Electrode-electrolyte Interface Research Articles

Ternary stabilization strategies for succinonitrile-based in situ polymerized electrolyte enabling high-performance solid lithium metal batteries

Solid-state lithium metal batteries with high energy density and safety have gained increasing attention due to their potential applications. However, the practical use of solid electrolytes is hindered by several challenges. These include poor compatibility at the electrode–electrolyte interface, low ionic conductivity at room temperature, and fast capacity degradation. To address these issues, here we propose ternary strategies by in-situ cross-linked plastic crystal electrolyte (in-situ PCE) based on succinonitrile (SN). Through the in-situ polymerization of SN with polyacrylonitrile/poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PAN/PVDF) nanofibers separator, excellent mechanical strength and compatibility at the electrode–electrolyte interface are achieved. The cross-linked structure of thermally polymerized ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) immobilizes the SN molecule, preventing its contact with the lithium metal and inhibiting irreversible side reactions. Additionally, a LiF-rich passivation layer is employed to further protect the SN at the electrolyte-lithium metal interface. The dual protection from ETPTA and LiF offers excellent stability to lithium. Hence, the in-situ PCE exhibits high ionic conductivity (0.79 mS cm−1 at 30 °C) and wide electrochemical window (4.56 V, vs Li+/Li). The cells exhibit excellent cycling stability and high-rate performance. LiFePO4//Li cells retain 96.6 % capacity after 1000 cycles at 10C rate. This study provides valuable insights into the development of high-performance solid-state electrolytes.

Deep Eutectic Solvent‐Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes for High‐Voltage and High‐Safety Lithium Metal Batteries

AbstractSolid‐state electrolytes (SSE) exhibit great promise in enhancing the safety of Li metal batteries by replacing flammable liquid electrolytes. However, the practical application of SSE is hampered mainly due to the poor electrode–electrolyte interface, low ion conductivity, and inferior electrochemical stability. Herein, superior nonflammable solid polymer electrolytes are elaborately designed by in situ encapsulating succinonitrile (SN)‐based deep eutectic solvent (DES) into the ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) matrix (DES‐ETPTA). Benefiting from strong polarity and high anti‐oxidation capability, as‐prepared DES‐ETPTA electrolyte shows high ionic conductivity (9.55 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C), high Li+ transference number (0.68), and good electrochemical stability. As a result, the assembled LiFePO4 || Li full cells based on the designed DES‐ETPTA electrolyte deliver a high reversible capacity and capacity retention at −10 °C and room temperature. Furthermore, considering the compatibility with high‐voltage layered oxide cathode, the electrochemical stability of the ETPTA is further improved through the decoration of cyanoacrylate (CA) with strong electron‐withdrawing characteristic of C≡N. Consequently, the constructed 4.5 V LiCoO2 || Li full cells using DES‐ETPTA‐CA electrolyte deliver a high reversible capacity of 144 mAh g−1 and a superior retention rate of 93% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C. This work paves a new pathway to design high‐safety and high‐voltage solid polymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries.

A Plastic-Crystal Electrolyte Layer Promotes Interfacial Stability of Ni-Rich Oxide Cathode in Li6PS5Cl-Based All-Solid-State Rechargeable Li Batteries.

Unfavorable parasitic reactions between the Ni-rich layered oxide cathode and the sulfide solid electrolyte have plagued the realization of all-solid-state rechargeable Li batteries. The accumulation of inactive by-products (P2Sx, S, POx n- and SOx n-) at the cathode-sulfide interface impedes fast Li-ion transfer, which accounts for sluggish reaction kinetics and significant loss of cathode capacity. Herein, we proposed an easily scalable approach to stabilize the cathode electrochemistry via coating the cathode particles by a uniform, Li+-conductive plastic-crystal electrolyte nanolayer on their surface. The electrolyte, which simply consists of succinonitrile and Li bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, serves as an interfacial buffer to effectively suppress the adverse phase transition in highly delithiated cathode materials, and the loss of lattice oxygen and generation of inactive oxygenated by-products at the cathode-sulfide interface. Consequently, an all-solid-state rechargeable Li battery with the modified cathode delivers high specific capacities of 168 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and a high capacity retention >80 % after 100 cycles. Our work sheds new light on rational design of electrode-electrolyte interface for the next-generation high-energy batteries.

Electrochemical Reduction of N2 to Ammonia Promoted by Hydrated Cation Ions: Mechanistic Insights from a Combined Computational and Experimental Study.

Alkali ions, major components at the electrode-electrolyte interface, are crucial to modulating reaction activity and selectivity of catalyst materials. However, the underlying mechanism of how the alkali ions catalyze the N2 reduction reaction (NRR) into ammonia remains elusive, posing challenges for experimentalists to select appropriate electrolyte solutions. In this work, by employing a combined experimental and computational approach, we proposed four essential roles of cation ions at Fe electrodes for N2 fixation: (i) promoting NN bond cleavage; (ii) stabilizing NRR intermediates; (iii) suppressing the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER); and (iv) modulating the interfacial charge distribution at the electrode-electrolyte interface. For N2 adsorption on an Fe electrode with cation ions, our constrained ab initio molecular dynamic (c-AIMD) results demonstrate a barrierless process, while an extra 0.52 eV barrier requires to be overcome to adsorb N2 for the pure Fe-water interface. For the formation of *NNH species within the N2 reduction process, the calculated free energy barrier is 0.50 eV at the Li+-Fe-water interface. However, the calculated barrier reaches 0.81 eV in pure Fe-water interface. Furthermore, experiments demonstrate a high Faradaic efficiency for ammonia synthesis on a Li+-Fe-water interface, reaching 27.93% at a working potential of -0.3 V vs RHE and pH = 6.8. These results emphasize how alkali metal cations and local reaction environments on the electrode surface play crucial roles in influencing the kinetics of interfacial reactions.

CoS2 nanoparticles encapsulation promotes stable MoS2@CoS2@CNFs heterostructure and durable sodium-ion storage

Layered MoS2 are promising anode materials due to the applicable interlayer spacing (0.62 nm) and high theoretical specific capacity (669mAh g−1). Nevertheless, the low electric conductivity, large structure variation and sluggish ionic kinetics result in rapid capacity decay and suboptimal cycle performance of MoS2-based sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Here, the two-step methodology was used to grow MoS2 sheets on the surface of N-doped carbon fibers with CoS2 nanoparticles encapsulated in. The obtained MoS2@CoS2@CNFs exhibit a distinctive hierarchical structure, which increases the electrode-electrolyte interface, thereby minimizing the diffusion distance of Na+. Experiment and calculation results demonstrates that the incorporation of CoS2 not only enhances the ion mobility and pseudocapacitance contribution of the electrode material, but also amplifies its conductivity and adsorption energy of Na+, ultimately elevating the rate performance and ensuring long cycle stability of SIBs. Consequently, the MoS2@CoS2@CNFs composite enabled a commendable capacity of 494.5 mAh g−1 after 700 cycles at 0.5 A g−1. Impressively, when the current density was increased to 2 A g−1, it reserved a capacity of 310 mAh g−1 for 2000 cycles. To encapsulation of CoS2 nanoparticles in the MoS2@CoS2@CNFs composite promotes the stability of the anodes and boosts durable Na+ storage, making it a promising method for designing high performance SIBs.

In-situ dynamic catalysis electrode electrolyte interphase enabling Mg2+ insertion in 2D metal–organic polymer for high-capacity and long-lifespan magnesium batteries

Rechargeable magnesium battery is regarded as the promising candidate for the next generation of high-specific-energy storage systems. Nevertheless, issues related to severe Mg-Cl dissociation at the electrolyte–electrode interface impede the insertion of Mg2+ into most materials, leading to severe polarization and low utilization of Mg-storage electrodes. In this study, a metal–organic polymer (MOP) Ni-TABQ (Ni-coordinated tetramino-benzoquinone) with superior surface catalytic activity is proposed to achieve the high-capacity Mg-MOP battery. The layered Ni-TABQ cathode, featuring a unique 2D π-d linear conjugated structure, effectively reduces the dissociation energy of MgxCly clusters at the Janus interface, thereby facilitating Mg2+ insertion. Due to the high utilization of active sites, Ni-TABQ achieves high capacities of 410 mAh/g at 200 mA g−1, attributable to a four-electron redox process involving two redox centers, benzoid carbonyls, and imines. This research highlights the importance of surface electrochemical processes in rechargeable magnesium batteries and paves the way for future development in multivalent metal-ion batteries.

Ultralong Cycling and Interfacial Regulation of Bilayer Heterogeneous Composite Solid-State Electrolytes in Lithium Metal Batteries.

Under the background of "carbon neutral", lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have been widely used in portable electronic devices and large-scale energy storage systems, but the current commercial electrolyte is mainly liquid organic compounds, which have serious safety risks. In this paper, a bilayer heterogeneous composite solid-state electrolyte (PLPE) was constructed with the 3D LiX zeolite nanofiber (LiX-NF) layer and in-situ interfacial layer, which greatly extends the life span of lithium metal batteries (LMB). LiX-NF not only offers a continuous fast path for Li+, but also zeolite's Lewis acid-base interaction can immobilize large anions, which significantly improves the electrochemical performance of the electrolyte. In addition, the in-situ interfacial layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface can effectively facilitate the uniform deposition of Li+ and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. As a result, the Li/Li battery assembled with PLPE can be stably cycled for more than 2500 h at 0.1 mA cm-2. Meanwhile, the initial discharge capacity of the LiFePO4/PLPE/Li battery can be 162.43 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C, and the capacity retention rate is 82.74% after 500 cycles. These results emphasize that this bilayer heterogeneous composite solid-state electrolyte has distinct properties and shows excellent potential for application in LMB.

Entropy-Driven Hybrid Gel Electrolyte Enables Practical High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries.

Electrolyte engineering plays a crucial role in enhancing the performance of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) featuring high-voltage cathodes and limited lithium anodes, thereby unlocking their potential for high-energy electrochemical storage. Herein, an entropy-driven hybrid gel electrolyte with enhanced diversity in Li-ion solvation structures is designed by incorporating substantial amounts of insoluble LiPO2F2 and LiNO3 salts into LiPF6-based carbonate electrolytes, followed by in situ thermal polymerization. Specifically, the Li+ solvation structures are modulated via ionophilic NO3- and PO2F2- to generate an anion-rich solvation sheath and thus promote anion reduction at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The interfaces enriched in anion-derived inorganic components facilitate rapid ionic transport, thus enabling smooth and dense Li morphology and ultimately enhancing the electrochemical performance of LMBs. As a result, this high-hybrid gel electrolyte confers LMBs employing high-voltage NCM cathodes, as demonstrated by sustained performance in both coin-cell (500 cycles at 4.5 V) and Ah-level pouch cell configurations under practical conditions (60 cycles, N/P: 1.92, and E/C: 2.0 g Ah -1).

Protecting TiS3 Photoanodes for Water Splitting in Alkaline Media by TiO2 Coatings.

Titanium trisulfide (TiS3) nanoribbons, when coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2), can be used for water splitting in the KOH electrolyte. TiO2 shells can be prepared through thermal annealing to regulate the response of TiS3/TiO2 heterostructures by controlling the oxidation time and growth atmosphere. The thickness and structure of the TiO2 layers significantly influence the photoelectrocatalytic properties of the TiS3/TiO2 photoanodes, with amorphous layers showing better performance than crystalline ones. The oxide layers should be thin enough to transfer photogenerated charge through the electrode-electrolyte interface while protecting TiS3 from KOH corrosion. Finally, the performance of TiS3/TiO2 heterostructures has been improved by coating them with various electrocatalysts, NiSx being the most effective. This research presents new opportunities to create efficient semiconductor heterostructures to be used as photoanodes in corrosive alkaline aqueous solutions.

Anion-Reinforced Solvation Structure Enables Stable Operation of Ether-Based Electrolyte in High-Voltage Potassium Metal Batteries.

Electrolytes with anion-dominated solvation are promising candidates to achieve dendrite-free and high-voltage potassium metal batteries. However, it's challenging to form anion-reinforced solvates at low salt concentrations. Herein, we construct an anion-reinforced solvation structure at a moderate concentration of 1.5 M with weakly coordinated cosolvent ethylene glycol dibutyl ether. The unique solvation structure accelerates the desolvation of K+, strengthens the oxidative stability to 4.94 V and facilitates the formation of inorganic-rich and stable electrode-electrolyte interface. These enable stable plating/stripping of K metal anode over 2200 h, high capacity retention of 83.0 % after 150 cycles with a high cut-off voltage of 4.5 V in K0.67MnO2//K cells, and even 91.5 % after 30 cycles under 4.7 V. This work provides insight into weakly coordinated cosolvent and opens new avenues for designing ether-based high-voltage electrolytes.

Non-sacrificial additive regulated electrode–electrolyte interface enables long-life, deeply rechargeable aqueous Zn anodes

Rechargeable aqueous Zn batteries (RAZBs) offer a promising solution for safe and cost-effective energy storage. However, practical applications of this type of battery are hindered by dendrite formation and side reactions, which primarily stem from the unstable Zn electrode–electrolyte interface (EEI). Here, we report 3-(1-pyridinio)-1-propanesulfonate (PPS) as a novel EEI regulator to tackle these critical issues. Theoretical calculations and experimental results reveal that PPS molecules can be preferentially adsorbed on the Zn anode surface and construct a lean-water EEI, which regulates uniform Zn plating/stripping and minimizes interfacial side reactions. As a result, the addition of PPS enables a Zn//Cu asymmetric cell to achieve an ultra-high Coulombic efficiency of 99.88 % and a lifespan of over 4,000 cycles (around half a year), far exceeding that with a conventional electrolyte (99.65 % and 210 cycles). Remarkably, even at 20 mA cm−2 and a high depth of discharge of 70 %, the Zn//Zn battery using the new electrolyte can still maintain an impressive cycling life of over 250 h. More importantly, the implementation of the designed electrolyte in various Zn-based full cells yields exceptional capacity retention and lifespan. This work underscores the importance of EEI regulation in advancing RAZB technology and offers a simple yet effective strategy for enhancing the stability and reversibility of Zn anodes, which represents a key step toward realizing the full potential of RAZBs for next-generation energy storage.

MXene Promotes the Electrochemical Performance of V6O13 Cathode toward Advanced Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries

Vanadium oxides with high theoretical capacity have been regarded as the most auspicious cathodic materials for high‐performance aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) while their practical applications in ZIBs are limited by their low electrical conductivity and collapsible structure‐induced poor cyclability. As an important vanadium oxide, the theoretical capacity of V6O13 can reach 417 mAh g−1 but its actual capacity is low. In this study, V6O13/MXene composite is prepared via a facile one‐step hydrothermal method with the highly conductive MXene as substrate. The resulting V6O13/MXene composite can deliver a maximum capacity of 379.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and good rate capability (207 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 10 A g−1). The V6O13/MXene composite also demonstrates outstanding cyclability and can deliver a high capacity of the 194 mAh g−1 with a high capacity retention of 81% after 4800 cycles at 5 A g−1. The enhanced electrochemical performance of the V6O13/MXene over V6O13 is closely related to the decrease of the Rct value at the electrode–electrolyte interface due to the introduction of highly conductive MXene and the flower‐like morphology of the V6O13 on MXene surface which possesses high specific surface area and numerous active sites toward Zn2+ storage.

Building the Robust Fluorinated Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in Rechargeable Batteries: From Fundamentals to Applications

Building the Robust Fluorinated Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in Rechargeable Batteries: From Fundamentals to Applications

Accurate Internal Monitoring of Batteries by Embedded Piezoelectric Sensors

AbstractAdvancements in operando techniques have unraveled the complexities of the Electrode Electrolyte Interface (EEI) in electrochemical energy storage devices. However, each technique has inherent limitations, often necessitating adjustments to experimental conditions, which may compromise accuracy. To address this challenge, a novel battery cell design is introduced, integrating piezoelectric sensors with electrochemical analysis for surface‐sensitive operando measurements. This innovative approach aims to overcome conventional limitations by accommodating commercial‐grade battery electrodes within a single body, alongside a piezoelectric sensor. This enables operando electrogravimetric measurements to be realized, and the electrochemistry of a battery to be more faithfully reproduced at the sensor level. A proof of concept is carried out on both Li‐ion (LiFePO4//Graphite) and Na‐ion (Na3V2(PO4)2F3//Hard carbon) systems, utilizing commercially available powder electrodes. In both cases, the results reveal rational mass variations at the sensor level during the cycling of commercial electrodes with mass loadings several orders of magnitude higher, while performing Galvanostatic Charge Discharge (GCD) tests across various C‐rates. This innovative design opens up possibilities for a broader application of operando electrogravimetry within the battery community, to enhance the understanding of EEI behavior and facilitate the development of more efficient energy storage solutions.

Engineering 1T-MoS2 core-shells unified with nitrogen-rich amorphous carbon nanotube for ratiometric low-level detection of nitroquinoline

Nitroquinolines are an important toxic element in ecosystems and have great significance for monitoring the environmental system with appropriate tools for safety assessments. In this work, we developed a sensitive method for accurate and low-level detection of 5-nitroquinoline (5-NQ) using 1T-molybdenum disulfide core shells unified with nitrogen-rich amorphous carbon nanotube (1T-MoS2/NCNT). The 1T-MoS2/NCNT core-shells composite is prepared using a hydrothermal method to fabricate a ratiometric low-level detection of a 5-NQ sensor. The screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with 1T-MoS2/NCNT reveals superior electrochemical performance for the detection of 5-NQ with a wide dual linear range of 0.03–258.58 µM and 274.91–604.25 µM, low-level detection limit (LOD) of 0.0089 µM, and a higher sensitivity of 1.83 µA µM−1 cm−2 due to its higher electrochemical active surface area, superior conductivity, and excellent stability. The π-delocalized electrons in 5-NQ facilitate the rapid electron transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface, allowing easy conjugation with 1T-MoS2/NCNT. The operational stability of the sensor retains 98.7 % after 40 consecutive cycles. In addition, the achieved recovery rates are 96.80–99.76 % and 97.93–99.75 % for 5-NQ detection in various soils and water samples, signifying its feasibility for real-time industrial waste monitoring.

Controlled growth of 3D CdS-branched ZnO nanorod arrays for efficient solar driven photoelectrochemical water splitting

While world energy consumption is rising every year, the development of clean and renewable energy sources becomes very important for keeping the standard of living and preserving the environment. Solar driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting to produce hydrogen and oxygen is a promising method to contribute to the energy increasing demand. The development of the photoelectrode is a key factor for improving the PEC performance. A new morphology of 3D CdS-branched ZnO nanorod array nanocomposite has successfully been synthesized via solution routes as a photoanode. The present nanocomposite provides the highest photocurrent density of 2.5 mA/cm2 at a potential 1.23 V vs. RHE, which is about 83.3 times compared to a photocurrent density of about 0.03 mA/cm2 of the bare ZnO nanorod array photoelectrode. The boost of the PEC performance is improved due to the improvement of light absorption capacity, the enhanced energy band alignment (type-II heterostructure) promoting the charge transfer and separation, and the improvement of the electrode-electrolyte interface reaction kinetics. The result will be useful for further research on energy conversion and energy storage devices.

Tuning Li/Ni mixing by reactive coating to boost the stability of cobalt-free Ni-rich cathode

Cobalt-free cathode materials are attractive for their high capacity and low cost, yet they still encounter issues with structural and surface instability. AlPO4, in particular, has garnered attention as an effective stabilizer for bulk and surface. However, the impact of interfacial reactions and elemental interdiffusion between AlPO4 and LiNi0.95Mn0.05O2 upon sintering on the bulk and surface remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that during the heat treatment process, AlPO4 decomposes, resulting in Al doping into the bulk of the cathode through elemental interdiffusion. Simultaneously, PO43− reacts with the surface Li of material to form a Li3PO4 coating, inducing lithium deficiency, thereby increasing Li/Ni mixing. The suitable Li/Ni mixing, previously overlooked in AlPO4 modification, plays a pivotal role in stabilizing the bulk and surface, exceeding the synergy of Al doping and Li3PO4 coating. The presence of Ni2+ ions in the lithium layers contributes to the stabilization of the delithiated structure via a structural pillar effect. Moreover, suitable Li/Ni mixing can stabilize the lattice oxygen and electrode-electrolyte interface by increasing oxygen removal energy and reducing the overlap between the Ni3+/4+eg and O2− 2p orbitals. These findings offer new perspectives for the design of stable cobalt-free cathode materials.

Evaluation of electric field in polymeric electrodes geometries for liquid biosensing applications using COMSOL multiphysics

This work investigates the electrical field distribution in polymeric electrodes, materials composed of polymers and nanoparticles that leverage the physicochemical interactions between constituents to modify mechanical and electrical properties. Polymeric matrices often incorporate carbon nanoparticles to impart specific conductive properties while simultaneously enhancing mechanical stability through a protective polymer layer. The morphology, dielectric properties, and geometric configuration of these materials influence the electric field distribution, which is critical to their functionality. Utilizing finite element modeling, this study not yet explored aims to predict these effects and guide the design of material compositions and structural geometries to optimize functionalities like catalytic activity, adhesion enhancement, and interface energy reduction. Simulations were conducted using COMSOL 6.0 across eight similar geometric configurations, assessing polarization, and electric potential distribution. Results underscore the importance of surface polarization in controlling roughness and optimizing biosensor performance for liquid samples. Notably, controlled surface roughness induces asymmetric electric field distortions at biosensor edges, influencing dipole moments in polarizable nanoparticles. Each tested geometry demonstrated unique characteristics pertinent to its application in 3D-printed biosensors, influenced by surface roughness and wettability. Additionally, modifications in the electrical double layer due to controlled roughness alter charge distributions at the electrode-electrolyte interface, affecting electric field configurations.

FeCl3-modified carbon as an electrode material for supercapacitors: preparation, analysis, and electrochemical properties

The necessity to combat the effects of global warming has made the use of renewable energy sources essential. Much attention has been focused on utilizing various types of biomass that can provide high energy productivity and serve as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels. This study specifically aims to investigate the electrochemical properties of carbon materials obtained from plant-based raw materials after biofuel production by the carbonization of melon and citrus peels at 300 °C and chemical activation using FeCl3. It is established that chemical activation with FeCl3 at 700 °C has led to dehydration, degradation of the carbon matrix, and the development of a microporous surface. For a two-electrode electrochemical cell, the specific capacitance values at a discharge current of 50 mA are 196 F/g in an aqueous KOH solution and 78 F/g in TEABF4. Based on the impedance spectroscopy results, an equivalent electrical circuit has been modeled, revealing the energy storage mechanism at the carbon electrode-electrolyte interface, with a physical interpretation of each circuit element provided. Most importantly, the device remains stable with no capacitance loss after 1000 cycles. The research findings may contribute to expanding the use of biomass as a cost-effective electrode component for supercapacitors.

Lanthanum-Ferrite based cathode: Impedance data interpretation via complex nonlinear least-squares and distribution of relaxation times analyses

Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite Oxide (LaSrCoFeO3) has been widely used as cathode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells at the temperature of 500–800 °C. At this temperature range, understanding the electrochemical behavior which is commonly analyzed by complex nonlinear least-squares (CNLS) analysis is very crucial in improving the cathode's performance. However, this analysis shows some limitations in interpreting the electrochemical processes in detail, particularly at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Hence, this study is conducted to compare the electrochemical impedance data analyses by CNLS and the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) of a fabricated LaSrCoFe|BCZY|LaSrCoFe (LaSrCoFeLa0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 and BCZY=BaCe0.54Zr0.36Y0.1O2.95) symmetrical cell. Impedance data of the cell is collected at T = 800 °C at two different stabilization times and to further enhance the analysis process, the impedance data of the cell at measurement temperatures of 700 °C and 750 °C are also included. In a Nyquist plot, the cell exhibits depressed semi-circles that represent a few processes occurring at the interface. The DRT analysis is more precise and easily reveals the semi-circles consisting of four different sub-processes (represented by four peaks) than CNLS (represented by four impedance arcs). The extracted responses from both analyses correspond to the oxygen reduction reactions that follow the Adler-Lane-Steele model. The stabilized symmetrical cells for respective 34 h and 17 h show an area-specific resistance (ASR) of (i) 0.22 Ωcm2 and 0.30 Ωcm2 (by CNLS) and (ii) 0.20 Ωcm2 and 0.26 Ωcm2 (by DRT). In addition, the ASR of the cell at T = 700 °C and T = 750 °C after being stabilized for 34 h is (iii) 0.71 Ωcm2 and 0.40 Ωcm2 (by CNLS) and (iv) 0.70 Ωcm2 and 0.44 Ωcm2 (by DRT), accordingly. Conversely, the cell's microstructure is not affected by the applied stabilization periods as observed by a scanning electron microscope.