine efforts, and to the reviewers for their fruitful comments during the preparation of this volume. We also acknowledge the support provided in various ways by Shanghai Pudong New Area Association For Computer and Donghua University.The Committee of ECCST 2023List of Committee Member is available in this Pdf.

Preface

This volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series is dedicated to 2023 3rd International Conference on Power System and Energy Internet (PoSEI 2023) supported by Murdoch University, Australia, held during 28th–30th July 2023 in Qingdao, China (virtual conference). The Conference, focused exclusively on recent trends of research in power system and energy Internet, attracted about 80 participants around the world.The immediate purpose of this Conference was to bring together experienced as well as young scholars who are interested in working actively on various aspects of power system and energy Internet, in order to share and discuss recent related researches. And the ultimate plan is to make it a regular event every year based on the very positive response we received which was beyond our expectation.The keynote speeches addressed major theoretical issues, current and forthcoming observational data as well as upcoming ideas in both theoretical and observational sectors. Keeping in mind the principle academic exchange first, the lectures were arranged in such a way that the young researchers had ample scope to interact with the stalwarts who are internationally leading experts in their respective fields of research.Besides the keynote speeches, a good proportion of the participants also presented their work through contributory talks and posters on this big platform. This was particularly encouraging and of benefit to the young participants, given that there were a good number of scientists of international repute among the participants, the feedback from whom could guide them in the right direction. All the contributions were refereed by experts rigorously.The major topics covered in the Conference are: Cogeneration and Distributed Generation, Power Quality and Electromagnetic Compatibility, Energy Efficiency and Energy Management, Information and Communication for Energy Internet, Sensor and Micro-machines, etc.We are indebted to the Murdoch University, Australia for providing us with generous support to organize such a huge conference. We thank all the members of the Conference Committee who contributed their hard labour to make the Conference a great success. We gratefully acknowledge the experts and reviewers for their valuable suggestions on the review process of the papers submitted.We sincerely thank the staff of Journal of Physics: Conference Series for their efforts in the publication of this issue. Last but not the least, we thank all the speakers and participants without whom the Program would not have been such a success. We hope we will have your active participation in the future conference versions of PoSEI as well.The Committee of PoSEI 2023List of Committee Member is available in this Pdf.

Preface

The International Conference on Power Electronics and Electrical Technology (ICPEET) has confirmed once again this year the enthusiasm and determination of students and young researchers to play a major role in the scientific progress. Since 2022, we have regularly gathered to discuss the most recent developments and achievement on power electronics and electrical technology, and we firmly convince that sharing our expertise and experience is the foundation of research activity.The 2023 2nd International Conference on Power Electronics and Electrical Technology (ICPEET 2023) took place on July 7th to 9th, 2023 in Chongqing, China (virtual event), attracting about 80 leading delegates around the world. The format we chose is a formal meeting primarily aimed at graduate students and leading researchers, who were encouraged to present their work through oral or poster presentations that provide genuine engagement of the audience and cross-pollination of ideas. One of the main purposes of the Conference was to create an international network of researchers, both experimentalists and theorists, and fruitful collaborations across different branches of power electronics and electrical technology.After previous meeting that strengthened it, the International Conference on Power Electronics and Electrical Technology was held for the second time. It was a three-day Conference, where there was an extremely rich and interactive keynote speech, oral and poster session that covered several areas of power electronics and electrical technology.With the intent of broadening the contents and stimuli adopting academic communication, the keynote speech part was held. This choice reflected the growing importance of the activity performed by scientists and researchers, especially at the earliest stages of their career, as a way of increasing their expertise and developing soft skills. Prof. Jiashen Teh (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia) addressed a speech on Flexible Thermal Line Rating for Reliable Power Systems, Prof. Zhenbin Zhang (Shandong University, China) on Bias-Free Fast Start-Up Strategy and High-Performance Predictive Control Method for DC Energy, and Prof. Ali Arefi (Murdoch University, Australia) on Reliability of Renewable-Rich Microgrids: Evaluation and Planning.In this volume, we collected part of the contributions that have been presented at the Conference. They cover topics on Cogeneration and Distributed Generation, High Voltage Technology, Wireless Power Transmission, Electromagnetic Compatibility, Advanced and Sensorless Machine Control, etc. Given the recent experimental achievements in power electronics and electrical technology, several contributions were focused on the latest results obtained in these fields, presenting the impact of experiments to the community of young researchers and forecasting the future goals in these areas of research.The organizers of ICPEET 2023 would like to thank all the keynote speakers, authors, peer reviewers, and everyone who contributed to the Conference. We owe gratitude to all the Committee members for providing necessary help and support throughout the meeting. The publication of the Proceedings of this Conference is supported by Journal of Physics: Conference Series.The Committee of ICPEET 2023List of Committee Member is available in this Pdf

Application of the FSV Method in EMC Uncertainty Simulation Results

The uncertainty analysis method has been a research hotspot in the electromagnetic compatibility field in recent years, and its results are presented in the form of a probability density curve. Currently, there is no reasonable method to evaluate the validity of uncertain results. It is not conducive to the improvement and popularization of new uncertainty analysis methods or models. Feature selective validation method is a mature validity evaluation method for deterministic electromagnetic simulation results, and this paper extends it to electromagnetic compatibility uncertainty simulation results. On this basis, the convergence determination of the partial uncertainty analysis method is realized. The purpose is to further promote the application of the uncertainty analysis method in the electromagnetic compatibility field.

Synopsis of the December 2023 Issue of the IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications

Synopsis of the December 2023 Issue of the IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications

Optical neurons to interconnect sensors and artificial brains in autonomous vehicles

AbstractWith the ever‐increasing need for faster data communication in cars, electrical interconnects are beginning to show bandwidth and electromagnetic compatibility limitations. The new IEEE 802.3cz ethernet physical layer has been developed specifically to meet these needs, based on a long‐wavelength multimode VCSEL (vertical cavity surface‐emitting laser) and mature bend‐insensitive multimode fibers. A major innovation is taking place that will make automotive‐grade, multigigabit optical transceivers possible.

The Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Between FAST and the 2G-IMT System Around its RQZ

The Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Between FAST and the 2G-IMT System Around its RQZ