Electromagnetic Compatibility Research Articles

Synopsis of the December 2023 Issue of the IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications

Synopsis of the December 2023 Issue of the IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications

Optical neurons to interconnect sensors and artificial brains in autonomous vehicles

AbstractWith the ever‐increasing need for faster data communication in cars, electrical interconnects are beginning to show bandwidth and electromagnetic compatibility limitations. The new IEEE 802.3cz ethernet physical layer has been developed specifically to meet these needs, based on a long‐wavelength multimode VCSEL (vertical cavity surface‐emitting laser) and mature bend‐insensitive multimode fibers. A major innovation is taking place that will make automotive‐grade, multigigabit optical transceivers possible.

The Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Between FAST and the 2G-IMT System Around its RQZ

The Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Between FAST and the 2G-IMT System Around its RQZ

Absorbing Screens of Microstrip Assemblies

A screen that absorbs electromagnetic radiation has been proposed, a micromachine technology for its production has been developed based on volumetric microprocessing of single-crystalline silicon,experimental samples have been manufactured, and their characteristics have been studied. It is shown that in the measurement frequency range of 14.7–26.7 GHz there is a smooth increase in the attenuation introduced by the absorbing screen with increasing frequency to a maximum value of 20–23 dB at a frequency of about 20 GHz, and then a smooth decline. The amount of attenuation increases as the length of the screen increases and can reach any value. The manufactured samples of the absorbing screen provide significant attenuation in the required frequency range with a small substrate thickness and can be successfully used in space equipment to ensure electromagnetic compatibility.

A Simple and Economical System for Automatic Near-Field Scanning for Power Electronics Converters

Electromagnetic compatibility issues must be considered from the early steps in the design of electronic devices. A specific topic is the near-field emission generated by the device due to the traces on a printed circuit board and the specific routing. The analysis of near-field emission is essential to detect potential electromagnetic interference with nearby devices. This problem is crucial in high power density applications. Therefore, especially in these applications, it is necessary to optimize the circuit and the layout to minimize the generated noise. The design and construction of systems able to scan volumes to determine the spatial distribution of electrical E and/or magnetic B fields in the near-field region of a device under test is a very complex process. The realization of equipment that explores a given surface at a given distance from the device is easier. The main purpose of this paper is to show how it is possible to build a cheap two-dimensional scanner, starting from simple hardware not explicitly designed for near-field scan operations. The presented firmware and software solution can map, with good accuracy, the spatial distribution of fields B and E on a fixed plan close to the board. Finally, the developed system has been used in a GaN-based bi-directional DC/DC Converter.

Study of Conducted Emission Characteristics Induction Stoves on 9 kHz-30 MHz Frequency

The presence of increasingly sophisticated and innovative cooking utensils such as induction cookers has changed the way of cooking by providing a high level of efficiency. Induction cookers are also a breakthrough in reducing carbon emissions and making them an important choice in energy conservation efforts. The use of induction stoves in the community still faces several obstacles such as relatively high prices, significant power consumption, and the need for special cooking containers. In addition, the development of induction stove technology can produce electromagnetic emissions in the form of conduction emissions. Conducted emission is electromagnetic interference caused by electronic devices through conductors which can be interpreted as noise currents that propagate on the conduction path and have the potential to interfere with other electronic equipment through voltage sources. In the same power grid, conducted emissions caused by induction stoves can also interfere with data signals using Power Line Carrier (PLC) at a frequency of 30-500 kHz. This study aims to understand and identify patterns of electromagnetic wave emission, namely conduction emissions produced by induction stoves. The main focus is on conducted emissions, which can affect the performance of such electronic devices. The results of research related to the characteristics of the conducted emission value of this induction stove are expected so that this household device is safer and more comfortable to use by the community and can provide a reference for the further development of induction stove technology. The test method was carried out on 4 (four) brands of induction stoves C, A, M and P under various operating conditions and cooking modes both individually and simultaneously in the frequency range of 9 KHz-30 MHz through Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) testing. The measured parameter is a Quasi Peak (QP) value, in accordance with CISPR standard 14.1:2020. Based on measurements in the frequency range of 9 kHz-30 MHz, individual conditions were obtained that some of the induction stoves used in this study were above the threshold values required in CISPR 14.1:2020. Based on measurements with the condition that the induction stove is operated simultaneously, the level of conducted emission decreases and there is a disturbance at a new frequency beyond the disturbance frequency at individual conditions.

High-frequency Differential Mode Modeling of Universal Motor's Windings

The universal motor is a rotating electrical machine that can operate on either direct current or single-phase alternating current, similar to a DC motor. It has been widely used in various small and inexpensive drives for a long time, mostly in home appliances and hand tools. The noise generated by a universal motor is believed to be closely associated with the electromagnetic torque fluctuations of the machine, which are caused by variations in the current supplied to the motor. The power electronics utilized for controlling the motor's speed are responsible for these current changes. Accurate high-frequency motor models are crucial for reliable electromagnetic interference simulations in motor drive power electronic systems. Research efforts have expanded to explore different realistic configurations that can be used to investigate the electromagnetic compatibility behavior of electrical machines. This study describes a method for predicting the differential mode impedance of universal motor. The behavior of each motor winding has been individually studied through impedance measurements, starting with the armature, followed by the series winding, and finally the inductive compensating winding. The prediction results over a wide frequency range up to 1 MHz are in good agreement with the measurements and enabled us to propose a model circuit for each motor winding.

Fiber-Integrated Force Sensor using 3D Printed Spring-Composed Fabry-Perot Cavities with a High Precision Down to Tens of Piconewton.

Developing microscale sensors capable of force measurements down to the scale of piconewtons is of fundamental importance for a wide range of applications. To date, advanced instrumentations such as atomic force microscopes and other specifically developed micro/nano-electromechanical systems face challenges such as high cost, complex detection systems and poor electromagnetic compatibility. Here, it presents the unprecedented design and 3D printing of general fiber-integrated force sensors using spring-composed Fabry-Perot cavities. It calibrates these microscale devices employing varied-diameter m-scale silica particles as standard weights. The force sensitivity and resolution reach values of (0.436 ± 0.007) nmnN-1 and (40.0 ± 0.7) pN, respectively, which are the best resolutions among all fiber-based nanomechanical probes so far. It also measured the non-linear airflow force distributions produced from a nozzle with an orifice of 2 m, which matches well with the full-sized simulations. With further customization of their geometries and materials, it anticipates the easy-to-use force probe can well extend to many other applications such as air/fluidic turbulences sensing, micro-manipulations, and biological sensing.

Modeling the influence of an electric thruster’s ion beam on its global EMC

This research deals with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the field of electric propulsion (EP). To complete previous investigations, the emissions of a fully operating radio-frequency thruster (RIT)—including its extracted ion beam—were numerically analyzed. The ion beam was simulated and investigated with various characteristics. The simulations were performed by means of transient co-simulation. It is clear that the ion beam had a significant impact on the thruster emissions. Properties such as divergence angle and the conductivity of the beam, which can be directly attributed to the operating point of the plasma discharge inside the thruster, play a major role. The next steps will be to bring together all the knowledge gained about the emissions of the individual thruster components as well as the peripheral electronics.

Assessment of a Functional Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis of Near-Body Medical Devices Subject to Electromagnetic Field Perturbation

This article aims to assess, discuss and analyze the disturbances caused by electromagnetic field (EMF) noise of medical devices used near living tissues, as well as the corresponding functional control via the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of these devices. These are minimally invasive and non-ionizing devices allowing various healthcare actions involving monitoring, assistance, diagnoses and image-guided medical interventions. Following an introduction of the main items of the paper, the different imaging methodologies are conferred, accounting for their nature, functioning, employment condition and patient comfort and safety. Then the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) components and their fields, the consequential MRI-compatibility concept and possible image artifacts are detailed and analyzed. Next, the MRI-assisted robotic treatments, the possible robotic external matter introductions in the MRI scaffold, the features of MRI-compatible materials and the conformity control of such compatibility are analyzed and conferred. Afterward, the embedded, wearable and detachable medical devices, their EMF perturbation control and their necessary protection via shielding technologies are presented and analyzed. Then, the EMC control procedure, the EMF governing equations and the body numerical virtual models are conferred and reviewed. A qualitative methodology, case study and simple example illustrating the mentioned methodology are presented. The last section of the paper discusses potential details and expansions of the different notions conferred in the paper, in the perspective of monitoring the disturbances due to EMF noise of medical devices working near living tissues. This contribution highlights the possibility of the proper functioning of medical instruments working close to the patient’s body tissues and their protection by monitoring possible disturbances. Thanks to these commitments, various health recommendations have been taken into account. This concerns piezoelectric actuated robotics, assisted with MRI and the possible use of conductive materials in this imager under certain conditions. The safe use of onboard devices with EMF-insensitive or intelligently shielded materials with short exposure intervals is also of concern. Additionally, the need to monitor body temperature in case of prolonged exposure of onboard devices to EMF is analyzed in the Discussion section. Moreover, the use of virtual tissue models in EMC testing to achieve more realistic evaluation capabilities also features in the Discussion section.

Macro-ordered porous carbon nanocomposites for efficient microwave absorption

Tunable and efficient porous carbon-based microwave absorbers are essential in electromagnetic compatibility and protection due to their pronounced dielectric losses and ultralow density. However, it is still challenging to achieve satisfactory impedance matching and attenuation ability owing to the difficulty of realizing custom-designed porous structures. Herein, we propose a material-structure collaborative approach which includes multi-scaling, component modulation and systematic investigation of macroscopic structures. Macro-ordered porous carbon nanocomposites (MOPCN) assembled with MWCNTs and chitosan (CHI) were fabricated via freeze casting and MWCNTs/CHI ratio regulation. By simply varying the freezing temperature gradient distribution from radial (R) to axial (A), radial-centrosymmetric and honeycomb-like pore arrays were realized respectively. Compared with the honeycomb-like pore array, the radial-centrosymmetric pore array imparts much stronger microwave attenuation capability due to enhanced phase contiguity and optimized spatial arrangement. Such configuration also enabled one to optimize impedance matching and absorption, alleviating the over-dependence of microwave absorption performance on material composition. Optimum absorption of up to −70.6 dB at 9.3 GHz and −72.9 dB at 8.8 GHz were achieved for the MOPCN-1/4-R and MOPCN-1/2-A composites, respectively, with effective absorption band covering the entire X-band at a low filler loading of 1 wt%. Overall, this study provides a further understanding of the structure-property relationship and paves the way for future exploration of plainified microwave absorbers based on optimized macropore structures while preserving low filler loading.

EMI challenges in modern power electronic-based converters: recent advances and mitigation techniques

The utilization of power electronic-based converters is gaining momentum across a wide spectrum of industries. However, modern power electronic converters operate at higher frequencies compared to conventional power electronic converters, which can lead to higher rates of change in voltage and current during phase switching, and thus potentially produce more severe conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI). Their electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) has become a critical research topic, and EMI in high-frequency power electronic-based converters is more complex than that in conventional converters. This review presents a comprehensive survey of recent advancements, EMI design, and analysis of modern power electronic-based converters, focusing on the sources and mechanisms of both conducted and radiated EMI, and mitigating techniques. This review also covers the impact of topology optimization, control strategy design, and packaging design on EMC performance. Addressing emerging EMI issues in modern power electronic device-based converters is essential for ensuring safe and reliable operations. Through strategic design optimization and the implementation of EMI mitigation strategies, modern converters can seamlessly be integrated into diverse applications, offering improved EMI performance as a hallmark of their versatility.

Model‐based systems engineering approach to the study of electromagnetic interference and compatibility in wireless powered microelectromechanical systems

AbstractElectromagnetic Interference and Compatibility (EMI–EMC) are a serious problem in Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS), and specially in powered by wireless energy transfer MEMS. Most MEMS have dimensions in the order of 1 mm or less, thus, most of the suitable electromagnetic radiation sources have wavelengths larger than this, making isolation of electromagnetic effects very difficult. Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) can be an excellent tool to deal with EMI—EMC in MEMS during early design phases. In this work, we present a problem‐solving procedure and integration of EMI—EMC in MEMS from a Model‐Based Systems Engineering perspective. This approach is described in detail by a real example using a procedure based on nine steps fully integrated with the proposed systems engineering methodology. For example, the use of context diagrams (IBDs) and N SQUARE charts to describe EMC interactions is explained in detail. The system is formed by a Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) subsystem working near 2.45 or 4.5 GHz coupled to an electromagnetic micromotor. This micromotor contains copper microcoils which can receive electromagnetic radiation directly at the same time that the WPT subsystem. The greatest difficulty is, then, to power the WPT while isolating the micromotor, and optimizing the coupling interface. A summary of the most important EMC concepts and tools are reviewed from the systems engineer perspective and possible problems during the design and testing phases are discussed in detail using the example.

ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EXCHANGE PROCESSES WHEN BALANCING REGIMES ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEMS WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

It is shown that maintaining a balance between the production and consumption of electric energy is an important condition for the stable operation of modern energy supply systems. The active increase in the share of renewable energy sources forces the use of new algorithms for balancing demand and supply, in particular, at the expense of flexibility. This implies the need to implement new technological solutions and approaches to balancing the modes of generation and consumption (the ability to quickly respond to changes in demand and supply), which, in turn, requires a detailed analysis of energy exchange processes in electric power systems.
 It is recognized that there is a need for an in-depth analysis of the balance of energy components, and an assessment of electromagnetic compatibility in electric power systems, especially in the conditions of the growing influence of renewable energy sources on local electricity markets. Analysis of various factors influencing technological solutions and cooperation of different market parties are key components for developing effective management strategies and ensuring the stability of the electric power system.
 The peculiarities of the analysis of energy exchange processes in local electric power systems with the determination of exchange capacities, which are integral characteristics of the influence of various factors of the non-acidity of electricity on exchange processes, are considered. It is proposed to balance the components of electric energy on the basis of exchange processes in controlled intersections of local electric power systems using the components of instantaneous power at each energetically constant state. The exchange processes in local electric power systems are analyzed with the selection of different modes of their operation, in particular, when assessing the level of electromagnetic compatibility of the elements of the local electric power systems.
 The introduction of exchange capacities made it possible to develop indicators for assessing the level of electromagnetic compatibility of the elements of the local system. To estimate the share of consumers' contribution to the deterioration of the quality of electricity at the common connection point, an algorithm for evaluating the mutual influence of elements is proposed, with the allocation of the element's contribution to the distortion of electricity in the controlled intersection and the analysis of the magnitude of the influence of distorting factors on electromagnetic processes in the system element.
 An optimization model for achieving the specified levels of balancing (flexibility) in local electric power systems with energy accumulators has been developed.

Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing Method and Application of Generators Based on Flexible Loading System

As an important part of the extended-range new-energy vehicle, the electromagnetic compatibility of the generator system will affect the overall performance of the vehicle. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct electromagnetic compatibility testing on the generator system, which includes two parts: electromagnetic emission and electromagnetic immunity. By implementing EMC testing of generators based on flexible loading equipment, we simulate the working state of the generator system during the real vehicle operation in the 3m anechoic chamber and evaluate the electromagnetic compatibility performance of the generator system. Flexible loading equipment can solve the adverse effects of large engine system volume, high noise, and exhaust emissions on the anechoic chamber environment in extended-range new-energy vehicles, and obtain real-time testing information of the generator system, achieving the standard requirements of quantifiable and evaluable test results.

EMC of Inductive Automotive Charging Systems According to Standard SAE J2954

To increase the acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs), inductive charging technology can be an important tool because of the simplified charging process for the user. This paper presents the fundamentals of wireless power transfer (WPT) for EVs, while focusing on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). This work deals with the investigation of the conducted and field-bound interference emissions using a WPT system with a max. input power of 3.6 kW. During the research, a new frequency-tracking algorithm is developed, to find the optimal operating frequency at any coil misalignment. The impedance behavior as well as the possible interference paths are investigated, showing the great geometric influence of the test bench setup. The conducted interference currents are analyzed and subsequently filtered. The filter shows good performance in attenuating common mode currents. The measured radiated magnetic field is directly rated against the proposed limits of various standards. Finally, the EMC influence of the direct current (DC) power supply line to the inverter is examined, which is not defined precisely in the standard. This underlines the significance of a standardized test setup, since the limit values can be met under different geometric circumstances of the DC cable.

From Bauxite as a Critical Material to the Required Properties of Cast Aluminum Alloys for Use in Electro Automotive Parts

There is a long process to transform bauxite, a critical raw material, into a substance with the required properties of cast aluminum alloys for use in electro automotive parts. Thanks to its unique properties, aluminum has become the material of choice for clean technology manufacturers in applications such as use in the automotive industry, renewable energy, batteries, electrical systems, resource-saving packaging, energy efficient buildings and clean mobility. Restructuring of the economy, the oil crisis, air pollution and global warming are some of the factors that have moved the automotive industry towards electrification since the beginning of the 21st century. This paper aims to highlight the required properties of cast aluminum alloys applied to the production of electro automotive parts, such as their mechanical and thermophysical properties, dimensional stability, corrosion resistance, electromagnetic compatibility and crashworthiness. Furthermore, this paper discusses which of the cast aluminum–silicon alloys, as well as the heat treatments and casting processes, are most suitable.

Co-Channel Compatibility Analysis of IMT Networks and Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting in the Frequency Range 470-694 MHz Based on Monte Carlo Simulation.

According to Resolution 235 adopted during the World Radiocommunication Conference 2015 (WRC-15) and the preliminary agenda item 1.5 of WRC-2023, the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) has been entrusted to carry out sharing and compatibility studies between broadcasting and mobile services in the frequency range 470-694 MHz in Region 1. This study specifically focuses on evaluating electromagnetic compatibility in potential co-channel sharing scenarios between Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) and International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) systems within the 470-694 MHz frequency band that may arise in the foreseeable future. To assess the conditions for coexistence, a Monte Carlo simulation method implemented through the SEAMCAT software version 5.4.2 is employed, examining six potential interference scenarios. The simulation results yield the minimum coordination distance required between IMT and DTTB services in the 470-694 MHz band based on the protection criteria to ensure harmonious coexistence while maintaining satisfactory performance. Furthermore, the study investigates the impact of various factors such as transmitter power, antenna heights, coverage radius, antenna discrimination, and antenna tilt angle on the separation distances. The focus lies primarily on critical interference scenarios across neighboring countries' borders. The simulation outcomes confirm that sharing the same frequency band between IMT and DTTB networks would result in significant mutual interference. Nevertheless, carefully analyzing diverse parameters and assumptions helped provide recommendations to reduce the required separation distances. These findings are valuable for broadcasters, mobile operators, and regulators in establishing the technical coexistence conditions for DTTB and IMT in the new band.

A Novel Statistical Analysis Algorithm for Angular Sampling for Measurement of the TRP of Spurious Emissions

The total radiated power (TRP) has been stipulated as the spurious emission limit for a mmWave terminal. Angular sampling is crucial for ensuring the accuracy of the measurement of the TRP of spurious emissions while improving measurement efficiency. In this study, we investigate the sampling requirements for different TRP measurement methods. A novel algorithm based on the statistical analysis of the measurement uncertainty caused by the sampling step is proposed. Specifically, the HPBW of the entire machine radiation pattern is considered instead of that of a simple antenna array. This study was conducted in strict compliance with regulatory requirements to ensure that the statistical algorithm was more closely aligned with practical testing. Based on this, the maximum sampling steps allowed by different terminal models while maintaining measurement accuracy were analyzed. The simulation results demonstrate that negligible measurement uncertainty was produced when the sampling step of the full spherical grid method was less than 6∘. However, for the two-cut and the three-cut methods, a maximum of 2 dB of measurement uncertainty should be considered. These findings are valuable inputs for the ongoing work on electromagnetic compatibility testing and standardization.

Evaluation the results of electromagnetic compatibility of a prototype device for ear stimulation in patients with tinnitus.

<b><br>Aim:</b> The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of electromagnetic compatibility of a prototype device for ear stimulation in patients with tinnitus.</br> <b><br>Material and methods:</b> The electromagnetic compatibility tests of the prototype device for electro- and magnetostimulation of the hearing organ were carried out at the Center for Attestation and Certification Tests OBAC Sp. z o. o. in Gliwice in 2020. The following product standards were used: PN-EN 60601-1-2:2015-11 - medical electrical equipment (general requirements for basic safety and essential functioning; PN-EN 55011:2012 - industrial, scientific and medical equipment [characteristics of radio frequency disturbances] ) PN-EN 61000-3-2:2014-10 - electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), permissible levels of harmonic current emissions (phase load current ≤ 16 A).</br> <b><br>Results:</b> The level of expanded uncertainty in the measurement of conducted disturbances in the range of 0.150-30MHz does not exceed the level specified in the PN-EN-55016-4-2:2011 standard. In the study of the emission of radiated disturbances up to 1GHz in the frequency range of 30-1000MHz (PN-EN 55011:2012 standard), it was found that the setting of the EUT during the tests was in accordance with the requirements of the standard. The level of expanded uncertainty in the measurement of radiated disturbances in the 30-1000MHz range does not exceed the level specified in the PN-EN 55016-4-2:2011 standard. The measured current harmonic levels (phase power supply current ≤16A) with a frequency range of 50Hz-2kHz do not exceed the permissible levels specified in the PN-EN 61000-3-2:2014-10 standard. The test of resistance to the magnetic field at the frequency of the power grid (PN-EN 61000-4-8: 2010 standard also showed that the setting of the EUT during the tests was in accordance with the requirements of the standard and the result was positive.</br> <b><br>Conclusions:</b> Testing of immunity to radiated radio frequency electromagnetic field (PN-EN 61000-4-3:2007 +A1:2008+A2:2011 standard) and testing of resistance to magnetic field at power frequency (PN-EN 61000-4-8 standard :2010) did not exceed the level specified in the standard and showed a positive result. The measured harmonic levels of the network current (phase supply current ≤16A) with the frequency range 50Hz-2kHz do not exceed the permissible levels specified in the PN-EN 61000- 3-2:2014-10 standard for a class A device.</br&gt.