Electrodeposition Of Nickel Research Articles

Nickel electrodeposition from deep eutectic solvents containing copper ions at a high temperature

In the current study, the electrodeposition of nickel in the presence of various concentrations of copper ions was studied in a eutectic-based ionic liquid, i.e., 1:2 choline chloride (ChCl):ethylene glycol (EG), which is called Ethaline, at 90 °C. The electrodeposition process was conducted in the presence of additional additives such as nicotinic and boric acids. The electrolyte solution was characterized using a conductivity test and UV–vis analysis. The electrodeposition process is highlighted using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronocoulometry (CC). The deposited nickel was subjected to a hardness test and different X-ray techniques, such as SEM, XRD and EDX analysis. The effect of the copper ion concentration on the quality of the electrodeposit was highlighted. It was found that the electrodeposition of nickel from the eutectic-based ionic liquid in the presence of copper ions improved the surface quality, minimized roughness, and promoted consistent surface morphology. The significant difference in the deposit morphology is discussed in the context of metal speciation and mass transport differences between the aqueous and ionic liquids.

Effect of polyethylene glycol molecular weight on the electrodeposition of nanostructured nickel

Electrodeposition is an attractive approach to synthesize nanostructured metals and their microstructure can be effectively controlled by tuning the process parameters. Here, two molecular weight (MW) types of polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used as additives for nickel electrodeposition in Watts bath. The surface morphology, crystal orientation, microstructure and microhardness of the Ni film were investigated. Experimental results revealed that the MW of PEG played a decisive role in controlling the microstructure of the deposits. As the current density increased from 25 to 100 mA/cm2, the microstructure of the Ni film deposited from the PEG600-containing bath evolved from ultrafine grains with nanotwin lamella perpendicular to the substrate surface to randomly oriented nanotwins, where the average grain size decreased from 118 nm to 78 nm. Within the same current density range, the Ni film obtained from the PEG10000-containing bath presented fine nanograins with multifold nanotwins (e.g., fivefold nanotwins) in random orientations with the average grain sizes of around 10 nm, little influenced by the current density. Such microstructure transition could be attributed to that the addition of PEG facilitated the formation of twins, and higher MW PEG induced a greater inhibition effect, promoting significant grain refinement.

Live-current electrodeposition of Nickel on Zinc from modified Watt’s bath

ABSTRACT The zinc-nickel alloy coating has a better combination of corrosion and wear resistance compared to galvanised steel. Electrodeposition of multilayer zinc-nickel alloy coating on steel is an important industrial process. However, in the case of multilayer deposition, the plating of nickel over the zinc layer has an inherent problem owing to the corrosion of zinc in the conventional acidic nickel electrolytes. Conventionally a copper strike layer is introduced over zinc followed by nickel electroplating. The present work aims at understanding the effect of both Ni2+ ion concentration and live currents on the feasibility and quality of Ni deposition on Zn from a modified Watt’s bath such that nickel can be directly deposited on zinc without a copper strike layer. The coating appearance, thickness and roughness are found to be strongly dependent on nickel-iron concentration and the extent of live current which prevent Zn corrosion by offering cathodic protection while simultaneously depositing nickel on zinc.

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) in the recycling of nickel and cadmium battery metals using electrodeposition.

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were employed in the aqueous electrodeposition of nickel and cadmium for battery metal recycling. The electrowinning of mixed Ni-Cd metal ion recycling solutions demonstrated that cadmium with a purity of over 99% could be selectively extracted while leaving the nickel in the solution. Two types of CNFs were evaluated: negatively charged CNFs (a-CNF) obtained through acid hydrolysis (-75 μeq. g-1) and positively charged CNFs (q-CNF) functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups (+85 μeq. g-1). The inclusion of CNFs in the Ni-Cd electrolytes induced growth of cm-sized dendrites in conditions where dendrites were otherwise not observed, or increased the degree of dendritic growth when it was already present to a lesser extent. The augmented dendritic growth correlated with an increase in deposition yields of up to 30%. Additionally, it facilitated the formation of easily detachable dendritic structures, enabling more efficient processing on a large scale and enhancing the recovery of the toxic cadmium metal. Regardless of the charged nature of the CNFs, both negatively and positively charged CNFs led to a significant formation of protruding cadmium dendrites. When deposited separately, dendritic growth and increased deposition yields remained consistent for the cadmium metal. However, dendrites were not observed during the deposition of nickel; instead, uniformly deposited layers were formed, albeit at lower yields (20%), when positively charged CNFs were present. This paper explores the potential of utilizing cellulose and its derivatives as the world's largest biomass resource to enhance battery metal recycling processes.

Assessment of the electrodeposition synthesized manganese chromite and cobalt‑nickel layered double hydroxide composite for high-performance supercapacitor applications

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) electrodeposition synthesis was performed twice to synthesize manganese chromite (MnCr2O4-ϕ) on NF, where −1.4 ≤ ϕ ≤ − 1.0 is the lower voltage (V vs Ag/AgCl) set in the CV during electrodeposition, the higher potential being 0.5 V. This was followed by another electrodeposition of cobalt nickel layered double hydroxide (CoNi-LDH) on MnCr2O4-ϕ. The unique layered structure of CoNi-LDH produce electrodes with excellent electrochemical performance. MnCr2O4–1.2 V@CoNi-LDH (ϕ = − 1.2 (V vs Ag/AgCl)) yielded the best electrochemical performance in three-electrode set-up in 2 M KOH with the highest specific capacity of 1529.3 C g−1 at a specific current of 1 A g−1. This electrode was incorporated into the hybrid device with activated carbon (AC) from Amarula Husk as the negative electrode (AMH). The device (MnCr2O4-1.2 V@CoNi-LDH//AMH) produced a superb specific energy of 80.2 Wh kg−1 corresponding to a specific power of 1117.7 W kg−1 at 1 A g−1. The device also showed the capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency of the device were 72.9 and 99.7 %, respectively after 15,000 GCD cycles at 9 A g−1. Due to the phenomenal performance, the produced materials are suitable candidates for high energy supercapacitor applications.

Electrodeposition of nickel–iron on stainless steel as an efficient electrocatalyst coating for the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline conditions

Significant amount of effort has been devoted in the development of water electrolysis technology as the prime technology for green hydrogen production. In this paper, we investigate nickel–iron-based electrocatalytic coatings on stainless-steel substrates for commercial alkaline water electrolysers. Stainless steel electrodes for water electrolysis have received attention lately, showing that they can be a low-cost substrate for water electrolysis. Coating stainless steel with low-cost electrocatalysts can prove beneficial to lower overpotential for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), thereby reducing the overall energy consumption of water electrolysis at an affordable cost. We show that NiFe-deposited substrates have an overpotential of 514 mV at 10 mA cm−2 current. The substrates also exhibited excellent stability in strong alkaline condition for 60 h under continuous 1.2 V working potential vs SCE. The results in full-cell electrolysers demonstrate that the electrolyser with the NiFe-coated anode could generate nearly six times as much current density compared with the bare stainless-steel substrate.Graphical abstract

Microstructure and Properties of Hollow Octet Nickel Lattice Materials.

In this study, electroless nickel plating and electrodeposition were used to deposit thin films on the polymer lattice template prepared by 3D printing, then seven Octet hollow nickel lattice materials with different structural parameters were synthesized by etching process at the expense of the polymer backbone. The microstructure and properties of the Octet structure nickel lattice were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Electron backscattering diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. According to the results, the average grain size of the electrodeposition Ni lattice material was 429 nm, and (001) weak texture was found along the direction of the film deposition. The lattice deformation mode changed with the increase of the lattice length-to-diameter ratio, and it shifted from the lattice deformation layer-by-layer and the overall deformation to the shear deformation in the 45° direction. The strength, modulus and energy absorption properties of the Octet lattice increased with the density, and they were exponentially related to density. In the relative density range of 0.7~5%, Octet hollow Ni lattices with the same density conditions but different structural parameters showed similar compressive strength and elasticity modulus; the energy absorption capacity, however, was weakened as the length-to-diameter ratio increased.

Boosting performance of CdTe photocathode with pulse-reverse electrodeposited nickel telluride-nickel phosphide dual co-catalysts

Herein, noble-metal free Ni–Te/Ni–P dual co-catalysts are investigated as attractive candidates for improving the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of CdTe photocathodes. The Ni–Te/Ni–P dual co-catalysts are deposited on CdTe photocathodes via pulse-reverse electrodeposition and post annealing. The Ni–Te/Ni–P catalyzed CdTe photocathodes show a remarkable PEC performance, especially in terms of the photocurrent density, which is approximately 11.06 times higher than that of the pristine CdTe photocathode. The Ni–Te/Ni–P dual co-catalysts boost the catalytic activity via enhanced charge transfer and surface reaction kinetics. The photogenerated electrons and holes are effectively separated by the Schottky contact between the Ni–Te/Ni–P dual co-catalysts and the CdTe absorbing layer. Thus, the rational design of the CdTe photocathode with the Ni–Te/Ni–P dual co-catalysts can dramatically enhance the PEC performance of the CdTe photocathodes.

Electrical and optical properties of Schottky diodes fabricated by electrodeposition of Ni films on n-GaAs

In this paper, we report electrical and optical characteristics of the Schottky diodes fabricated by electrodeposition of nickel onto n -GaAs substrate from 0.125 M NiSO 4 + 0.25 M H 3 BO 3 + 0.25 M Na 2 SO 4 solution. The electrodeposition was performed at room temperature and at − 1.5 V vs. SCE. Electrical and optical properties were measured in the temperature range of 200–360 K. Dark and light current-voltage ( I-V ) characteristics were investigated. Ideality factor, n and zero-bias barrier height, ϕ b were calculated and found to be almost constant in this temperature range. For room temperature, these values were obtained as 1.05 and 0.70 eV, respectively. Illuminated I-V characteristics were also investigated and they showed that the fabricated device could operate in photovoltaic regime. Open-circuit voltage, V oc was found to be 0.24 V for the diode under 20 mW/cm 2 illumination. • Good light sensitivity is achieved by electrodeposition. • Room temperature n and ϕ b values are 1.05 and 0.70 eV, respectively. • Electrodeposited Ni/ n -GaAs Schottky diode can operate in photovoltaic regime.

Advances on Cr and Ni Electrodeposition for Industrial Applications—A Review

Electrodeposition of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) and their alloys have been subjects of interest for a long time. Owing to their special features such as high corrosion resistance, good wear resistance, lustrous nature etc., Cr and Ni electrodeposit continue to be the subject of investigation and further development, and improvements in their qualities and application remain one of the aims. This paper reviews the advances made so far in Cr and Ni electrodeposited coatings, with special emphasis on showing the potential of the process for achieving high-quality coatings. Furthermore, this review focuses on the mechanisms involved in Cr and Ni electrodepositions, with the aim of understanding the basis and manipulating the processes to produce coatings with excellent features and high-end usage. The issues encountered in the electrodeposition processes and products, as well as proffered solutions via research and development, were also addressed. Finally, long-term prospects and applications of these coatings were discussed to provide powerful and complementary toolkits for engineering applications while enabling future advances in critical aspects identified.

Effect of duty cycle variation on Nickel electrodeposits at 10 Hz frequency

In this paper, nano nickel coating was made by pulsed electrodeposition technique to improve the surface properties of base metal. The developed nickel coating was characterized using SEM, Xrd, Vickers microhardness, Potentiodynamic polarization and ball on plate wear testing. X-ray diffraction studies shown that predominant (111) crystalline plane and finer grain size were obtained with lower duty cycle at 10 Hz frequency of pulse current. Pitting corrosion resistance of coated samples was evaluated at 3.5 wt. % of sodium chloride solution. An improvement of corrosion protection efficiency and good mechanical properties were achieved at lower duty cycle. As the duty cycle decreases, the corrosion current and wear rate decrease, and the micro hardness value increases. The average grin size was observed to be 75 nm and the newly developed nickel coated surface shown strong metallurgical bonding with the low carbon steel substrate material.

Electrodeposition of Nickel From an Amide-Type Ionic Liquid Under a Magnetic Field

Electrodeposition of nickel was investigated in an amide-type ionic liquid, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide (BMPTFSA) containing Ni(TFSA)2 under a external magnetic field. The onset potential of cathodic reduction of Ni(II) with a magnetic field was more positive than that without the magnet field. Ni nanowires were deposited by potentiostatic cathodic reduction with the magnetic field, indicating the magnetic field influence not only the electrode kinetics of the magnetic species but also the morphology of the ferromagnetic metal.

Electrodeposition of polyfunctional Ni coatings from deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and lactic acid

The process of electrodeposition of nickel coatings from electrolytes based on a deep eutectic solvent (DES) mixture of choline chloride and lactic acid with a molar ratio of 1:3 was studied. The physicochemical properties and characteristics of DES, namely, con­ductivity, FT-IR and NMR analysis were determined. FT-IR results confirmed that H-bonds occurring between two components in DES were the main force leading to the eutectic formation. Electrochemical techniques were used to characterize the deposition process and scanning electron microscopy was used to study the deposit morphology. Based on polarization measurements, it has been found that at NiCl2·6H2O content of 1.14 M and a temperature of 75 °C, the limiting current density of nickel electrodeposition was near 2 A dm-2. The polarization of the cathodic nickel deposition varied within -0.63 to 1.1 V at current density of 0.25 A dm-2 It has been shown that an increase of water content in the electrolyte does not significantly affect the current efficiency of the nickel electrodeposition process, which was in a range 85-93 %. However, the increase in water content contributes to the increase of heterogeneity and crystal grains size distribution of galvanic deposits. The established values of the Wagner number indicate the predominance of the primary current density distribution in the process of electrodeposition of nickel coatings. Galvanic coatings possess a highly developed nanostructured surface, exhibit increased capillary properties, and can be used as electrode materials for the process of electrolysis of water.

Chromium(III) Removal from Nickel(II)-Containing Waste Solutions as a Pretreatment Step in a Hydrometallurgical Process.

This paper presents Cr(III) removal from nickel sulfate waste solutions as a pretreatment step for the modification of hydrogen storage alloys. Adsorption with two cation exchange resins, Dowex G26 (strongly acidic) and MAC-3 (weakly acidic), and precipitation with various solutions were chosen as simple operations for Cr(III) removal from waste solutions. The adsorption of Cr(III) was investigated for both model and real waste nickel solutions. Dowex G26 appeared to be more efficient in Cr(III) removal (RCr(III) from 43 to 80%) than MAC-3 (RCr(III) from 40 to 53%). However, the adsorption from multi-component solutions (presence of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cr(III)) showed no selectivity in Cr(III) adsorption in comparison to those of Co(II) and Ni(II). Cr(III), Ni(II) and Co(II) were removed at a comparable level (30–36%) from a three-component solution of 10 g/dm3 of each metal ion, and a 56–72% removal of these ions was achieved from the real solution. Therefore, the precipitation of Cr(III) was carried out from a real waste nickel solution to compare its performance with adsorption. The best precipitation solution appeared to be 3 and 30% NaOH due to the quantitative precipitation of Cr(OH)3 at pH 5 and relatively small co-precipitation of Ni(II) and Co(II) hydroxides (PCo(II) = 20–52%, PNi(II) = 0–54%). Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that precipitation with a NaOH solution is an efficient pretreatment operation of an electrolyte for further steps of the hydrometallurgical process of nickel electrodeposition and appears to be more selective in the elimination of Cr(III) than adsorption with Dowex G26 resin.

ELECTRODEPOSITION OF NICKEL ON HEAT-TREATED LOW CARBON STEEL FOR YAM POUNDING BEATER

This work focused on the mechanical and corrosion behaviors of electroplated nickel on heat-treated low carbon steel serving as an alternative to austenitic stainless steel for the yam beater in a yam pounding machine. Four standard samples were prepared for electrodeposition from the steel samples by heating to a temperature of 920°C with a 60-min holding time. One of the samples was air-cooled while the remaining three were quenched in H2O and later tempered at 450°C, 550°C and 650°C for 60[Formula: see text]min. After the heat treatment process, the ultimate tensile strength, toughness, and microhardness of the samples were obtained. Nickel electrodeposition was later carried out on the heat-treated mild steel using Watt standard bath concentration. Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) were used for the characterization of the heat-treated and nickel-electrodeposited samples. More so, the electrochemical behavior of the nickel-plated samples was studied in a yam fluid environment using the potentiodynamic polarization technique. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to analyze the chemical and oxide composition of the samples. The results showed that among all the heat treatment operations, the sample heat-treated at 920°C and tempered at the highest tempering temperature of 650°C gave the highest toughness value (102[Formula: see text]MJ/m3) when compared with stainless steel at 124[Formula: see text]MJ/m3. The sample heat-treated at 920°C and tempered at 550°C displayed a corrosion rate of 0.022182[Formula: see text]mm/yr as against the stainless steel sample with a value of 0.0031864[Formula: see text]mm/yr. From the analysis, the nickel deposited on the heat-treated samples enhanced corrosion resistance in the yam fluid. XRF analysis of the yam before pounding, after processing with nickel electroplated, and stainless beaters shows the content of nickel as 0.0941%, 0.109%, and 0.1113%, respectively. It was concluded that the materials for the yam pounding beater, therefore, perform better if they were both heat-treated and nickel-plated. Invariably, stainless steel could be successfully replaced with heat-treated and nickel-plated mild steel for use as a yam pounding beater.

Nickel electrodeposition in LEU metal foil annular targets to produce Mo-99

The most used production route of Mo-99 is through the fission of U-235 in irradiation targets that are irradiated in research reactors. The annular target is a promisor design since it can incorporate high U-235 quantities, thus increasing the production yield of Mo-99. This target type uses a foil of uranium metal enveloped by a thin nickel foil that acts as a diffusion barrier. The process of uranium enveloping with nickel foil is today done manually. This operation risks the nickel foil breaking up during target assembling. In the present work, we studied the nickel electrodeposition over uranium metal foil surfaces to replace nickel foils. A pre-forming procedure of the uranium metal foil by calendering was developed to facilitate the assembling operation. The electrodeposition was done over the uranium foil pre-conformed in a tubular shape. An automated apparatus for electrodeposition of nickel in uranium tubular-shaped foil was developed. The results showed that the high nickel adherence to uranium metal depends on the proper activation of the uranium surface. Among the activation processes studied, the mechanical activation showed good adhesion of the nickel layer, with a loss of only 0.16% of uranium mass. Homogeneous and regular 12 μm thickness electrodeposited layers over the uranium metal were obtained. This work showed that the process could be used in continuous production technology, such as the production of irradiation targets.

Kinetic model of composite coatings electrodeposition assuming irreversible adsorption of dispersed particles on a growing metal substrate

A kinetic model of electrochemical deposition of composite coatings has been developed, which assumes irreversible adsorption of dispersed particles on a growing metal matrix. The irreversibility of particle adsorption is due to energy consumption required for the complete or partial removal of adsorption layers and solvate shells present on the surfaces of dispersed particles and a metal matrix, which is a necessary condition for the formation of a strong adhesive bond. The corresponding kinetic equations are derived that reflect the dependence of the content of a dispersed phase in the composite on the concentration of particles in the electrolyte, their average size and current density of metal deposition. The resulting equations are used to calculate adsorption rate constants on the basis of experimental data on the electrodeposition of nickel–titania composite coatings from an aqueous electrolyte and an electrolyte based on a choline chloride-containing deep eutectic solvent. The influence of current density on the adsorption rate constants in these electrolytes is revealed and interpreted.

Optimisation of parameters of complete nickel electrodeposition from acidic aqueous electrolytic baths prepared by dissolution of metal powder

Optimisation of parameters of complete nickel electrodeposition from acidic aqueous electrolytic baths prepared by dissolution of metal powder

Deposition of Aluminide Coatings onto AISI 304L Steel for High Temperature Applications.

The nickel aluminides are commonly employed as a bond coat material in thermal barrier coating systems for the components of aeroengines operated at very high temperatures. However, their lifetime is limited due to several factors, such as outward diffusion of substrate elements, surface roughness at high temperatures, morphological changes of the oxide layer, etc. For this reason, inter-diffusion migrations were studied in the presence and absence of nickel coating. In addition, a hot corrosion study was also carried out. Thus, on one set of substrates, nickel electrodeposition was carried out, followed by a high activity pack aluminizing process, while another set of substrates were directly aluminized. The microstructural, mechanical, and oxidation properties were examined using different characterization techniques, such as SEM-EDS, optical microscopy, XRD, optical emission spectroscopy, surface roughness (Ra), and adhesion tests. In addition, the variable oxidation temperatures were employed to better understand their influence on the roughness, degree of spallation (DoS), and morphology. The results show that AISI 304L substrates do not respond to aluminizing treatment, i.e., no aluminide coating was formed; rather, a nearly pure aluminum (or alloy) was observed on the substrate. On the contrary, successful formation of an aluminide coating was observed on the nickel-electrodeposited substrates. In particular, a minimum amount of migrations were noted, which is attributed to nickel coating. Moreover, the scratch test at 10 N load revealed neither cracking nor peeling off, thereby indicating good adhesion of the aluminide coating before oxidation. The as-aluminized samples were oxidized between 700 °C to 1100 °C in air for 8 h each. The degree of spallation showed an incremental trend as temperatures increased. Likewise, oxide morphologies showed temperature dependence. On the other hand, average surface roughness (from Ra = 2.3 µm to 5.8 µm) was also increased as temperatures rose. Likewise, the mass gain showed linearity as temperatures increased during oxidation. The hot corrosion responses of electrodeposited-aluminized samples were superior among all specimens. An extensive discussion is presented based on the observations noted above.

Pitting Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Direct Current and Pulsed Reverse Current Electrodeposited Nickel-Tungsten Coatings

The electrochemical corrosion and mechanical properties of direct current and pulsed reverse current electrodeposited nickel and nickel-tungsten were investigated by using cyclic polarization measurement and nano-indentation techniques. Direct and pulsed reverse current electrodeposited nickel-tungsten coatings revealed a significant higher resistance to pitting corrosion when compared to direct and pulsed reverse current deposited nickel. Furthermore, pulsed reverse current electrodeposited nickel-tungsten displayed the most noble corrosion potential and higher corrosion resistance compared to direct current electrodeposited nickel-tungsten. This was attributed to the more nano- crystalline structure of the pulsed-reverse current deposited coatings when compared to that of the direct current electrodeposited nickel-tungsten. The average modulus for both direct and pulsed reverse current deposited nickel-tungsten were found to be similar but the average hardness of direct current deposited nickel-tungsten was slightly higher than that of pulsed reverse current deposited nickel-tungsten. This was attributed to the higher tungsten content (35 wt.%) in the direct current deposited nickel-tungsten coating compared to that (25 wt.%) in the pulsed reverse current deposited nickel-tungsten and is supported by our energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results.