Electromagnetic Compatibility Research Articles

A Wire-Driven Series Elastic Mechanism Based on Ultrasonic Motor for Walking Assistive System

In order to improve the elderly people’s quality of life, supporting their walking behaviors is a promising technology. Therefore, based on one ultrasonic motor, a wire-driven series elastic mechanism for walking assistive system is proposed and investigated in this research. In contrast to tradition, it innovatively utilizes an ultrasonic motor and a wire-driven series elastic mechanism to achieve superior system performances in aspects of simple structure, high torque/weight ratio, quiet operation, quick response, favorable electromagnetic compatibility, strong shock resistance, better safety, and accurately stable force control. The proposed device is mainly composed of an ultrasonic motor, a linear spring, a steel wire, four pulleys and one rotating part. To overcome the ultrasonic motor’s insufficient output torque, a steel wire and pulleys are smartly combined to directly magnify the torque instead of using a conventional gear reducer. Among the pulleys, there is one tailored pulley playing an important role to keep the reduction ratio as 4.5 constantly. Meanwhile, the prototype is manufactured and its actual performance is verified by experimental results. In a one-second operating cycle, it only takes 86 ms for this mechanism to output an assistive torque of 1.6 N·m. At this torque, the ultrasonic motor’s speed is around 4.1 rad/s. Moreover, experiments with different operation periods have been conducted for different application scenarios. This study provides a useful idea for the application of ultrasonic motor in walking assistance system.

The Effect of Spread Spectrum Modulation on Power Line Communications

Interference in Power Line Communication (PLC) is examined in this paper. PLC is a wired communication technology that provides communication and data transmission over the existing electrical network. It uses the electrical wiring in buildings or the electrical grid to transmit data signals between devices, rather than using dedicated communication cables or wireless signals. Many applications employ PLC technologies, which have the benefit of leveraging existing power connections for both power and data transfer, reducing cost and complexity. These interactions may be observed in contemporary smart grids and automobile power networks, where lengthy cables, switching power supplies and communication links all work together but exacerbate Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) problems. This research examines the effects of spread spectrum methods used to reduce EMI from power converters on PLC systems. Spread Spectrum Modulation (SSM) and its three variants, Sine, Random and Sawtooth, are frequently employed to meet the requirements of electromagnetic compatibility, however, there are some repercussions that may be detrimental to the converter or the rest of the electrical network. These outcomes occur for various modulation algorithm settings and at various frequencies. Measurements are made utilising the Frame Error Rate (FER) value provided by the PLC link system to ascertain the interference produced by a Silicon Carbide (SiC)-based DC-DC converter in order to investigate these concerns and standardise an assessment approach. To examine the effect of SSM on reducing EMI in the frequency domain, the peak index of a CISPR-16 EMI receiver is used.

Metrological traceability of the results of testing for electromagnetic compatibility in accordance with the NATO standards

Ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility of special-purpose equipment used in a complex saturated radio frequency environment requires testing in accordance with procedures that guarantee a valid verification of its immunity to external electromagnetic fields. The paper presents the national measurement standards and equipment used at the National Scientific Centre “Institute of Metrology” for the NRE02, NRE03 and NRS02 testing in accordance with the AESTR-500 standard. It is shown how metrological traceability to the SI units of the measurement results is ensured during tests. The paper presents the results of evaluating the uncertainty of the results of measurements of the electromagnetic field strength using the NARDA-550 meter for the frequency ranges of 10 kHz – 1 GHz when using the GTEM chamber, and for the frequency ranges of 1-43 GHz when using the anechoic chamber. The studies have proven that the measurement uncertainties, when calibrating the antenna in the anechoic chamber, and the uneven distribution of the electromagnetic field in the GTEM chamber are the most critical. The obtained results of the uncertainty evaluation of the NARDA-550 calibration coefficient are used for high-precision measurements of radio frequency signals both at emission and being exposed to electromagnetic fields when the disturbances have limit values as regards the provisions of these standards. These results with a discrepancy of no more than 0.05 dB confirm the characteristics of the device provided by the manufacturer. It is shown that the set of national measurement standards and test equipment of the NSC “Institute of Metrology” allows testing special equipment for electromagnetic compatibility according to the NATO standards with the required accuracy.

Versatile cellulose nanofibril assisted preparation of ultralight, scalable carbon nanotube aerogel-based electromagnetic wave absorbers with ultrahigh reflection loss

The sustainable cellulose nanofibril (CNF) was efficiently utilized to facilitate the preparation of a type of ultralight, high-porosity carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid aerogel-based electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers. CNF not only serves as a green surfactant to avoid the agglomeration of CNT, but also acts as supporting matrix or binder to promote the construction of porous CNT-based aerogels. Furthermore, the CNF precursor contributes to the generation of CNF-derived nanocarbon (CNFC) for a high-efficiency dielectric modulator, leading to the tuneable electromagnetic parameters and good impedance matching. Combined with the loss capacity of CNFC, the EMW absorption performance of CNT-based aerogels is enhanced. Consequently, the hybrid aerogels show EMW absorption performance involving an effective absorption bandwidth of 3.3 GHz and an ultrahigh reflection loss of −76.46 dB at a filling ratio of 5 wt%, outperforming that of other CNT-based EMW absorbers ever reported. The synergistic effects of multiple EMW absorption mechanisms for the hybrid aerogels were analyzed at length, demonstrating the indispensable roles of the CNF or CNFC in constructing high-efficiency CNT-based EMW absorbers. Combined with the green, sustainable, facile, and scalable preparation approach, the carbon aerogel-based EMW absorbers are highly promising for applications in electromagnetic compatibility or protection and aerospace.

Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and microwave absorption performance of plaster mortars containing metal waste chips in X-band frequency range

Exposure to electromagnetic radiation from digital devices, especially in the radio frequency range, affects human health in buildings. Furthermore, various electronic devices might be vulnerable to electromagnetic pollution in the same manner. Therefore, the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding technique is one of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) engineering phenomena that prevents the detrimental effects by means of electromagnetic pollution, especially in building areas. This work investigates the EMI shielding effectiveness and electromagnetic absorbing activities of plaster mortars containing various waste metals with different ratios. Measurements have been carried out in the frequency range of 8.2–12 GHz. Results concluded that the reference material shows the lowest total shielding effectiveness. The plaster mortar sample containing 20% iron, 3% steel, and 3% chromium showed the maximum EMI shielding effectiveness with a range of 20–24 dB. Measurement results indicated that the absorption capability is the dominant component of the total shielding effectiveness, except for the reference sample. Furthermore, the apparent porosity of each sample was analyzed. The maximum apparent porosity was obtained by chromium chips waste added sample. It was obtained that the iron waste chips increased the apparent porosity of samples.

Preface

The 2023 6th International Conference on Mechanical, Electrical, and Material Applications (MEMA 2023) was successfully held in Changsha, China from February 24th to 26th, 2023 (virtual event). This Seminar was the sixth in a series of topical meetings, and the MEMA series of conferences have come to all successful conclusions in Xi’an, Chongqing, and Chengdu from 2018 to 2022. MEMA 2023 was attended by about 150 participants from different countries.For this fourth meeting we chose Changsha to be our Conference Venue and met with our old and new friends again. While the location of the Conference has been changed sometimes, what remained invariant is the aim of these meetings, which is to discuss recent advances and key challenges and explore new perspectives and research directions facing the development of mechanical, electrical, and material applications in a pleasant and friendly atmosphere. At this meeting we had a comprehensive overview of this fascinating field and of future scenarios thanks to the participation of leaders of the most important projects.The Conference presented an outstanding program of papers covering the most recent advances in mechanical, electrical, and material applications, including Mechanical Dynamics, Precision Machinery, Electromagnetic Compatibility, High Voltage and Insulation Technology, Circuits and Systems, Functional Materials, etc.. The papers in this Proceedings published by Journal of Physics: Conference Series-IOP Publishing represent a collection of the invited talks and academic contributions.The Conference Program consisted of four invited speeches presented in the plenary sessions, including four hot topic speeches highlighting the most recent advances in the field, and various oral presentations. The program included a speech by Dejie Yu who is Member of the Standing Committee of the Hunan Provincial CPPCC and Professor in the College of Mechanical & Vehicle Engineering of Hunan University, a speech title with “Research on Weak Fault Signal Detection Method Based on Gradient Acoustic Metamaterials”. Aiming at the problem that weak signal is difficult to detect, an enhanced detection method based on gradient index acoustic metamaterial was proposed. And still a fault signal enhancement detection method based on gradient index acoustic metamaterial was proposed.We would like to thank the participants, especially those who contributed speeches, posters and manuscripts, for making MEMA 2023 such an exciting and memorable conference. We thank the Technical Program Committee for putting together an outstanding Program. Finally, we thank the Local Organizing Committee for their tireless and expert efforts in the organization of MEMA 2023, and all of our colleagues whose friendly and efficient service contributed much to the success of the Conference.The Committee of MEMA 2023List of Committee Member is available in the pdf

Considerations about the measurement of electromagnetic emissions

he main goal of the paper is to present procedures and analysis of the measurement that must be performed and the compulsory results to obtain compliance with conducted and radiated electromagnetic emissions. After the introductory section which outlines generalities related to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), the second section focuses on the dichotomy between near-field and far-field, present in two important zones where electromagnetic phenomena are totally different, which however are not well enough highlighted in the specific EMC standards. The third section is devoted to emission measurements that must be performed in different electromagnetic environments and for different types of equipment depicted in the specific standards in force. As an example, the case of electromagnetic emissions produced by a household gas thermal power unit is presented.

A Novel Electromagnetic Noise and Image Stripe Noise Suppression Method Between SMA-OIS Actuator and CMOS Image Sensor

In order to solve the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problem between shape memory alloy (SMA) optical image stabilization (OIS) actuator and CMOS image sensor (CIS), a novel electromagnetic noise and image stripe noise (ISN) suppression method is proposed in this paper. The electromagnetic interference mechanism of SMA-OIS actuator is analyzed by electromagnetic field simulation and magnetic dipole mathematical model. The CIS noise mechanism based on the readout circuit model and image signal processing (ISP) pipeline is analyzed and the ISN evaluation method of CIS is proposed. The drive frequency and ISN model is established by frequency sweep experiment through the joint experimental platform of SMA-OIS actuator and CIS. Furthermore, the random frequency modulation PWM method based on the spread spectrum principle is proposed to suppress the electromagnetic noise and ISN. The experimental results show that the state-of-the-art noise suppression method proposed in this paper can not only eliminate ISN, but also have good technical adaptability in practical applications.

Cosine Windows in Interpolated DFT-based Method for an Accurate High-Frequency Distortion Assessment in Power Systems

The transformation of electrical networks in the context of the new smart grid paradigm unavoidably involves new challenges regarding Power Quality (PQ) disturbances not only for customers but also for all the other involved stakeholders. Among PQ disturbances, waveform distortions have recently gained growing interest due to the massive presence of new technologies in distributed energy resources, in modern loads and in advanced smart metering systems. The presence of these devices determines arduous electromagnetic compatibility problems since the current and voltage waveform distortions in smart grids are characterized by spectral components above the traditional 2 kHz frequency limit, in a range extended up to 150 kHz. In this paper, an interpolated DFT-based (IDFT) method, recently proposed in the relevant literature in the field of signal processing, is properly extended for an accurate and fast assessment of power system waveform distortions in the frequency range from 2 to 150 kHz. Since DFT-based methods can suffer well-known spectral leakage problems, in this paper the IDFT is applied using cosine windows that minimize interference conditions among spectral components and maximise the estimation accuracy of the spectral component amplitude, phase angle and frequency. An optimal number of cosine window terms is also searched to improve the spectral analysis of high-frequency power system waveforms. Numerical applications on synthetic test signals and measured waveforms are carried out to quantify the accuracy and computational efforts of the proposed approach and to select the cosine window terms that better optimize the waveform distortion assessment.

Radio transmitting device of local navigation systems with adaptive adjustment of radio signal spectrum parameters

Problem statement. Existing radio transmitting devices use a non-tunable baseband filter focused on achieving a minimum level of out-of-band radio signal radiation, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of using the energy resource of the radio transmitting device caused by an increase in the peak factor. Purpose. improving the efficiency of using the energy resource of the radio transmitting device is adaptive dynamic control of the parameters of the spectrum of the radiated radio signal of the radio transmitting device, depending on the results of monitoring the electromagnetic environment. Results. The proposed technical solution will make it possible to increase the efficiency of using the energy resource of the radio transmitting device by adaptive dynamic control of the parameters of the spectrum of the emitted signal, depending on the results of monitoring electromagnetic compatibility in the radio frequency bands of out-of-band radiation of the radio transmitting device. Practical significance. The results can be used by specialists in the field of radio communications and radio navigation in the development of radio transmitting devices with a reduced level of out-of-band radiation.

Efficiency of ferromagnetic shielding of superconducting coils of high-speed maglev crew

Background: Magnetic levitation transport with combined traction, suspension and guidance systems based on superconducting coils (SCC) allows reaching speeds of up to 500600 km/h with a very significant (up to 150200 mm) air gap, which is an important factor in ensuring the safety of high-speed transportation. However, SCC are a source of strong external magnetic fields, which, in conditions of limited crew dimensions, can have a harmful effect on both passengers and on-board auxiliary equipment.
 Aim: to analyze the external magnetic fields of the SCC systems for traction, suspension and direction of maglev vehicles and the effectiveness of ferromagnetic screens as a means of ensuring the electromagnetic safety of passengers and the electromagnetic compatibility of the SCC with other onboard equipment.
 Materials and methods: to achieve this goal, methods of analytical and numerical modeling of the magnetic fields of the SCC using modern software packages were used. As a prototype of the combined magnetic system of traction, suspension and direction, the system of the MLX-L0 maglev vehicle, which is undergoing pilot commercial operation at the Yamanashi test line (Japan), was adopted.
 Results: it is shown that the value of the external magnetic fields of the SCC of the traction and guiding systems in the passenger cabin of the prototype crew exceeds the maximum permissible levels established by domestic and foreign regulatory documents, both without shielding and with passive shielding with flat steel sheets.
 Conclusion: passive shielding of the SCC with steel sheets, including multilayer ones, does not provide the required reduction in the level of external magnetic fields for a given vehicle dimensions.

Experimental study of electromagnetic disturbances in common and differential modes in a circuit based on two DC/DC boost static converter in parallel

Introduction. An electronic control and closing control at the switch (MOSFET) will allow a parallel connection of two DC/DC boost converters. The reason for paralleling converters is to increase the efficiency of the power conversion process. This means that the overall power loss on the main switches is half the power loss on the main switch of a converter. It has been proven that DC-DC converters operating in parallel have different dynamics than a single converter. In this paper, the study is based on a system of two boost converters operating in parallel under current mode control. Although two converters operating in parallel increase the efficiency of the system, if the control parameters are not chosen correctly, the system becomes unstable and starts to oscillate. Purpose of this work is to present the analysis of high frequency electromagnetic disturbances caused by the switching of power switches in DC/DC boost static converters mounted in parallel in the presence of cables. We will study the improvement of the electromagnetic compatibility performances which can be brought by the choice of a static converters for industrial use. Methods. For the study of the path of the currents in common mode and in differential mode, it was possible to evaluate experimentally the electromagnetic compatibility impact in common mode and in differential mode of two boost converters connected in parallel in an electric circuit in connection with the source through a printed circuit board of connection between the source and the load, while using the two basic methods, namely the prediction of the conducted electromagnetic interference, the temporal simulation and the frequency simulation. Results. All the obtained results are validated by experimental measurements carried out at the Djillali Liabes University Sidi-Bel-Abbes in Laboratory of Applications of Plasma, Electrostatics and Electromagnetic Compatibility (APELEC). The experimental results obtained in common mode and in differential mode at low, medium and high frequencies are compared between the parallel boost test with and without electromagnetic compatibility filter.

Electromagnetic compatibility of technical objects and systems: overview of the system and standardization bodies of the European Union and the Federal Republic of Germany

Since June 2022, Ukraine has the status of a candidate country for joining the European Union (EU). On the way to the EU, Ukraine needs to carry out a number of reforms and fully adapt national legislation in accordance with European criteria. This also applies to the regulatory framework regarding electromagnetic compatibility. In this regard, the work presents the features, structure and main functions of the modern general system and standardization bodies on electromagnetic compatibility of technical objects and systems operating in the European Union at both the international (pan-European) and national levels. With regard to a specific EU member state, the paper considers the example of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Critical aspects of electromagnetic compatibility on board ships

The electromagnetic environment on board a military ship is a bounded space with disturbance sources and receivers. It is defined by the maximum disturbance levels in each interior compartment and on the ship's decks. The electromagnetic environment on board a ship is extremely complex, as it depends to a large extent on the density of equipment on board, the characteristics of the equipment installed (frequency bands, power, modulation types, etc.), the measures to prevent electromagnetic radiation pollution taken by designing the ship in such a way that the electromagnetic field strength inside the ship is as low as possible, with reduced risks to the normal operation of the equipment on board and to the personnel on board. The installation of radars in the on-board electromagnetic environment requires an analysis of the electromagnetic compatibility standards that apply to them. To prevent electromagnetic interference in such systems involves describing the composition of the environment and the interaction between different components. The paper presents a risk-based characterisation of the on-board electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic compatibility analysis.

The Performance of Hollow Pyramidal Microwave Absorber Using Different Slot Size

Microwave absorber is commonly used in defense, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)/electromagnetic interference (EMI) reduction and anechoic chamber application. Conventional electromagnetic (EM) absorbers have some constraints in practical handling due to its heavy weight. In this paper, the research focuses on the development of high performance and lightweight microwave absorber. A lightweight and simple design configuration of different rectangular slot size array implemented on hollow pyramidal microwave absorber are carried out. There are two different designs of different slot size array calculated based on 3GHz, 6GHz and 9GHz frequency slot size. The two designs have an opposite slots size array arrangement namely different slot size 3GHz, 6GHz, 9GHz order design array and different slot size 9GHz, 6GHz, 3GHz order design array. The absorption is measured using the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) arch free space method in the frequency range of 1GHz to 12GHz covering L, S, C and X band. In the measurement result, the maximum absorption performance is obtained by the different slot size 9GHz, 6GHz, 3GHz order design array which is up to -44.23dB at X-band. The measurement results for both designs array show good absorption performance which exhibit below than -20dB especially at high frequency band. The proposed designs have been identified as the new approach to increase absorption improvement over a broad frequency range application.

Methodological approaches to instrumental assessment of electromagnetic compatibility of radioelectronic facilities

Methodological approaches to instrumental assessment of electromagnetic compatibility of radioelectronic facilities

Procedure for evaluating electromagnetic compatibility of low-orbital satellite data transmission systems subscriber terminals with fixed satellite service earth stations

Procedure for evaluating electromagnetic compatibility of low-orbital satellite data transmission systems subscriber terminals with fixed satellite service earth stations

Anti-interference Performance of the Temperature Acquisition System for the Vacuum Thermal Test

The thermal test temperature acquisition system is one of the core systems in the thermal test of the spacecraft. It uses thermocouple sensors for temperature data acquisition, and its data stability directly affects the success or failure of the thermal test task. The equipment types in the original thermal test environment were single, and the electromagnetic compatibility design was weak. With the increase of the types of test equipment in the thermal test, the electromagnetic interference in the test environment is becoming more and more serious and even directly affects the stability of temperature data collection. Based on the principle of thermocouple temperature measurement and electromagnetic compatibility, this paper establishes relevant models for analysis and simulation and obtains methods to improve system electromagnetic compatibility under different interference conditions. And in a certain thermal test, using the simulation results of the model, the corresponding circuit improvement was carried out, which finally reduced the influence of electromagnetic interference on the system and ensured the smooth progress of the task.

Preface

These Proceedings present the written contributions of the participants of the 2023 2nd International Conference on Electrical, Control and Information Technology (ECITech 2023) which was held in the form of virtual conference from 24th to 26th February 2023, at the Changsha city, China, supported by Concordia University, Canada. This was the second version of the annual meeting that began in 2022, with about 50 participants.The Proceedings consist the contributions that were presented as speeches or presentations at the Conference. All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.The topics of papers collected in this volume cover but are not limited to: Electromagnetic Compatibility, High Voltage Insulation Technologies, System Engineering Theory and Method, Intelligent Manufacturing and Industrial Intelligence, Intelligent Robots and Autonomous Agents, Information Technology Management, etc..The three-day scientific program of the ECITech 2023 consisted of Keynote Speeches, Oral Presentations, Poster Presentations and Academic Investigation with the participation of graduate students, professors, researchers and entrepreneurs from China, Canada, Italy, UK, Kuwait, Spain, Turkey, Iran, Malaysia, India, among others. Moreover, the objective of ECITech was to bring together national and international researchers in order to establish a network of scientific cooperation with a global impact in the area of the electrical, control and information technology; to promote the exchange of creative ideas and the effective transfer of scientific knowledge, from fundamental research to innovation applied to electrical solutions and to advance in the development of new research by means of efficient transference of the knowledge between sectors academia and industry.At the keynote speech part of the Conference, Prof. Marco C. Campi (University of Brescia, Italy) provided a general and easy-to-access overview of the VRFT method in his report Virtual Reference Feedback Tuning (VRFT): Handy Tuning of Industrial Controllers. And Prof. Chun-Yi Su (Concordia University, Canada) discussed a newly proposed modeling and parameters learning of dielectric elastomer enabled soft robots via data-in-loop approach, showing the status of the art of the current research for modeling of the smart-material based soft robots. The speakers’ brilliant speeches made the attendees feel like bathing in a feast of knowledge.We would like to thank the members of reviewers for their kind assistance in reviewing the papers. We would also extend our best gratitude to keynote speakers for their invaluable contribution and worthwhile ideas shared in the Conference. Special acknowledgements go to the Editors and staff of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series for their hard work in making this volume published.We hope that the series conference of ECITech will be even greater than ever before in the future!The Committee of ECITech 2023List of Committee Member is available in this pdf.

Preface

This issue of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS) contains the proceedings of the 2023 3rd International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Information Engineering (ECIE 2023). The conference took place in Suzhou, China during January 6th-8th, 2023 (virtual form), with the attendance of about 60 scholars, experts, researchers and scientists in related areas.ECIE 2023 is committed to creating an international cooperation and exchange platform for scientists, engineers, and practitioners in the fields related to electronics, circuits and information engineering to share their latest research and development results, discuss existing problems and challenges, and explore cutting-edge technologies. Everyone interested in these fields were welcomed to join the conference and to give comments and raise questions to the speeches and presentations.The conference agenda covered three parts, including a keynote speech delivered by four sophisticated professors from different countries and regions. Among them, Prof. Valentina E. Balas from Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Romania performed a dramatic keynote speech on Challenges in Green Computing Technologies and New AI regulations. The research proposed an interesting and hot topic related to Green Computing. She introduced their new research in de field of nanotechnologies brain-inspired proposed for the next generation of computing technologies and focused on developing very reliable nano-architecture with low power consumption. Also, she discussed sustainability and green computing and introduced the new AI regulations in EU. It was a wonderful opportunity for all the participants to interact with the experts and specialists to get their advice or suggestions. And we are very optimistic that all participants had acquired new ideas and knowledge from this conference to enhance the capability toward electronics, circuits and information engineering.Through a rigorous peer-review process, all the submitted papers were performed double blind review to check their quality of content, level of innovation, significance, originality and legibility. Based on the expertise review comments, some excellent papers were accepted and the corresponding authors were invited to submit their papers for final publication. The accepted papers included topics on: VLSI Design and Fabrication, Semiconductor Devices and Circuits, Parallel and Distributed Computing, test and Reliability, Electromagnetic Compatibility, etc.We would like to extend our sincere acknowledgement to all the keynote speakers, peer reviewers, and all the participants. Our special thanks also go to the Conference Chair and the International Technical Program Committee members for the procedures that lead to the organization of this event, to the members of IOP-JPCS for their patience while waiting for the final versions of the papers, to our colleagues who contributed to its realization.The Committee of ECIE 2023List of Committee member is available in this pdf.